1. The document discusses pediatric cerebral visual impairment (PCVI), including defining the term, describing the history and causes of PCVI, and outlining approaches to assessing vision function in children with PCVI.
2. Key aspects of determining vision function in children with PCVI include evaluating visual acuity, oculomotor abilities, accommodation, binocular vision, depth perception, eye health, and vision information processing.
3. Therapeutic strategies for treating PCVI include refractive correction with lenses, vision therapy, and resources like assistive devices and blogs providing information on CVI. Environmental factors, medications, and other non-visual issues can also impact evaluation and treatment of children with PCVI.
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment: Congenital or acquired brain-based visual impairment with onset in childhood, unexplained by an ocular disorder, and associated with unique visual and behavioral characteristics. (PCVI Society). Presentation made to Illinois College of Optometry NORA and COVD students, faculty and residents.
This presentation was given by Ellen Mazel during the 2nd Rett Clinic Family Symposium at the Children's Hospital Colorado. It talks about Anxiety and Depression with focus on Rett syndrome. The Rett Clinic is funded by the Rocky Mountain Rett Association.
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment: Congenital or acquired brain-based visual impairment with onset in childhood, unexplained by an ocular disorder, and associated with unique visual and behavioral characteristics. (PCVI Society). Presentation made to Illinois College of Optometry NORA and COVD students, faculty and residents.
This presentation was given by Ellen Mazel during the 2nd Rett Clinic Family Symposium at the Children's Hospital Colorado. It talks about Anxiety and Depression with focus on Rett syndrome. The Rett Clinic is funded by the Rocky Mountain Rett Association.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Improving vision function in the patient with Traumatic Brain InjuryDominick Maino
Presentation at the 9th World Conference of the International Brain Injury Association meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Few reports in the literature note how optometric vision therapy (OVT) can improve the quality of life for those with traumatic brain injury
(TBI). This presentation discusses the significant improvements of signs and elimination of symptoms noted after a regimen of OVT that resulted in improved oculomotor skills, attention, reading and driving ability in a patient with TBI.
Case Report: PA, a university professor, is a 53 y/o WF with a history of traumatic brain injury due to a car accident. Her symptoms included falling asleep while reading, avoidance of reading, decreased attention, and major problems parking her car. The TOVA (Test of Variables Attention) showed an ADHD Score of -4.00 while the Visagraph revealed significant problems in span of recognition, fixation, reading rate/comprehension, efficiency and fluency. She was diagnosed with convergence insufficiency, oculomotor dysfunction (pursuits/saccades), and attention deficit. Optometric vision therapy sessions followed a standard format that included monocular, biocular, binocular and an integration/stabilization therapy phase. Computer aided OVT included the use of Vision Builder, CAVTs VIPS, and Home Therapy Solutions HTS and the EyePort.
After 27, 45 min OVT sessions both the TOVA and Visagraph showed normal attention and oculomotor skills, convergence insufficiency resolved, reading ability improved and parking problems eliminated. All other symptoms were either improved or eliminated. PA currently successfully teaches at a major USA university.
Conclusions: Individuals with TBI often exhibit marked problems in oculomotor skills, binocular vision dysfunction, attention, and other visual abilities that affect their quality of life. Primary eye care providers, in general, do not diagnosis or manage the many vision function, functional vision and vision information processing disorders associated with TBI. Primary eye care providers can utilize this case as a starting point to help them do so in the future or to motivate them to refer to those who have experience and expertise in this area. This case demonstrates that with OVT both symptoms and signs that adversely affect an individual’s quality of life after traumatic brain injury can be improved.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Improving vision function in the patient with Traumatic Brain InjuryDominick Maino
Presentation at the 9th World Conference of the International Brain Injury Association meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland
ABSTRACT
Objectives: Few reports in the literature note how optometric vision therapy (OVT) can improve the quality of life for those with traumatic brain injury
(TBI). This presentation discusses the significant improvements of signs and elimination of symptoms noted after a regimen of OVT that resulted in improved oculomotor skills, attention, reading and driving ability in a patient with TBI.
Case Report: PA, a university professor, is a 53 y/o WF with a history of traumatic brain injury due to a car accident. Her symptoms included falling asleep while reading, avoidance of reading, decreased attention, and major problems parking her car. The TOVA (Test of Variables Attention) showed an ADHD Score of -4.00 while the Visagraph revealed significant problems in span of recognition, fixation, reading rate/comprehension, efficiency and fluency. She was diagnosed with convergence insufficiency, oculomotor dysfunction (pursuits/saccades), and attention deficit. Optometric vision therapy sessions followed a standard format that included monocular, biocular, binocular and an integration/stabilization therapy phase. Computer aided OVT included the use of Vision Builder, CAVTs VIPS, and Home Therapy Solutions HTS and the EyePort.
After 27, 45 min OVT sessions both the TOVA and Visagraph showed normal attention and oculomotor skills, convergence insufficiency resolved, reading ability improved and parking problems eliminated. All other symptoms were either improved or eliminated. PA currently successfully teaches at a major USA university.
Conclusions: Individuals with TBI often exhibit marked problems in oculomotor skills, binocular vision dysfunction, attention, and other visual abilities that affect their quality of life. Primary eye care providers, in general, do not diagnosis or manage the many vision function, functional vision and vision information processing disorders associated with TBI. Primary eye care providers can utilize this case as a starting point to help them do so in the future or to motivate them to refer to those who have experience and expertise in this area. This case demonstrates that with OVT both symptoms and signs that adversely affect an individual’s quality of life after traumatic brain injury can be improved.
A,B,V's of School Performance: Academics, Behavior and VisionDominick Maino
This presentation is geared towards teachers and professional teaching staff, but can also be adapted for parents and others. It reviews the three O's of eye care (Optometry, Ophthalmology, Optician), the optometric examination, learning related vision problems and more.
Current Clinical Case Reorts & Research You Should Incorporate into Your Mode...Dominick Maino
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2016 Poster Presentations
Saturday, July 2nd 8-10AM
Five of the very best, clinically relevant posters were chosen to be given during the American Optometric Association meeting in Boston in 2016. These posters were chosen by the AOA Poster Committee (Dr. Dominick M. Maino, Chair).
This course presents the latest information concerning cortical visual impairment, its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Various topics reviewed include cortical vs cerebral visual impairment, ventral/dorsal visual streams, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Also discussed are various retinoscopy techniques, overlapping functional vision disorders, and visual stimulation/therapy for these disorders.
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the participant will:
Be able to identify cortical vs cerebral visual impairment
Be able to access various vision functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, oculomotor and accommodative disorders
Be able to treat the diagnosed vision problems with all the tools available to the optometrist (spectacles, low vision devices, vision rehabilitative techniques)
Be aware of and use outside resources to supplement and add to any therapeutic interventions recommended
When you or your child has an eye turn all too often the first recommendation for intervention is surgery. You should know the outcomes, risks and complications associated with this surgical procedure and alternative ways to manage these problems.
Neuroplasticity and Vision Therapy for Adults; A Case SeriesDominick Maino
This poster was presented at the American Optometric Association's Annual meeting in Boston, MA 06/2016
The bottom line:
The visual cortex has the capacity for experience dependent change (neuroplasticity) throughout life. Unfortunately, when it comes to the adult with binocular vision problems, this is not always recognized as being true even though there is strong clinical evidence to suggest a high level of adult neuroplasticity. Current research shows that adults tend to have numerous anomalies associated with the binocular vision system especially within certain populations. This case series demonstrates how those even approaching 70 years of age can benefit from optometric vision therapy.
Asthenopia: A Technology Induced Visual ImpairmentDominick Maino
Vision systems evolve over generations based on the needs of the users and the environment. In humans, evolutionary pressures led to the development of the need for clear distance visual acuity and binocular three-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic vision. These visual skills enabled us to effectively respond to threats in the environment that were distant and constantly
changing, and improved our odds of being the hunter rather than the hunted. When Johannes
Gutenberg developed the process for modern book printing in the mid 15th century, he set in motion the shift in visual demands away from the importance of seeing clearly at distance and toward
a time intensive two-dimensional near-point task such as reading....read more...
Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations 2010Dominick Maino
Diagnosis and Management of Special Populations presents the latest in the assessment and treatment of those with physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. Up to date information concerning the etiology, prevalence/incidence and physical/cognitive findings of individuals with developmental/acauired disabilities (Cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, autism, acquired/traumatic brain injury) will be discussed. New diagnostic and treatment techniques are reviewed. The eye care practitioner will be able to confidently provide eye and vision care for those with disability at the end of this presentation.
You may have met children with seeing problems. They are not a homogeneous lot. Seeing problems range from total blindness to minor visual problems or refractive errors.
A number of terms are used in connection with loss of sight: blindness, partial sight, visual handicap, visual impairment, low vision etc.
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
Let me know what you think. (dmaino@ico.edu).
PDF Handout: D Maino: Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special N...Dominick Maino
This is a copy of my handout of the lecture given in class today. (Copyright 2016). You may download and use this for any non-commercial educational purpose.
Writing the Perfect Poster Abstract in 20 Minutes or LessDominick Maino
One of the easiest ways to begin your publishing career is to present a poster during one of the many annual meetings held by professional optometry. These meetings include but are not limited to the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, American Academy of Optometry and the American Optometric Association. This presentation reviews the step by step process involved in writing an abstract that will be accepted for presentation by these and other organizations most of the time. Once the abstract is written, you are one third of the way to making a significant contribution to the optometric literature. The other two thirds include, creating the poster and writing the final paper to be submitted to an appropriate journal for publication (the last two topics will be addressed at other meetings and/or within future VDR articles). You are encouraged to bring information for a case report and/or case series that you wish to use for a poster in the future.
AOA "There's More to 3D than Meets the Eye"Dominick Maino
The American Optometric Association did an awesome job in making a potentially hard to understand topic...easier to understand. If you have problems with viewing 3D, please review this PowerPoint presentation.
060915 current research that you should incorporate into yourDominick Maino
Current Research that You Should Incorporate into Your Mode of Practice Now!
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD‐A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2015 Poster Presentations
Jun‐27‐2015 8:00AM ‐ 10:00AM
Optic Nerve Head Drusen: A Myriad of Presentations
Jennifer L. Jones, Sylvia E. Sparrow, Christina Grosshans
Validation Study of New LCD‐Based Contrast Sensitivity Testing Method
Sarah Henderson, Jeung H Kim, Paul Harris
Bilateral Cystoid Macular Edema in Retinitis Pigmentosa and its Management
Lindsay T. Gibney
An ODE to Optic Disc Edema
Kelli Theisen
Is Binocular Balancing with Subjective Refraction a thing of the Past?
David Geffen
Optometry's Meeting 2015
Seattle, Washington
Maino D. Agenda Driven Research. Vis Dev Rehab 2015; 1(1):7-11.
Read the editorial.....
Conclusion
It is time for all to put aside our agendas,
our biases, our preconceived notions. It is time
to work together to determine best practices
even if it is contrary to prevailing opinion. The
world is not flat. Amblyopia can be treated at
any age. And optometric vision therapy is an
appropriate treatment modality for disorders of
he binocular vision system.
Dr. Dominick Maino Quoted in AOAFocus Article: Wearable WonderDominick Maino
".....Dominick M Maino, O.D., M.Ed., FAAO, FCOVD-A, professor of pediatrics and binocular vision at the Illinois College of Optometry and private practitioner at Lyons Family Eye Care in Chicago, imagines a world in which people with dementia wear unobtrusive GPS devices that allow family members to easily track them if they leave the safety of their homes. Or, he imagines Google Contacts, which are being designed to monitor blood glucose levels, working seamlessly with insulin pumps, so one's blood sugar never veers out of healthy range. The possibilities are endless. Already, engineers are developing bracelets for the hearing impaired that can translate hand movements into words. For optometrists such as Dr. Maino, who see a great number of patients with disabilities, such technology could be quite useful.
"In the not-too-distant future—probably in my lifetime—both in terms of prevention and monitoring of health, we will probably all be wearing one or more devices that talk to each other," Dr. Maino says. "But right now, much of this is in the development stage or just vaporware."...."
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome (PKMS) is a very rare,
multiple congenital developmental disorder of unknown
prevalence that is characterized by hypotonia, intellectual
disability, seizures, distinctive facial features, meager
hair, unusual skin pigmentation, and other birth defects.
Incidence is around 1/25,000. They often have difficulty
breathing, feeding, sitting, standing, walking, and speech.
The facial features include a high, round forehead, broad
nose bridge, telecanthus, a wide mouth and a large tongue.
Hearing loss, vision impairment, genital abnormalities, and
heart defects are frequently noted. The genetic etiology is a
result of isochromosomes that have either two q arms (long)
or two p arms (short). Therefore isochromosome 12p is a
chromosome 12 with two p arms. Most cells have two copies
of each chromosome with one from each parent. Pallister-
Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of
chromosome 12, but also have the isochromosome 12p. This
results in a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm
of chromosome 12 which causes a disruption in the normal
development, resulting in the characteristic features of PKMS. Only about 100 cases have been reported in the literature.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Presentation Handouts American Conference on Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
1. A National Conference on Dominick M. Maino, O.D., M.Ed., F.A.A.O.
The Evaluation and Treatment of
Professor, Pediatrics/Binocular Vision Service
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Illinois College of Optometry
Illinois Eye Institute
The Children’s Hospital and 3241 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Il. 60616
Medical Center of Omaha, NE 312-949-7280 (Voice) 312-949-7358 (fax)
dmaino@ico.edu www.ico.edu
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.com
MainosMemos.blogspot.com
The Patient with Special Needs
The Child with Special Needs
A Brief Overview
Individuals with Special Needs Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Cerebral Palsy Autism • 1. Defining Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Down Syndrome Intellectual Disability
Fragile X Syndrome Brain Injury • Definition confusing, misunderstood and imprecise.
• Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment (PCVI).
Psychiatric Illness ….and…. • Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
• Delayed Visual Development
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
1
2. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• North America • History of CVI
• Brain injury 19th century
•Cortical Visual Impairment with Phineas P. Gage
• Elsewhere
•Cerebral Visual Impairment
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• World War I, wounded
veterans with brain injury • Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
• Displayed perceived • greater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual
motion in the “blind, non- stimuli relative to similar targets in motion
seeing” visual field. • Riddoch phenomenon (adults)
• Ability to sense movement even though blind
• Ability to sense motion, • “See” moving objects…but not stationary ones
lights, and colors
• Blindsight
• Conscious or • Ability to ‘sense’ objects in the way
subconscious.
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Statokinetic dissociation (in children) • Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
• Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a smile • For those children who understand language stating what is
in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both visual
intellectual disability. and language development.
• Children who are fed with a spoon may intermittently open • Such children may rock to and fro. Whether this generates
their mouths to receive food when the spoon is moved in an an image is difficult to know.
arc from the peripheral visual fields, but not when it • Rarely, children with cerebral blindness who are mobile
approaches the mouth from straight ahead. move slowly around obstacles. This phenomenon has been
called travel vision.
2
3. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• 1980’s adults with bilateral occipital cortex •Reduced visual acuity identifying
insult (cortical blindness)
feature.
• Term applied to children.
• Cortical visual impairment used in the •Many children damage to white
1980’s onward matter surrounding the ventricals
• Definition of CVI includes injury lateral (perventricular leukomalacia PVL)
geniculate nucleus/visual cortex •Cerebral Visual Impairment now used
(especially in Europe)
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Cerebral visual impairment: inclusive term • Classification of CVI
• Reduced visual acuity • Ocular visual impairment: Refractive state. Optics, Eye
• Oculomotor anomalies health
• Visual field loss • Cerebral visual impairment: Neuro-pathway problems,
• Vision information processing problems cortical problems, oculomotor dysfunction, vision
• Cognitive Visual Dysfunction (CVD) information processing (dorsal and ventral streaming
• Used to identify visual perceptual anomalies processing mechanisms)
• Used to identify vision information processing
problems
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
The ventral stream (also known as the "what pathway") • Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM)
travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object • DVM type I Visually impaired infants: improved
visual abilities by the age of 6 months, often
identification. The dorsal stream (or, "where pathway") without treatment.
terminates in the parietal lobe and process spatial locations. • DVM type II: attention problems, associated with
neurological/learning abnormalities. Improvement
takes longer
• DVM III: children have nystagmus, albinism.
Vision improves later, can improve to low-normal
levels.
• DVM IV: associated with retinal,
optic nerve, macular anomalies
3
4. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Should we be concerned about how PVCI is defined?
• Defining Other Disorders and PCVI Absolutely!
• Variability with defining disorders not • American Association on Intellectual and
uncommon Developmental Disabilities changed definition of
• Autism rare anomaly mental retardation
• Definition altered so that the number of • Decreasing IQ cut off point from to 80 to 70
those on the Spectrum is now considered • Added adaptive behavior qualifications
epidemic • Result: instantly cured hundreds of thousands of
• Legal, legislative, health care, those with mental retardation/intellectual
disability overnight
insurance issues
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment PCVI: References
• Dutton GN, Bax M. (eds). Visual impairment in children due to damage to the
brain. Clinics in Developmental Medicine. no 186. MacKieth Press.
What we call a thing is very important London;2010.
• Strategies for dealing with visual problems due to cerebral visual impairment:
Gillian McDaid, Debbie Cockburn, Gordon N Dutton available from
http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/courses/vi&multi/vjan08i.html
To name it is to have power over it • Alesterlund L, Maino D. That the blind may see: A review: Blindsight and its
implications for optometrists. J Optom Vis Dev 1999;30(2):86-93
• Kran B. Mayer L. Vision impairment and brain damage. In Taub M,
Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with
Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:135-
146.
PCVI: References Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Colenbrander A. What’s in a name? Appropriate terminology
Determining Vision Function and
for CVI. J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:583-585 Functional Vision in Children with
• Roman Lantzy CA, Lantzy A. Outcomes and opportunities: A
study of children with cortical visual impairment. J Vis Impair Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Blind. 2010:649-653.
• http://www.aph.org/cvi/define.html
• Cerebral Visual Impairment in Periventricular Leukomalacia:
MR Correlation: Available from
http://www.ajnr.org/content/17/5/979.full.pdf
4
5. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children
with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Need to assess vision function and • Oculomotor ability (pursuits and saccades;
functional vision convergence and divergence, strabismus)
• Vision function
•Clarity of vision (visual acuity, •Pursuits/Visual Tracking
contrast sensitivity, refractive error,
Amblyopia)
•Saccades
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children
with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Binocular Vision • Accommodation (focusing)
• Convergence insufficiency/excess • Accommodative insufficiency
• Divergence insufficiency/excess • Accommodative excess
• Strabismus • Ill-sustained accommodation
• Exotropia • Accommodative instability
• Esotropia
• Hypertropia
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children
Children with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Depth perception (3D vision) • Eye health
• Binocular vision (Stereoscopy) is the ability to align and focus both eyes
• Cornea, lens, pupil,
accurately on an object and then combine the visual images from each eye into • iris, vitreous, optic nerve,
a single, clear, three dimensional perception. Difficulty seeing in 3D can arise
when eye fatigue occurs, forcing the eyes to make adjustments to focus
• retina
•
simultaneously on images that are near and far away.
Symptoms indicating a potential problem viewing images in 3D can vary,
• Visual Cortex
but some common symptoms include headaches, blurred vision, nausea
and dizziness.
• Other areas of the brain (motor,
• executive function)
5
6. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and Functional Vision in Children Vision Function of Children with Disability
with Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Down Syndrome: Visual Acuity, Refractive Error,
Strabismus/Oculomotor, Accommodation, Ocular health, Vision
• Special diagnostic tools Information Processing, Other
• EOG (electrooculogram) Cerebral Palsy: Visual Acuity, Refractive Error,
• ERG (electroretinogram)
Strabismus/Oculomotor, Accommodation, Ocular Health, Vision
• VER/VEP (visually evoked
Information Processing, Other
response visual evoked potential)
Brain Injury: Visual Acuity, Refractive Error,
Strabismus/Oculomotor, Accommodation, Ocular Health, Vision
Information Processing, Other
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Functional vision • Vision information processing (VIP)/Visual
perceptual skills
Functionally induced disability that
overlays pathologically induced • Laterality/Directionality
disability • Visual motor integration
• Uncorrected refractive error • Non-motor perceptual skills
• Amblyopia • Auditory perceptual/processing
• On top of vision loss due
• to cerebral impairment
• Down Syndrome
• Cerebral Palsy
References References
• Luek AH. Cortical or cerebral visual impairment in children: A brief overview.
J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:585-592.
• Ciuffreda K, Kapoor N. Acquired brain injury. In Taub M,
Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of
• Woodhouse JM, Maino DM. Down syndrome: In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino
D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott Williams &
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:31-40. Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:95-100.
• Wesson M, Maino D. Oculo-visual findings in Down syndrome, cerebral palsy,
• Roman-Lantzy, C. Cortical visual impairment: An
and mental retardation with non-specific etiology. In Maino D (ed). Diagnosis
and Management of Special Populations. Mosby-Yearbook, Inc. St. Louis, MO. approach to assessment and intervention. AFB Press, NY,
1995:17-54. New York; 2007.
• Taub M, Reddell A. Cerebral Palsy. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds)
• http://www.3deyehealth.org/
Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special Needs. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:21-30. • http://www.MainosMemos.blogspot.com
6
7. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Treatment begins with the basics.
Therapeutic Strategies for the •Vision function
Treatment of •Refractive correction
•Spectacles therapeutic
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment •Eye health
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Treatment with spectacle/lenses • Treatment with spectacle/lenses
• multi-focal prescription/bifocal • task specific glasses
• prism • high “+” adds (magnification)
• occlusion • Telescopes
• Microscopes
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Vision Therapy • Vision Therapy
• Oculomotor/hand- • Integration/Stabilization
eye/accommodation • Visual stimulation
& fusion • Vision information
processing
• Biocular • Vestibular/Vision
• Binocular Apps 4 Vision Development
http://www.sovoto.com/group/apps4VisionDevelopment
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8. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Resources Thinking Outside the LightBox
• Facebook
(http://www.facebook.com/Thinkingoutsidet
helightbox)
• Pinterest
http://pinterest.com/achampine0302/cortic
al-visual-impairment-cvi-goodies/
• Blogs
http://www.MainosMemos.blogspot.com
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
How Do Environmental Factors, Medications For individuals with disability…
and Non-Visual Handicaps Affect the • Medications: Prescribed many more medications
Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric • Higher affinity for adverse effects due to environmental/systemic
factors
Cerebral Visual Impairment?
• Seldom complain of symptoms related to their disability, systemic
anomalies, or medication side effects
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
• Alternative and complementary
medical therapies • Mental illnesses in children
Maino D. Evidence based medicine and CAM: a review. Optom Vis Dev 2012;43(1):13-17 • Pediatric Bipolar disorder
Lemer P. Complementary and Alternative Approaches. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D.
Visual Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Special Needs. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins. 2012
• Pediatric depression
• Traditional allopathic approaches
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9. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment Medication Side Effects
Antidepressants
• Major environmental hazard: People
Abdominal pain/constipation Blurred vision
• do not know how to respond Abnormal dreams/thinking Increased risk of Glaucoma
• make assumptions Abnormal ejaculation/orgasm
Anxiety
Visual Disturbances
Photophobia
• true for lay individuals, teacher, health
care professionals
• Other
Medication Side Effects Medication Side Effects
Anticonvulsants Anti-Parkisons
Memory problems/amnesia Blurred vision Abnormal dreams/insomnia Vision abnormalities
Sedation Dimming of vision Increased muscle tone/weakness Blurred vision
Insomnia Diplopia Involuntary movements Mydriasis
Bronchitis Involuntary eye movements Hallucinations Decreased accommodation
Fluid retention Dry eye
Medication Side Effects Medication Side Effects
Tranquilizers Anti-anxiety
Breast development in men Risk of narrow angle GLC Anemia Decreased accommodation
Breathing problems Cycloplegia/Mydriasis Seizures Nystagmus
Insomnia Decreased vision Blood disorders Diplopia
Tardive dyskinesia Capsular cataract Unusual excitement Mydriasis
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10. Dominick M. Maino, O.D., M.Ed., F.A.A.O.
Professor, Pediatrics/Binocular Vision Service
Illinois College of Optometry
Illinois Eye Institute
3241 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Il. 60616
312-949-7280 (Voice) 312-949-7358 (fax)
dmaino@ico.edu www.ico.edu
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.com
MainosMemos.blogspot.com
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