This document provides information about diabetes, including: - Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to issues with insulin production or regulation. - It was first referenced in ancient Egypt and named by Greek physician Aretaeus. Key discoveries include identifying the role of the pancreas and insulin. - There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. - Symptoms, causes, treatment, and complications are described for each type. Managing diabetes involves monitoring blood sugar, diet, exercise, and medication/insulin as needed.

2.  Md. Moshiur Rahman 07 (2047)
 Mehenaj jahan 02 (2042)
 Afzal hoassain 03 (2043)
 Nipa akter 04 (2044)
 Kaniz fatema 08 (2048)
 Samhan afroz 12 (2052)

4. First reference come from an
Egyptian papyrus dating back to
1550BC.
Diabetes was named by the Greek
physician Aretaeus between 30
&90 AD

5.  Definition: Diabetes can be referred to as a chronic
(life long) disease characterized by high levels of
sugar(glucose) in the blood.
 Metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia
resulting from defcects in insulin secretion , insulin
action or both.

7.  Oskar and Joseph von , researchers at the
University of Strasbourg in France, showed
that the removal of a dog's pancreas could
induce diabetes.(1889)
 In the early 1900s, Georg Zuelzer, a German
scientist, found that injecting pancreatic
extract into patients could help control
diabetes.

9.  finally in 1921-1922 discovery and purification of
insulin for clinical use by a group of researchers in
Toronto—Frederick Banting & Charles Best paved
the way for treatment.

10.  Today, insulin is still the primary therapy used to
treat type 1 diabetes; other medications have since been
developed to help control blood glucose levels.
 Diabetic patients can now test their blood sugar levels at
home, and regular exercise, insulin, and other
medications to precisely control their blood glucose
levels, thereby reducing their risk of health
complications.

11.  Overall, people with type 1 diabetes have a decreased
life expectancy, according to a 2015 study in the Journal
of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
 More specifically, men with type 1 diabetes have a life
expectancy about 11 years shorter than that of men who
don't have the disease. For women, this decrease in life
expectancy is 13 years, the JAMA study found.
 But life expectancy may depend on how well the
condition is managed.

12.  Type 1 Diabetes
 Type 2 Diabetes
 Gestational Diabetes
 Other
-Genetic defect of beta cell function.
-Genetic defect of insulin action.
-Disease of exocrine pancreas.
-genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes.
-infections.
-uncommon form of immune – mediated diabetes.

13.  Excessive thirst and hunger.
 Frequent urination.
 Weight loss or gain.
 Fatigue.
 Irritability.
 Blurred vision.
 Slow-healing wounds.
 Nausea
 Skin infections
 Darkening of skin

14.  In the normal digestive process, your body breaks down
much of the food you eat into glucose, a simple sugar
that's stored in your body and used for energy.
 The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas,
regulates the amount of glucose in your blood by
helping liver, muscle, and fat cells absorb the sugar.
 Diabetes is a disease that develops when your pancreas
doesn't make enough insulin, or your body doesn't use
insulin properly — resulting in high blood glucose
levels, which can cause a range of health issues.

15.  It's unknown exactly what causes type 1 diabetes..
Possible risk factors for type 1 diabetes include:
 Genetics
 Family history
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Other autoimmune diseases, including thyroid disease,
Addison's disease, celiac disease, and autoimmune gastritis
 Viral infections early in life
 Early (before 4 months) or late (after 7 months) dietary
introduction of cereal and gluten
 Being born to an older mother, or one who had preeclampsia
— a condition in pregnancy marked by high blood pressure

16.  Type 1 diabetes melitus is chronic autoimmune disease
associated with selective destruction of insulin
producing beta – cell. The onset of clinical disease
represent the end stage of beta- cell destruction leading
to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Al Homsi & Lukic (1992)
explained that several features characterize type 1
diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease

18.  High blood pressure
 Cardiovascular disease
 Stroke
 Skin and mouth infections
 Gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), a type of neuropathy
 Sexual dysfunction
 Depression
 Diabetes can also cause pregnancy complications — such as
an increased risk of stillbirth, miscarriages, and birth defects
— if blood glucose is not controlled properly.

19.  All people with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin to control their
blood glucose levels. There are different types of insulin depending
on how quickly they work,
 Two common insulin treatment plans include:
 Twice-daily insulin: using both short-acting and intermediate-acting
insulin.
 Basal bolus regimen: short-acting insulin taken with main meals
(usually three times a day) and intermediate-acting insulin given once or
twice daily (evening or morning and evening).

20.  Self-monitoring
 People with diabetes who require insulin need to check their blood glucose
levels regularly to inform insulin dosage. Self-monitoring of blood glucose
(SBMG) is the name given to the process of blood glucose testing by people with
diabetes at home, school, work or elsewhere.
 Healthy nutrition
- Healthy nutrition — knowing what and when to eat — is an important part of diabetes
management as different foods affect your blood glucose levels differently.
 Physical activity
-Regular physical activity is essential to help keep blood glucose levels under control. It
is most effective when jogging, swimming, cycling) exercise and resistance training

22.  It is generally characterized by insulin resistance, where
the body does not fully respond to insulin
 Because insulin cannot work properly, blood glucose
levels keep rising, releasing more insulin.

24.  The type 2 diabetes is a healthy lifestyle, which includes
a healthy diet, regular physical activity, not smoking,
and maintaining a healthy body weight.
 Over time, a healthy lifestyle may not be enough to keep
blood glucose levels under control and people with type
2 diabetes may need to take oral medication. If treatment
with a single medication is not sufficient, combination
therapy options may be prescribed.
 When oral medication is not sufficient to control blood
glucose levels, people with type 2 diabetes may require
insulin injections.

25. Type 2 diabetes may lead to numerous health complications
 Periods of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)
 Problems regulating blood pressure
 Foot and limb injuries
 Kidney disorders
 Vision problems or blindness.
 Skin problems
 Diabetic neuropathy
 Digestive disorders
 Sexual dysfunction
 Problems with teeth & gums.

27.  Erectile dysfunction(ED, impotence)
 Retrograde ejaculation
 Low testosterone (low-T)
 Decreased sex drive (decreased libido) and
sexual dysfunction

28.  High blood pressure
 Heart disease
 Nerve damage and neuropathy (nerve pain)
 Kidney disease
 Retinopathy
 Stroke
 Skin infections
 Peripheral vascular disease
 Yeast infections

29.  Two hormones, secreted by the pancrease, are
responsible for regulation of levels : insulin &
glucagon.