This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (diabetes), including its types, symptoms, causes, and treatments. It discusses the two major types of diabetes: Type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and Type 2, where cells do not use insulin properly. Type 1 usually develops in childhood and requires daily insulin injections. Type 2 is associated with older age and obesity and may be controlled through diet, exercise and oral medication or insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth but increases risk of later diabetes.

1. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
SCIE & TECH ZIMBABWE

2. DIABETES MELLITUS
• Joseph Ndondo N0110859W
• Cain Kaundikiza N0110533W
• Gamuchirai Musunda N0110255A

3. WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?
• Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a
chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas
is no longer able to make insulin, or when the
body cannot make good use of the insulin it
produces or both, leading to hyperglycemia
(excess of glucose in the blood ≥7,9mmol/L).
• This is why many people refer to diabetes as
“sugar.”

4. GUIDELINES FOR BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Before meals 2hrs after meals
Ideal (non-diabetic) 4-6mmol/L Up to 7 mmol/l
Type 1 diabetes 4-7 mmol/L Under 9 mmol/L
Type 2 diabetes 4-7 mmol/L Under 8 mmol/L
Children w/ Type 1 D 4-8 mmol/L Under 10 mmol/L

5. • Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas,
that acts like a key to let glucose from the
food we eat pass from the blood stream into
the cells in the body to produce energy.
• Insulin binds to its receptor on the plasma
membrane, initiates a signaling cascade that
promotes fusion of glucose transporter
protein (GLUT4) to the membrane where it
can facilitate glucose transport.

7. MAJOR TYPES OF DIABETES
• There are two major types of this disease
1.Type 1 Diabetes ( insulin-dependent)
2.Type 2 Diabetes (non-insulin dependent)

8. • Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Erectile dysfunction
• Rapid weight loss (Type 1 diabetes)
• Extreme hunger
• Sudden vision changes/blurred vision
• Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
• Feeling very tired much of the time
• Very dry skin
• Sores that are slow to heal

9. GGEENNEERRAALL SSYYMMPPTTOOMMSS OOFF
DDIIAABBEETTEESS
• In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may
develop and lead to stupor, coma and, in
absence of effective treatment, death.
• Diabetes can cause serious health
complications including heart disease,
blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity
amputations

10. feeling dizzy/shaking profuse sweating
DPMI Workforce Development – The Alfred Workforce Development Team June 2005
SYMPTOMS
excessive hunger
headache
pins and needles
around mouth

11. Peculiar behaviour
DPMI Workforce Development – The Alfred Workforce Development Team June 2005
SYMPTOMS
Lack of
Altered vision concentration
Loss of consciousness

12. TTYYPPEE 11 DDIIAABBEETTEESS
• Type 1 is usually caused by an auto-immune
reaction where the body’s defense
system attacks the cells that produce
insulin. The reason this occurs is not fully
understood but genetic and environmental
factors are involved in the development of
this type of diabetes.
• A viral cause like mumps or Coxsackie has
been concidered
• Results in very low or absolute lack of
endogenous insulin. If people with type 1
diabetes do not have access to insulin, they
will die.

13. • This form of diabetes usually strikes
children and young adults, although
disease onset can occur at any age.
• Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to
10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

14. • In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to
produce insulin.
•Without insulin, the body’s cells cannot use
glucose (sugar), which the body needs for
energy. It begins to burn its own fats as a
substitute.
• Unless treated with daily injections of
insulin, a person with type 1 diabetes
accumulates in the blood dangerous
chemical substances from the burning of fat.
This can cause a condition known as ‘keto-acidosis’.

15. • Keto-acidosis involves accumulation of
dangerous chemical substances in the blood
called ketones, which also appear in the urine
• It develops gradually over hours or days. It is
a sign of insufficient insulin.

16. SYMPTOMS OF KETO-ACIDOSIS
• High blood glucose level and moderate to heavy
ketones in the urine,
• Rapid breathing
• Flushed cheeks
• Abdominal pain
• Sweet acetone smell on the breath
• Vomiting
• Dehydration

17. TYPE 1 SYMTOMS
• Feeling constantly thirsty
• Passing urine frequently, including bedwetting
• Excessive hunger
• Blurred vision
• Unexplained weakness and fatigue
• Weight loss
• Vaginal discharge or itch in young girls
• Nausea and vomiting

19. CAUSE OF TYPE 1
•exact cause is not known.
•Some people are predisposed to developing
type 1 diabetes. In these people, the diabetes
is possibly triggered by a virus.
•Viral infections provide the stimulus of
autoimmune destruction rather than actually
initiating diabetes
•This destroys the part of the pancreas which
produces insulin.

20. TREATMENT OF INSULIN
• As yet, there is no “cure” for either type of diabetes,
although there are many ways of keeping diabetes
under control.
• Treatment aims to do what a normal body does
naturally – maintain a proper balance of insulin and
glucose.
• Diabetes "control" means keeping the level of
glucose in the blood as close to normal as possible.
The three elements of "control" for type 1 diabetes
are:
•  Food, Exercise and Insulin

21. TYPE 2 DIABETES
•In Type 2 diabetes, the body cells are unable to
use insulin properly (insulin resistance). This
causes glucose (sugar) to accumulate in the
blood stream. It usually begins as insulin
resistance.
•a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin
properly. As the need for insulin rises, the
pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce
insulin. This causes glucose (sugar) to
accumulate in the blood stream.

23. • Type 2 diabetes is associated with older
age, obesity, family history of diabetes,
history of gestational diabetes, impaired
glucose metabolism, physical inactivity,
and race/ethnicity.
• African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, American Indians, and some
Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or
Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly
high risk for type 2 diabetes.

24. RELATIONSHIP OF TYPE 11
DIABETES TO NUTRITION
• Sedentary lifestyle and high fat, high- calorie
diet
• Abnormal levels of cholesterol, and or
triglycerides in the blood
• Excess body fat, particularly around the waist
• Low birth weight and/or a mother's
malnutrition in pregnancy may cause metabolic
disturbances in a fetus that lead to diabetes later
in the child's life

25. TREATMENT OF TYPE 2
• typically includes diet control, exercise,
home blood glucose testing, and in some
cases, oral medication and/or insulin.
• healthy eating and regular exercise can
control blood glucose levels.
• Because many persons with T2DM are
overweight and insulin resistant, medical
nutrition therapy should emphasize lifestyle
changes that result in reduced energy intake
and increased energy expenditure through
physical activity

26. OTHER TYPES
Gestational diabetes
•common in pregnant women (mostly
obese).
•It develops due to the complex
hormonal and metabolic changes
taking place during pregnancy.
•Blood glucose levels unusually return
to normal after delivery.

27. GGEESSTTAATTIIOONNAALL DDIIAABBEETTEESS
• Gestational Diabetes is a form of diabetes
that occurs during pregnancy and usually
goes away after the baby is born.
• This common condition refers to a high
blood glucose level recognized for the first
time during pregnancy.
• It develops towards the middle of the
pregnancy as a result of the changes in the
mother’s hormones. If this condition is left
untreated, it can cause complications for the
mother and the baby.

28. • women with GDM and their children are at an
increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
later in life. Approximately half of women
with a history of GDM go on to develop type
2 diabetes within five to ten years after
delivery.

29. RRIISSKK FFAACCTTOORRSS
•Women:
• over 30 years of age
• with a family history of type 2 diabetes
• who are overweight
• from certain ethnic groups e.g. India, Asia,
Pacific Islands, Middle East

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