This document discusses diabetes, including its symptoms, effects, types, prediabetes, management, and tips for prevention. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, resulting in high blood sugar. It discusses the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their characteristics. Management of diabetes involves diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy. Tips for prevention include monitoring blood sugar and weight, regular exercise and physical activity, and maintaining a high-fiber diet.

1. • Created By:
• Khaled Alkhodari
• Sadeq Elmezaini
• Yousef Shurrab
• Professor: Dr. Khamis Elessi
• Due Date: November 26th, 2013

2. Today’s Topics
 What is Diabetes?
 It’s Symptoms
 It’s Effects
 Types of Diabetes
 Prediabetes
 Management of Diabetes
 Some Tips to Stop Diabetes

3. What is it?
 It is the defect of insulin production, or action that
results in high levels of blood glucose.
 Insulin is a hormone that reacts with cells to allow
glucose intake.
 A metabolic disorder characterized
by chronic hyperglycaemia with
disturbances of carbohydrate, fat
and protein metabolism.

4. What are it’s symptoms ?
 Thirst, excessive urination, blurring of vision, and
weight loss.
 In its most severe forms, blood acidity levels may
increase and lead to unconsciousness, coma and, in
absence of effective treatment, death.
 Symptoms take a while to appear, so it may take a long
time before the diagnosis is made.

5. What are it’s Effects ?
 Blindness
 Foot ulcers
 Amputation
 Autonomic dysfunction, e.g. sexual dysfunction.
 Increased risk of peripheral vascular, cardiovascular
and cerebrovascular disease.

6. Types of Diabetes
 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
 Gestational Diabetes
 Other types:
 LADA ( Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)
 MODY ( Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth)
 Secondary Diabetes Mellitus

7. Type 1 Diabetes
 Previously called insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM).
 Develops when the body’s immune system destroys
pancreatic beta cells.
 Usually strikes children and young adults, although
disease onset can occur at any age.
 Accounts for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes.
 Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include
autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.

9. Type 2 diabetes
 Previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM).
 Begins as insulin resistance. As the need for insulin
rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to
produce insulin.
 Associated with older age, obesity, family history of
diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired
glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and
race/ethnicity.
 Account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases
of diabetes.

11. Gestational diabetes
 Diagnosed in some women
during pregnancy.
 It is common among obese
women and women with a
family history of diabetes.
 After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational
diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes.

12. Prediabetes
 People with prediabetes may have impaired fasting
glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or
both.
 IFG is a condition in which the fasting blood glucose
level is elevated after an overnight fast but is not high
enough to be classified as diabetes.
 IGT is a condition in which the blood glucose level is
elevated, but is not high enough to be classified as
diabetes.

13. Prediabetes Cont’d
 Progression to diabetes is not inevitable.
 Weight loss and increased physical activity may
prevent or delay diabetes and may return blood
glucose levels to normal.
 People with prediabetes are already at increased risk
for other adverse health outcomes such as heart
disease and stroke.

14. Management of
Diabetes Mellitus

15. How can it be Managed ?
 The major components of the treatment of diabetes
are:
• Diet and
ExerciseA
• Oral Anti-
Diabetic AgentsB
• Insulin TherapyC

16. A. Diet
 Diet is a basic part of management in every case.
Treatment cannot be effective unless suitable attention
is given to ensuring appropriate nutrition.
 Dietary treatment should aim at:
● ensuring weight control.
● providing nutritional requirements.
● allowing good blood glucose level control

17. A. Exercise
 Encourages weight reduction
and improves insulin
sensitivity, thus lowering
blood glucose levels.
 A program of regular physical activity and exercise
should be accommodate to the individual’s health
status and fitness.

18. B. Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents
 There are currently five classes of oral anti-diabetic
agents:
 Biguanides
 Sulfonylureas
 Meglitinides
 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

19. Oral Hypoglycaemic Medications

20. C. Insulin Therapy
Short-term use:
 Acute illness, surgery, stress and emergencies
 Pregnancy
 Breast-feeding
 Insulin may be used as initial therapy in type 2 diabetes
 Severe metabolic decompensation
Long-term use:
 Multi-dose insulin therapy
 Insulin sensitizers can be used

21. 3 tips to

22. Self-Care
 Patients should be educated to practice self-
care. Self-care should include:
• Blood glucose monitoring
• Body weight monitoring
• Foot-care
• Personal hygiene
• Healthy lifestyle
• Identify targets for control
• Stopping smoking

23. Get more physical activity
There are many benefits to regular physical
activity. Exercise can help you:
• Lose weight
• Lower your blood sugar
• Boost your sensitivity to insulin — which helps keep
your blood sugar within a normal range

24. Get plenty of fiber
It's tough — and it may help you:
• Reduce your risk of diabetes by improving your
blood sugar control
• Lower your risk of heart disease
• Promote weight loss by helping you feel full
Foods high in fiber include fruits, vegetables,
beans, whole grains.

25. Recap
 What is Diabetes?
 It’s Symptoms
 It’s Effects
 Types of Diabetes
 Prediabetes
 Management of Diabetes
 Some Tips to Stop Diabetes