Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. A review of the history shows that the term "diabetes" was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments.

1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
Department of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga
Under the Supervision of :
Dr. C K Ramesh
professor
Dept, of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga
Submitted by:
Ms. Dhanya L
Reg No-S1908140
Sahyadri Science College, Shivmogga
Dissertation on
“Diabetes mellitus & It’s management”

2.  Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning
siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet.
 Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet
nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the
word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in
1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of
diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone
insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading
to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922.
 Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple
discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to
tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is
one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and
worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.
 Diabetes mellitus (DM) has several categories, including type 1, type
2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes,
neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies,
steroid use, etc.
Introduction:

3. Type 1 diabetes - formerly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, usually arises in childhood.
Type 2 diabetes - formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, usually occurs after age 40 and becomes
more common with increasing age.
Types of diabetes:
Type 3 diabetes - Gestational Diabetes:- pregnancy usually causes some
form of insulin resistance, if this becomes diabetes its called as gestational
diabetes.

4. Symptoms of diabetes:

6. Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes treatment:
Type 1 Diabetes:
 The Type 1 diabetes, commonly known as juvenile diabetes, usually develops in young people and adults. In this type of
diabetes, the body cannot produce insulin or more appropriately sufficient amount of insulin because the immune system of
the body that protects us from several infections by getting rid of germs, viruses, bacteria, and some other harmful substances
get attacked, and the cells that produce insulin are being destroyed.
 The Type 1 diabetes happens when the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells present in the pancreas and
eventually results in a very little amount of insulin secretion. For this reason, sugar starts to build up in the blood instead of
being used in the form of energy. This kind of Diabetes is very rare only 5- 10% of people have Type 1 Diabetes.
 The treatments for type 1 diabetes are:
•Taking injections, of insulin.
•Taking oral medicines.
•Adopting a healthy diet.
•Being physically fit and active.
•Controlling blood pressure levels.
•Controlling cholesterol levels.

7. Type 2 Diabetes:
 The Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as the adult-onset diabetes, usually it affects people of all age groups and even children’s
also. Generally, Type 2 diabetes results from overweight and inactiveness. This type of diabetes begins with insulin resistance;
it is a condition that happens when the fat, muscle, and the liver cells cannot utilize the insulin to carry glucose into the cells of
the body that is being used to get energy. And so the body requires more insulin to help glucose enter into the cells. In the
initial stages, the pancreas keeps on adding the demand by producing more insulin. But over time, the pancreas stops
responding to the demand for more insulin, and it makes an increase in the blood sugar level.
 The Type 2 diabetes happens when the body couldn’t properly utilize the insulin that is released or could not produce enough
insulin. It results in, sugar build up in the blood instead of being used in the form of energy. Type 2 diabetes is quite common
among people with diabetes; about 90 % of people with diabetes suffer from type 2 diabetes.
 The treatments for type 2 diabetes are:
•Regular intake of diabetes medicines
•Adapting healthy diet choices
•Staying physically fit and active
•Controlling blood pressure levels and checking it on a regular basis.
•Controlling and regularly checking up the cholesterol levels.

8. Type 3 Gestational diabetes:
The third type of diabetes is known as gestational diabetes
this temporary condition happens during pregnancy.
Approximately 2 to 4% of ladies get affected by this during
their pregnancies resulting from an increased risk of
diabetes for both mother and fetus.
Treatment for gestational diabetes includes:
•Lifestyle changes
•Blood sugar monitoring
•Medication, if necessary
•healthy diet
•Staying active

9. Management Of Diabetes:
Patient education:-Patients with pre-diabetes should be informed of
their increased diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk, and
should be counseled about effective ways to lower their risk.
Lifestyle Modification:-
Physical avtivity:-Regular exercise improves blood glucose control,
lowers cardiovascular disease risk factors, contributes to weight loss,
decreases the risk of falls and fractures, improves quality of life.
Insulin Therapy:-If have type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is vital for
replacing the insulin, body doesn't produce.
Insulin is injected into these sites on the body:
• Abdomen
• Upper arm
• Thighs
• Hips.

10.  Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented.
 You can decrease your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
 If a close relative particularly, a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes, or
if your blood glucose test shows "pre-diabetes" (defined as blood
glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL), you are at increased risk
for developing type 2 diabetes. You can help to prevent type 2 diabetes
by
•maintaining your ideal body weight.
•exercising regularly such as a brisk walk of 1-2 miles in 30 minutes
at least five times a week, even if that does not result in you
achieving an ideal weight. That’s because regular exercise reduces
insulin resistance even if you don’t lose weight.
•eating a healthy diet.
•taking medication..
 Keep control of your blood sugar. This helps reduce the risk of most
complications.
 Lower your risk of heart-related complications. Aggressively
manage other risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as:
•high blood pressure
•high cholesterol and triglycerides
•cigarette smoking
•obesity
Prevention of diabetes:

11. Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the level of glucose in the blood.
•Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test. A blood sample is taken in the morning after you fast overnight. A normal fasting blood
sugar level is between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Diabetes is diagnosed if the fasting blood sugar level is 126
mg/dL or higher.
•Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Your blood sugar is measured two hours after you drink a liquid containing 75 grams of
glucose. Diabetes is diagnosed if the blood sugar level is 200 mg/dL or higher.
•Random blood glucose test. A blood sugar of 200 mg/dL or greater at any time of day, combined with symptoms of diabetes, is
sufficient to make the diagnosis.
•Hemoglobin A1c (glycohemoglobin). This test measures your average blood glucose level over the prior two to three months.
Diabetes is diagnosed if the hemoglobin A1c level is 6.5% or higher.
Diagnosis:

12.  Diabetes mellitus is reaching potentially epidemic proportions in India. The level of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes
and its potential complications are enormous, and pose significant healthcare burdens on both families and society.
 Worryingly, diabetes is now being shown to be associated with a spectrum of complications and to be occurring at a relatively
younger age within the country. In India, the steady migration of people from rural to urban areas, the economic boom, and
corresponding change in life-style are all affecting the level of diabetes.
 So Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes, and the Type 2 diabetes is the noninsulin dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes
occurs when the beta cells attack the pancreas, and the Type 2 diabetes is genetically inherited. The symptoms of both Type 1
and Type 2 diabetes is almost same like unusual thirst, frequent piddling, fatigue, rapidly losing weight, the feeling of numbness
in the feet, frequent urge to eat, and blurred vision.
 The treatment for both types of diabetes is also same the treatment involves taking injections, of insulin, taking oral medicines,
adopting a healthy diet, being physically fit and active, controlling blood pressure levels and controlling cholesterol levels.
There some home remedies also with its regular intake diabetes can be prevented like fenugreek, bitter gourd, and the Indian
gooseberry.
CONCLUSION:

13. References:
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Angelantonio et al. Lancet. 2010; 26;375:2215-2222.
3. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas 8th edition. 2017. https://www.idf.org/e-library/ epidemiology-
research/diabetes-atlas.html.. Zugegriffen: 25.Apr. 2018.
4. Schmutterer I, Delcour J, Griebler R, Hrsg. Österreichischer Diabetesbericht 2017. Wien: Bundesministerium für
GesundheitundFrauen; 2017.