This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disease where the body cannot properly use or store glucose, discusses the roles of insulin and the pancreas, and describes the characteristics and management of the three main types of diabetes.
WORKING TOGETHER TO PREVENT TYPE 2 DIABETES
THE GROWING THREAT OF PREDIABETES
Prediabetes is ident ed when your blood sugar level is higher than normal but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes
JOIN IN THIS NATIONAL EFFORT
Find out how to get involved with the National Diabetes Prevention Program
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention
diabetes mellitus / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
definition, classification of diabetes, what causes of diabetes,symptoms of diabetes, mechanism of diabetes,which drugs are used to diabetes, how to prevention of diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
WORKING TOGETHER TO PREVENT TYPE 2 DIABETES
THE GROWING THREAT OF PREDIABETES
Prediabetes is ident ed when your blood sugar level is higher than normal but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes
JOIN IN THIS NATIONAL EFFORT
Find out how to get involved with the National Diabetes Prevention Program
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention
diabetes mellitus / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
definition, classification of diabetes, what causes of diabetes,symptoms of diabetes, mechanism of diabetes,which drugs are used to diabetes, how to prevention of diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1, 2 and
gestational diabetes
rescent research in Type 1 diabetes
Risk factors and causes
Complications short term and long term of diabetes
Management
Treatment with Insulin
Diabetic drugs
Healthy Diet
Exercises prescription
aerobic exercises,
resistance exercises and
flexibility
Diabetes support site type 1 diabetes facts presentationMaureen Coughlan
Type 1 diabetes is all about insulin—a lack of the hormone insulin. If you have type 1 diabetes, then your body doesn’t produce enough insulin to handle the glucose in your body. Glucose is a sugar that your body uses for instant energy, but in order for your body to use it properly, you have to have insulin.
CME Sohag | internal medicine | Diabetes mellitusEmad Qasem
CME Sohag | internal medicine | Diabetes mellitus training session 22 may 2016 By Dr. Ahmed othman Abodooh, assistant lecturer of internal medicine, Sohag university
If you’re concerned about controlling your Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, try coming up with a treatment plan with your doctor, which might include medications, lifestyle changes, and regular office visits. Then, be sure to check your blood sugar every day to keep track of your blood sugar levels, using an at-home monitor or tests at your doctor’s office. You can also follow a low-calorie diet that’s high in nutrients, which will keep your blood sugar stable and control your diabetes naturally. To learn more from our Registered Nurse co-author, like what foods can help control your blood sugar, keep reading the article!
Diabetes support site type 1 diabetes facts presentationMaureen Coughlan
Type 1 diabetes is all about insulin—a lack of the hormone insulin. If you have type 1 diabetes, then your body doesn’t produce enough insulin to handle the glucose in your body. Glucose is a sugar that your body uses for instant energy, but in order for your body to use it properly, you have to have insulin.
CME Sohag | internal medicine | Diabetes mellitusEmad Qasem
CME Sohag | internal medicine | Diabetes mellitus training session 22 may 2016 By Dr. Ahmed othman Abodooh, assistant lecturer of internal medicine, Sohag university
If you’re concerned about controlling your Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, try coming up with a treatment plan with your doctor, which might include medications, lifestyle changes, and regular office visits. Then, be sure to check your blood sugar every day to keep track of your blood sugar levels, using an at-home monitor or tests at your doctor’s office. You can also follow a low-calorie diet that’s high in nutrients, which will keep your blood sugar stable and control your diabetes naturally. To learn more from our Registered Nurse co-author, like what foods can help control your blood sugar, keep reading the article!
Diabetes is a disease that affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells.
Blood sugar, also known as glycemia, is the amount of glucose present in our blood. Glucose is our body's main source of energy and is obtained from the food we consume, mainly carbohydrates. The blood sugar level is regulated by the hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas.
When we eat, glucose is absorbed by the intestine and enters the bloodstream. Insulin is then released by the pancreas to allow glucose to enter our body's cells where it is converted into energy. If the body doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use it properly, blood sugar levels can become dysregulated.
Increased blood sugar levels can lead to a condition called hyperglycemia, which can have serious health consequences. On the other hand, low blood sugar levels, known as hypoglycemia, can also cause unpleasant symptoms and, in extreme cases, lead to fainting or seizures.
Keeping blood sugar levels stable is essential for good health. This can be done through a balanced diet, rich in healthy foods with a low glycemic index, and regular exercise. Additionally, people with diabetes or other conditions that affect blood sugar levels should monitor their levels regularly and follow their doctor's advice to keep their blood sugar in check.
In the profound depths of our collective health crisis, where the ominous shadow of diabetes looms large, emerges a beacon of hope and empowerment. "Diabetes Prevention" unveils a groundbreaking literary triumph that not only illuminates the treacherous path of this modern-day epidemic but also empowers individuals with the knowledge and tools to defy its daunting destiny.
This captivating masterpiece takes readers on an extraordinary journey, unravelling the intricate web of factors that contribute to the onset of diabetes. From genetic predispositions to sedentary lifestyles, from poor dietary choices to stress-induced complications, it delves deep into the multifaceted causes that have ushered this disease into the forefront of our existence.
Written with meticulous research and an empathetic touch, "Diabetes Prevention" equips readers with a comprehensive roadmap to embrace a life of vibrant health and wellbeing. Its pages brim with practical strategies, evidence-based insights, and expert advice that pave the way towards a diabetes-free future.
With unwavering clarity, this literary masterpiece demystifies the science behind diabetes prevention, empowering readers to make informed decisions about their lifestyles, nutrition, and overall well-being. Through actionable steps, it unveils the secret to unlocking the dormant potential within each individual to thwart the insidious advance of this menacing disease.
However, this is not just another clinical manual. It is a tale of triumph over adversity, woven with poignant personal stories and triumphant anecdotes of individuals who have defied the odds and emerged victorious against diabetes. Their courage and resilience illuminate the path for readers, igniting a flame of determination and motivation that transforms the battle against diabetes from a daunting challenge to an inspiring pursuit of life's truest potential.
"Diabetes Prevention" stands tall as a testament to the unyielding spirit of the human race and a definitive guidebook for those determined to reclaim their health and rewrite their destinies. With its captivating prose and life-altering insights, this transformative literary gem will forever alter the trajectory of the diabetes epidemic, one empowered reader at a time.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Diabetes
1. Group Members : Sangida Sultana Sorna
Farhana-Ul-Haque
Shuvho Rahman
Course : GEB 203
2. • Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to
as diabetes
• Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body
is unable to use and store glucose properly.
• Insulin is a hormone made in the body.It helps
glucose (sugar) from food enter the cells where it
can be used to give the body energy.
• Without insulin, glucose remains in the blood
stream and cannot be used for energy by the cells.
Over time, having too much glucose in the blood
can cause many health problems.
• Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a
person's blood sugar level to become too high.
What is Diabetes ???
3. • There are two major clinical classes of diabetes
mellitus:
Type I diabetes,or insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM)
Type II diabetes,or non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM),also called insulin-resistant
diabetes
• Gestational diabetes,is the third main form and occurs
when pregnant women without a previous history of
diabetes develop a high blood-sugar level.
Types of Diabetes
4. • The stomach changes all foods into
Glucose which enters into bloodstream
from digestive system & live.
• The pancreas produces hormone called
Insulin which also enters into the
bloodstream.It is necessary for intake
Glucose to target cells.
• Insulin helps absorption of Glucose into
body cell for using it by the body.
• Insulin binds with the receptor to open the
Glucose channel which helps to remove it
from blood and sends it into cell.
• In type 1 beta cell of pancreas is destroyed
by mistake which reduce the production of
Insulin.Less Insulin binds=Less Glucose
enters into cell=More Glucose in blood.
• In type 2 diabetes something goes wrong
in Insulin Receptor or Insulin signaling
inside the cell & cells become insulin
resistant and ignore its message to absorb
Glucose.
Type 1 & Type 2
Diabetes
5. Gestational Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes is high
blood sugar (diabetes) that
starts or is first diagnosed
during pregnancy
• Cause:Pregnancy hormones
can block insulin from doing
its job. When this happens,
glucose levels may increase
in a pregnant woman's blood
• Most pregnant women have a
glucose
screening test between 24
and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
This test checks
for gestational diabetes.
7. Signs & Symptoms
The main symptoms of diabetes
are:
• increasedthirst (polydipsia)
•increased hunger (polyphagia)
•polyuria
•feeling very tired
•weight loss
•itching around the penis or vagina
•cuts or wounds that heal slowly
•blurred vision
8. • A Fasting Plasma Glucose Test measures your blood
glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating.
This test is used to detect diabetes or prediabetes.
• An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test measures blood sugar
after at least eight hours without eating and two hours after
drinking a glucose-containing beverage.This test can be used to
diagnose Diabetes or Prediabetes.
• In a random Plasma Glucose Test,doctor checks blood
sugar without regard to when patient ate last meal.This
test,along with an assessment of symptoms,is used to diagnose
Diabetes,but not Prediabetes.
• Positive test results should be confirmed by repeating the
fasting plasma glucose test or the oral glucose tolerance test on
a different day. When first diagnosed with diabetes,doctor may
suggest a zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8Ab) test.This
blood test -- along with other information and test results -- can
help determine if a person has type 1 diabetes and not another
type.
Diagnosis
9. Treatment
The goals of diabetes treatment are to control your blood glucose
levels and prevent diabetes complications.
Nutrition : When you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, you need to
be very aware of not only what you eat, but also when and
how much you eat. Following a meal plan can also help to lose
weight and lower the risk of developing complications.
Physical Activity : Physical activity is an important part of
controlling diabetes and preventing complications such as heart
disease and high blood pressure. Should Try for 30 minutes of
moderate exercise, like brisk walking, on most days.
Medications : If you have type 2 diabetes sometimes eating healthy
and engaging in physical activity is not enough. Your doctor may
give you oral medication to help control your blood glucose levels.
People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin to control diabetes and
this can only be done through multiple injections or by an insulin
pump, a small device that delivers insulin continuously throughout
the day. Some people with type 2 diabetes should also take insulin
sometimes.
10. So type 1 diabetes is treated with,
insulin
exercise and
a diabetic diet
Type 2 diabetes is treated with,
First with weight reduction,a diabetic diet
and exercise
Oral medications are prescribed when
these measures fail to control the
elevated blood sugars of type 2 diabetes.
If oral medications become ineffective
treatment with insulin is initiated.
Continued……….
11. Oral treatment for type 2 diabetes
Metformin is usually the first treatment offered, however,
and it is the most widely used oral antihyperglycemic
Sulphonylureas increase the amount of insulin that’s
produced by the pancrease.
Glitazones (also known as thiazolidinediones) are
sensitizers,they increase the effect of insulin in the muscle
and fat and reduce glucose production by the liver.
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors :
They work by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the
kidneys, causing glucose to be excreted in the urine
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are intestinal enzyme
inhibitors that block the breakdown of carbohydrates into
glucose, reducing the amount absorbed in the gut.
12. With regards to glucose regulation, insulin has four main
functions, depending on glucose levels and cellular needs:
1. Insulin opens the glucose transport proteins (GLUT 1-5)
allowing for passive diffusion of glucose into cells.
2. Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose
(glycogenesis) for the purpose of storing energy in cells.
3. Insulin inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(glycogenolysis) favoring glycogen storage and reducing
glucose output by the liver.
4. Glucose prevents the breakdown of glucose from amino
acids (gluconeogenesis) by reducing the amount of amino
acids available to the liver as well as blocking hepatic
glucogeneic enzymes.
Pathology of type 1 diabetes
13. Pathology of type 2 diabetes
The two main pathological defects in type 2 diabetes are
impaired insulin secretion through a dysfunction of the
pancreatic β-cell, and impaired insulin action through insulin
resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a greater genetic
association than type 1 DM.
In type 2 diabetes, the body either produces inadequate
amounts of insulin to meet the demands of the body or insulin
resistance has developed. In fat cells, triglycerides are instead
broken down to produce free fatty acids for energy; muscle cells
are deprived of an energy source and liver cells fail to build up
glycogen stores.
This also leads to an overall rise in the level of glucose in the
blood.Glycogen stores become markedly reduced and there is
less glucose available for release when it may be
needed.Obesity and lack of physical activity are thought to be
major causes of insulin resistance.
14. Prevention/Control
Prevention all starts with a better lifestyle
Eating healthier
Being active
Taking medicine as directed
Taking care of your body
Check feet to make sure there is no nerve damage
or interruption of blood flow
Take care of teeth
Control blood pressure
No smoking
Check in with your doctor at least once a month
Have your blood suger checked along with
weight,blood pressure and feelings
Check blood sugar levels daily by using home
monitoring device
15. Can diabetes be cured?
Unfortunately, there is not yet a cure for diabetes
But don’t give up hope! There are always new
facts and discoveries being made everyday.
Doctors are providing treatment that can lower
symptoms of diabetes of all types which can
reduce pain
By following a good diet and exercise plan,body
may be able to use insulin minimally,or none at all
in cases besides type 1.
There is also research being done on ‘islet’
transplantation