This document provides information about diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It discusses that diabetes is a metabolic disease where the body cannot properly use or store glucose due to insufficient insulin production or resistance. The two main types are type 1 diabetes which results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 diabetes which involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Diagnosis involves blood tests, and treatment focuses on blood glucose control through diet, exercise, medication including insulin injections, and preventing complications. While there is no cure, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help manage symptoms.

1. Group Members : Sangida Sultana Sorna
Farhana-Ul-Haque
Shuvho Rahman
Course : GEB 203

2. • Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to
as diabetes
• Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body
is unable to use and store glucose properly.
• Insulin is a hormone made in the body.It helps
glucose (sugar) from food enter the cells where it
can be used to give the body energy.
• Without insulin, glucose remains in the blood
stream and cannot be used for energy by the cells.
Over time, having too much glucose in the blood
can cause many health problems.
• Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a
person's blood sugar level to become too high.
What is Diabetes ???

3. • There are two major clinical classes of diabetes
mellitus:
 Type I diabetes,or insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM)
 Type II diabetes,or non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM),also called insulin-resistant
diabetes
• Gestational diabetes,is the third main form and occurs
when pregnant women without a previous history of
diabetes develop a high blood-sugar level.
Types of Diabetes

4. • The stomach changes all foods into
Glucose which enters into bloodstream
from digestive system & live.
• The pancreas produces hormone called
Insulin which also enters into the
bloodstream.It is necessary for intake
Glucose to target cells.
• Insulin helps absorption of Glucose into
body cell for using it by the body.
• Insulin binds with the receptor to open the
Glucose channel which helps to remove it
from blood and sends it into cell.
• In type 1 beta cell of pancreas is destroyed
by mistake which reduce the production of
Insulin.Less Insulin binds=Less Glucose
enters into cell=More Glucose in blood.
• In type 2 diabetes something goes wrong
in Insulin Receptor or Insulin signaling
inside the cell & cells become insulin
resistant and ignore its message to absorb
Glucose.
Type 1 & Type 2
Diabetes

5. Gestational Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes is high
blood sugar (diabetes) that
starts or is first diagnosed
during pregnancy
• Cause:Pregnancy hormones
can block insulin from doing
its job. When this happens,
glucose levels may increase
in a pregnant woman's blood
• Most pregnant women have a
glucose
screening test between 24
and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
This test checks
for gestational diabetes.

6. Causes of Diabetes

7. Signs & Symptoms
The main symptoms of diabetes
are:
• increasedthirst (polydipsia)
•increased hunger (polyphagia)
•polyuria
•feeling very tired
•weight loss
•itching around the penis or vagina
•cuts or wounds that heal slowly
•blurred vision

8. • A Fasting Plasma Glucose Test measures your blood
glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating.
This test is used to detect diabetes or prediabetes.
• An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test measures blood sugar
after at least eight hours without eating and two hours after
drinking a glucose-containing beverage.This test can be used to
diagnose Diabetes or Prediabetes.
• In a random Plasma Glucose Test,doctor checks blood
sugar without regard to when patient ate last meal.This
test,along with an assessment of symptoms,is used to diagnose
Diabetes,but not Prediabetes.
• Positive test results should be confirmed by repeating the
fasting plasma glucose test or the oral glucose tolerance test on
a different day. When first diagnosed with diabetes,doctor may
suggest a zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8Ab) test.This
blood test -- along with other information and test results -- can
help determine if a person has type 1 diabetes and not another
type.
Diagnosis

9. Treatment
 The goals of diabetes treatment are to control your blood glucose
levels and prevent diabetes complications.
 Nutrition : When you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, you need to
be very aware of not only what you eat, but also when and
how much you eat. Following a meal plan can also help to lose
weight and lower the risk of developing complications.
 Physical Activity : Physical activity is an important part of
controlling diabetes and preventing complications such as heart
disease and high blood pressure. Should Try for 30 minutes of
moderate exercise, like brisk walking, on most days.
 Medications : If you have type 2 diabetes sometimes eating healthy
and engaging in physical activity is not enough. Your doctor may
give you oral medication to help control your blood glucose levels.
People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin to control diabetes and
this can only be done through multiple injections or by an insulin
pump, a small device that delivers insulin continuously throughout
the day. Some people with type 2 diabetes should also take insulin
sometimes.

10. So type 1 diabetes is treated with,
 insulin
 exercise and
 a diabetic diet
Type 2 diabetes is treated with,
 First with weight reduction,a diabetic diet
and exercise
 Oral medications are prescribed when
these measures fail to control the
elevated blood sugars of type 2 diabetes.
 If oral medications become ineffective
treatment with insulin is initiated.
Continued……….

11. Oral treatment for type 2 diabetes
 Metformin is usually the first treatment offered, however,
and it is the most widely used oral antihyperglycemic
 Sulphonylureas increase the amount of insulin that’s
produced by the pancrease.
 Glitazones (also known as thiazolidinediones) are
sensitizers,they increase the effect of insulin in the muscle
and fat and reduce glucose production by the liver.
 Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors :
They work by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the
kidneys, causing glucose to be excreted in the urine
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are intestinal enzyme
inhibitors that block the breakdown of carbohydrates into
glucose, reducing the amount absorbed in the gut.

12.  With regards to glucose regulation, insulin has four main
functions, depending on glucose levels and cellular needs:
 1. Insulin opens the glucose transport proteins (GLUT 1-5)
allowing for passive diffusion of glucose into cells.
 2. Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose
(glycogenesis) for the purpose of storing energy in cells.
 3. Insulin inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(glycogenolysis) favoring glycogen storage and reducing
glucose output by the liver.
 4. Glucose prevents the breakdown of glucose from amino
acids (gluconeogenesis) by reducing the amount of amino
acids available to the liver as well as blocking hepatic
glucogeneic enzymes.
Pathology of type 1 diabetes

13. Pathology of type 2 diabetes
 The two main pathological defects in type 2 diabetes are
impaired insulin secretion through a dysfunction of the
pancreatic β-cell, and impaired insulin action through insulin
resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a greater genetic
association than type 1 DM.
 In type 2 diabetes, the body either produces inadequate
amounts of insulin to meet the demands of the body or insulin
resistance has developed. In fat cells, triglycerides are instead
broken down to produce free fatty acids for energy; muscle cells
are deprived of an energy source and liver cells fail to build up
glycogen stores.
 This also leads to an overall rise in the level of glucose in the
blood.Glycogen stores become markedly reduced and there is
less glucose available for release when it may be
needed.Obesity and lack of physical activity are thought to be
major causes of insulin resistance.

14. Prevention/Control
 Prevention all starts with a better lifestyle
 Eating healthier
 Being active
 Taking medicine as directed
 Taking care of your body
 Check feet to make sure there is no nerve damage
or interruption of blood flow
 Take care of teeth
 Control blood pressure
 No smoking
 Check in with your doctor at least once a month
 Have your blood suger checked along with
weight,blood pressure and feelings
 Check blood sugar levels daily by using home
monitoring device

15. Can diabetes be cured?
 Unfortunately, there is not yet a cure for diabetes
 But don’t give up hope! There are always new
facts and discoveries being made everyday.
 Doctors are providing treatment that can lower
symptoms of diabetes of all types which can
reduce pain
 By following a good diet and exercise plan,body
may be able to use insulin minimally,or none at all
in cases besides type 1.
 There is also research being done on ‘islet’
transplantation