The document discusses the history and evolution of concepts related to Dhat syndrome across various cultures and time periods. It traces how ancient Indian texts like Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita viewed semen as the most precious bodily fluid. Over time, different religions and regions developed beliefs around semen loss through various means and its impact on health. The syndrome of Dhat emerged as a culture-bound phenomenon influenced by diverse sociocultural factors over millennia.
Persistent and intense distress about assigned gender or insistence that individual belongs to a different gender
Marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
Persistent and intense distress about assigned gender or insistence that individual belongs to a different gender
Marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
slide 1: A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
slide 14: Types:
• Paranoid-type schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations (hearing voices that don't exist) but relatively normal intellectual functioning and expression of emotions. People with paranoid-type schizophrenia can exhibit anger, aloofness, anxiety, and can be argumentative.
• Disorganized-type schizophrenia is characterized by speech and behavior that are disorganized or difficult to understand, and flattening or inappropriate emotions. People with disorganized-type schizophrenia may laugh inappropriately for no apparent reason, make illogical statements, or seem preoccupied with their own thoughts or perceptions. Their disorganized behavior may disrupt normal activities, such as showering, dressing, and preparing meals.
• Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia is characterized by some symptoms seen in all of the above types, but not enough of any one of them to define it as another particular type of schizophrenia.
• Residual-type schizophrenia is characterized by a past history of at least one episode of schizophrenia, but the person currently has no "positive" symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior). It may represent a transition between a full-blown episode and complete remission, or it may continue for years without any further psychotic episodes.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
This type of schizophrenia includes extremes of behavior, including:
Catatonic excitement - overexcitement or hyperactivity, in which the patient may mimic sounds (echolalia) or movements (achopraxia) around them.
Catatonic stupor - a dramatic reduction in activity in which the patient cannot speak, move or respond. Virtually all movements stops.
Conclusion
It is clear now, through the use of genetic linkage studies and microbiology, that schizophrenia does indeed have a biological explanation. However, the biological explanation is only part of the story. A yet unknown combination of intense stress, sociocultural situations, and cognitive processes may lead to the actual onset of schizophrenia aided by natural precursors. The most compelling explanation seems to be that a genetically inherited biological abnormality gives rise to hallucinations/delusions as a result of intense stress and eventually leads to other negative symptoms in reaction to the hallucinations/ delusions. At any rate, the current understanding of schizophrenia explains that the symptoms, however easily identifiable, are the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture that can be treated adequately through the use of atypical anti psychotic drugs and psychotherapy.
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Delusional Misidentification syndrome is a group of delusional phenomena in which patients misidentify familiar persons, objects, or self, and believe that they have been replaced or transformed.
Delusion is defined as a psychiatric disorder of thought content characterized by a belief, usually false, that is held with utter conviction despite evidence to the contrary and it cannot be explained by the educational or socio-cultural background of the person who holds the belief.
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Delusional Misidentification syndrome is a group of delusional phenomena in which patients misidentify familiar persons, objects, or self, and believe that they have been replaced or transformed.
Delusion is defined as a psychiatric disorder of thought content characterized by a belief, usually false, that is held with utter conviction despite evidence to the contrary and it cannot be explained by the educational or socio-cultural background of the person who holds the belief.
"Developed from an integration of astrology, alchemy, medicine, and magic, traditional Indian healing groups consist of the systems of Ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha, and homeopathy (Kumar, Bhugra, & Singh, 2005). Before consulting with medical professionals, standard practice encourages that South East Indian individuals seek religious centers if they experience psychological distress or illness. The following intervention paper discusses Moodley and West’s (2005) chapter on integrating South Asian Indian traditional healing into Western psychotherapy. This paper will also summarize additional scholarly articles on how South Asian Indian traditional healing promotes health and wellbeing. Finally, this paper briefly discusses how South Asian Indian traditional healing can be integrated into mental health programming.
...
Although the Western healthcare system has demonstrated vast evidence of success, healthcare providers must persistently recognize the meaning traditional practices hold for South Asians (Hilton, Grewal, Popatia, et al., 2001). Researchers emphasize the importance of comprehensive and preventative treatment when integrating traditional healing practices with Western medicine (Sharma et al., 2007). Integrating treatment with a holistic context will help to create a culturally sensitive atmosphere that may promote insight towards alternatives to better health."
Excerpt from my mid-term paper for Global and Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Health and Dysfunction with Dr. Sonali Gupta
It is a well-known fact that Traditional Systems of medicine always played an important role in meeting global healthcare needs.
There are four different traditional systems of medicine: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homoeopathy. Though Homoeopathy came to India in the 18th Century, it completely assimilated into the Indian culture and got enriched like any other traditional system hence it is considered part of the Indian Systems of Medicine.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
Dhat syndrome
1.
2. A culture bound syndrome
The term was coined by – Dr.N N Wig in1960
Wig explained Dhat syndrome
The symptoms of Dhat syndrome
Fatiguability
Weakness
Decreased appetite
Sexual dysfunction
Anxiety
Feeling of guilt
The symptoms attribute to “semen loss”
Wig N. Problems of mental health in India. J Clin Soc Psychiatry. 1960;17:48–53.
3. • In Sri Lanka – Prameha
• In China – Shen K’uei
• In Malayesia & Indonesia – Latah
• In Japan - Imu
• Other parts of South East Asia – Jiryan
Mehta V, De A, Balachandran C. Dhat Syndrome: A Reappraisal. Indian J Dermatol.
2009 Jan-Mar; 54(1): 89–90.
Simons RC, Hughes CC. Dordrecht: D Reidel; 1985. The Culture-bound Syndromes:
4. Concept of culture bound
syndrome
Lipsedge M, Littlewood R. Transcultural psychiatry. In: Granville-Grosman, editor. Recent
advances in clinical psychiatry. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1985.
Mehta V, De A, Balachandran C. Dhat Syndrome: A Reappraisal. Indian J Dermatol.
2009 Jan-Mar; 54(1): 89–90.
•1969 – Yap coined the term “Culture
Bound Syndrome”
•Littlewood and Lipsedge defined
Culture Bound Syndrome as “episodic
and dramatic reactions specific to a
particular community”
5. Another debate……..
• Simons and Hughes emphasized that
– Different names has been assigned to the
same entity across different cultures.
– Phenomenologically, they are similar.
Simons RC, Hughes CC. Dordrecht: D Reidel; 1985. The Culture-bound Syndromes:
Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest.
6.
7. • The term “Dhat” is
derived from the
Sanskrit word “Dhatus”
• Susruta Samhita
explains “Dhatus” as
elixir of life.
8. • Ayurveda - Describes
about seven essential
elements of body
(Dhatus)
– Rasa : Fluid extract from
digested food
– Rakta : Blood
– Meda : Fat
– Mamsa : Muscle
– Asthi : Bone
– Majja : Marrow
– Sukra : Semen
Jadhav S. Dhat syndrome: A re-
evaluation. Psychiatry. 2004;3:14–6.
9. • 40 drops of rasa (food extract) = 1 drop of rakta
(blood)
• 40 drops of rakta (blood)= 1 drop of majja (marrow)
• 40 drops of majja (marrow)=1 drop of sukra (Semen)
– Some believe it to be 100 drops
• One drop of semen is
formed from 64000 drops
of food extract
Sumathipala A, Siribaddana SH, Bhugra D. Culture-bound syndromes: The story of
dhat syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:200–9.
Chadda RK, Ahuja N. Dhat syndrome. A sex neurosis of the Indian subcontinent. Br J
Psychiatry. 1990;156:577–9.
El Hamad I, Scarcella C, Pezzoli MC, Bergamaschi V, Castelli F. Forty meals for a
drop of blood. J Travel Med. 2009;16:64–5.
Painuly N, Chakrabarty S. The continuing story of dhat syndrome. Br J
Psychiatry. 2004;185:260.
10. 1500 BC
• Ayurveda
• Charaka Samhita
– Semen loss : Sukrameha –
Passage of semen in urine
11. Charaka Samhita says… Decline in
sexual performance occurs due to
Excessive indulgence in sexual
activities
Obstructing ejaculation of
semen
Sexual intercourse with
impassionate women
Black magic
Overpowering sexual urges
12. Charaka Samhita & Susruta Samhita
describes normal semen as –
Crystal like Oily
Slimy
Thick
Non – corrosive
Sweet
Honey like smell
13. • Shiva Samhita
– Sperm (Virya) is
compared with “seed”
– Loss of semen is
progress towards
death (Falling of seed
leads towards death)
– Hence emphasis was
given in preserving
the semen (seed).
Jadhav S. Dhat syndrome: A re-evaluation. Psychiatry. 2004;3:14–6.
Deb KS, Balhara YPS. Dhat Syndrome: A Review of the World Literature. Indian J Psychol
Med. 2013 Oct-Dec; 35(4): 326–331.
14. Out of the seven essential elements described,
semen is believed to be most precious one,
hence –
• It is the source of strength and stamina
• It needs to be preserved
• Its loss adversely affects the health
Behere PB, Natraj GS. Dhat syndrome: The phenomenology of a culture
bound sex neurosis of the orient. Indian J Psychiatry. 1984;26:76–8.
Singh G. Dhat syndrome revisited. Indian J Psychiatry. 1985;27:119–22.
15.
16.
17. • Tissot's paper in 18th century stating
that even an adequate diet could waste
away through seminal emission gained
popularity amongst the emerging
middle class and led Western Europe to
an era of masturbating insanity.
Mehta V, De A, Balachandran C. Dhat Syndrome: A Reappraisal. Indian J Dermatol.
2009 Jan-Mar; 54(1): 89–90.
18. Islamic concept
Formation of semen
continues after puberty
(Bulugh) and the excess
amount of semen formed
comes out as nocturnal
emission
Prakash O, Kar SK, Sathyanarayana Rao T S. Indian story on semen loss and related
Dhat syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry 2014;56:377-82
19. Islamic concept
• Semen loss due to
masturbation is more
harmful is unlike sexual
intercourse, because there
occurs minimal use of
tactile, visual, olfactory, or
auditory senses for arousal
and it is the psychic
stimulation that produces
excitement
• Psychic excitement results
in emotional disturbancesPrakash O, Kar SK, Sathyanarayana Rao T S. Indian story on semen loss and related
Dhat syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry 2014;56:377-82
20. Buddhist views
• Loss of semen : Sinful
offence
• Nocturnal emission is
considered as an
obstacle in the path of
spiritual progress of
monks
• Semen is the source of
energy and is formed
from purification of food
Faure B. The Red Thread: Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality. Princeton: Princeton
University Press; 1998. p. 86.
Prakash O, Kar SK, Sathyanarayana Rao T S. Indian story on semen loss and related
21. Christianity concepts
• Semen loss through
masturbation is
abnormal and sinful.
• It hampers the normal
procreation by the
process of sexual
intercourse
• Nocturnal emission is
unhygienic & impure
(Holy Bible)Hirsh A. Post-coital sperm retrieval could lead to the wider approval of assisted
conception by some religions. Hum Reprod 1996;11:245-7
Prakash O, Kar SK, Sathyanarayana Rao T S. Indian story on semen loss and related
Dhat syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry 2014;56:377-82.
22. Conclusion
History enables us to understand the
conceptual evolution of a belief.
Dhat syndrome is a classic example, how
an illness behavior was nurtured over
centuries by different cultures
History witnesses that the impact of the
