This document provides an overview of differential GPS (DGPS) concepts and techniques. It begins by explaining the primary sources of error in point positioning GPS measurements. It then describes how DGPS uses corrections from a reference station to minimize errors like atmospheric delays and orbital inaccuracies experienced by both the base and rover receivers. Real-time and post-processed DGPS methods are covered. Expected accuracy levels from point positioning, real-time DGPS, and post-processed DGPS are listed. The document concludes by relating the various GPS techniques to common accuracy requirements.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
GPS is a satellite based radio navigation system which provides continuous, all weather, worldwide navigation capability for sea, land and air applications.
http://itspiders.net
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the
15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a method of providing differential corrections to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in order to improve the accuracy of the navigation solution. DGPS corrections originate from a reference station at a known location. The receivers in these reference stations can estimate errors in the GPS because, unlike the general population of GPS receivers, they have an accurate knowledge of their position.
DGPS uses a network of fixed, ground-based reference stations to broadcast the difference between the positions indicated by the GPS (satellite) systems and the known fixed positions. These stations broadcast the difference between the measured satellite pseudoranges and actual (internally computed) pseudoranges, and receiver stations may correct their pseudoranges by the same amount. The digital correction signal is typically broadcast locally over ground-based transmitters of shorter range.
GPS is a satellite based radio navigation system which provides continuous, all weather, worldwide navigation capability for sea, land and air applications.
http://itspiders.net
A Comprehending overview of how a GPS (global positioning system) works with a set of satellites ready to provide precision status on location to base station (cell) of user.
#Share the Knowledge
The global positioning system is a spaced based satelite navigation system that provides location time information in all weather conditions , anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Developed and maintained by the US Department of Defense (DOD)
These applications fall into five :Location - determining a basic position Navigation - getting from one location to another Tracking - monitoring the movement of people/things Mapping - creating maps of the world Timing - bringing precise timing to the world
A Comprehending overview of how a GPS (global positioning system) works with a set of satellites ready to provide precision status on location to base station (cell) of user.
#Share the Knowledge
The global positioning system is a spaced based satelite navigation system that provides location time information in all weather conditions , anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Developed and maintained by the US Department of Defense (DOD)
These applications fall into five :Location - determining a basic position Navigation - getting from one location to another Tracking - monitoring the movement of people/things Mapping - creating maps of the world Timing - bringing precise timing to the world
Jskkgkemgkdigieig
Re igkrkg
U
H
T
Rieogkskkfkfkeokdkdlwd
Feor. Eit eir r rid tnekt rb r r eir jekfkvkvind djcjejd bdicjebskjdbd skocck neb dkckcjcjjebd. Ksjsbd ekebenks d dndke. D dkdmm
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
Data entry wamsi registration _ user_manualegovindia
Overview:
The Waqf Properties are spread out all over the country but even the basic survey of Waqf properties have not been completed in most of the States. There is hardly any development of Waqf Properties and therefore, a very substantial income that the Waqf Properties could have generated for the welfare schemes of the community, are lost every year. There is also large scale encroachment of Waqf Properties.
Objectives:
As recommended by Joint Parliamentary Committee on Waqf in its 9th Report, the Scheme for "Computerization of records of the State Wakf Boards" was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, to streamline record keeping, introduce transparency, and to computerize the various functions & processes of the Waqf Boards and to develop a single web-based centralized software application.
In this Scheme, Central financial assistance is given to the State Waqf Boards for setting-up of ICT Infrastructure, Technical Manpower for initial hand-holding period for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications, Imparting Training and Knowledge Transfer to the State Waqf Boards Staff for Managing & Operating the ICT Infrastructure and Software Applications and Data Management Life Cycle during & at the end of hand-holding period and general maintenance assistance during the Hand-holding period.
The broad objectives of computerizing the records of the State Waqf Boards are:
• Waqf Properties Registration Management,
• Annual Returns Filing of assessable Waqf Properties Management,
• Transparency in Leasing of Waqf Properties under Direct Management of Waqf Board,
• Litigations (Internal as well as External Hon'ble Courts) Tracking Management,
• Waqf Properties Ownership establishing Documents Archiving & Retrieval Management,
• GIS of Waqf Properties using GPS Field Survey alongwith Photographs of Waqf Properties,
• Funds Management to Mosques, Durgah, Kabristan, Imams, Muazzins, Widows, Girls Marriages, Scholarships, Schools, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Musafirkhanas, Skill Development Centres, etc.,
• Loans Management for Development Of Urban Waqf Properties.
The Socio-Economic Surveys conducted by NSSO are in the form of Rounds, each round being normally of one-year duration though conducted occasionally for a period of six months. The subject coverage of SE inquiries for different rounds is decided on the basis of a 10 year time frame. In this cycle, 1 year is devoted to Land and Livestock Holdings, Debt and Investment; 1 year to Social Consumption (education and health care, etc.), 2 years to quinquennial surveys on household consumer expenditure, employment & un-employment situation and 4 years to non- agricultural enterprises, namely, manufacturing, trade and services in un-organized sector.
The remaining 2 years are for open rounds in which subjects of current/special interest on the demand of Central Ministries, State Governments and research organizations are covered. The rural areas such as (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometers of the bus route and (ii) villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout year were excluded from coverage of socio-economic survey up till 68th Round of NSS(July 2011-June 2012). Henceforth i.e. from 69th Round onward, the Socio-Economic Survey covers the whole of the Indian Union. Well qualified and trained Investigators of NSSO and the State Governments collect information through enquiry method, using the same methodology & schedules that are specially designed for the survey.
Sample Registration System (SRS):
Overview:
Registration of births and deaths is an important source for demographic data for socio-economic development and population control in developing countries. The data on population growth, fertility and mortality serves as the starting point for population projections. Apart from these vital indicators, an adequate evaluation of a number of programs in the health sector, including family planning, maternal and reproductive health, immunization programs, is dependent upon the availability of accurate, up-to-date fertility and mortality data. In India, the need for dependable demographic data was felt soon after independence heralding the era of five year planning. The registration of births and deaths started on voluntary basis and there was no uniformity in statistical returns resulting in both under-registration and incomplete coverage. In order to unify the civil registration activities, the Registration of Births & Deaths Act, 1969 was enacted. Despite having the registration of birth & death compulsory under the statute, the level of registration of births and deaths under the Act has continued to be far from satisfactory in several states/UTs. With a view to generate reliable and continuous data on these indicators, the Office of the Registrar General, India, initiated the scheme of sample registration of births and deaths in India popularly known as Sample Registration System (SRS) in 1964/65 on a pilot basis and on full scale from 1969/70. The SRS since then has been providing data on regular basis.
Benefits:
• The SRS in India is based on a dual record system. The field investigation under Sample Registration System consists of continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part time enumerator, and an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full time supervisor. The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially matched events are re-verified in the field to get an unduplicated count of correct events.
• Citizen friendly services
• Elimination of errors of duplication
• Quantitative assessment of the sources of distortion in the two sets of records
• Improved efficiency
• Self Evaluating Technique
Sample Registration System (SRS):
Overview:
Registration of births and deaths is an important source for demographic data for socio-economic development and population control in developing countries. The data on population growth, fertility and mortality serves as the starting point for population projections. Apart from these vital indicators, an adequate evaluation of a number of programs in the health sector, including family planning, maternal and reproductive health, immunization programs, is dependent upon the availability of accurate, up-to-date fertility and mortality data. In India, the need for dependable demographic data was felt soon after independence heralding the era of five year planning. The registration of births and deaths started on voluntary basis and there was no uniformity in statistical returns resulting in both under-registration and incomplete coverage. In order to unify the civil registration activities, the Registration of Births & Deaths Act, 1969 was enacted. Despite having the registration of birth & death compulsory under the statute, the level of registration of births and deaths under the Act has continued to be far from satisfactory in several states/UTs. With a view to generate reliable and continuous data on these indicators, the Office of the Registrar General, India, initiated the scheme of sample registration of births and deaths in India popularly known as Sample Registration System (SRS) in 1964/65 on a pilot basis and on full scale from 1969/70. The SRS since then has been providing data on regular basis.
Benefits:
• The SRS in India is based on a dual record system. The field investigation under Sample Registration System consists of continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample of villages/urban blocks by a resident part time enumerator, and an independent six monthly retrospective survey by a full time supervisor. The data obtained through these two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially matched events are re-verified in the field to get an unduplicated count of correct events.
• Citizen friendly services
• Elimination of errors of duplication
• Quantitative assessment of the sources of distortion in the two sets of records
• Improved efficiency
• Self Evaluating Technique
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
1. 1
DGPS
Concepts
Learning Objectives
After completing this lecture you will be
able to:
– Explain errors in point positioning
– List accuracy expected from various
GPS measurement techniques
– Explain the process of Differential GPS
– Describe how errors are minimised by
using DGPS
Lecture Outline
• Introduction – context
• Accuracy Issues
• SA
• Dilution of Precision (DOP)
• Error sources
• Satellite Visibility
• Differential Correction
– Post-processed
– Real-time
• Conclusion/Summary
LST
2. 2
Introduction
• 3 Levels of accuracy:
– Point Positioning (Codes)
– Differential Positioning (Codes)
– GPS Surveying (also a differential
technique but uses carrier phase)
• Point positioning uses the code
observable
• Point positioning is subject to many
error sources
• Differential techniques (DGPS) can
minimise these errors
A Typical GPS Position
•Many organizations use GPS
these days
•To query a position we may get
the following:
–Latitude - 41.342565555432134
–Longitude – 114.7841234532983
•This Is Accurate……. Right?
Physical Data Collection Method
•Lat -
41.342565555432134
•Long –
114.78412345329836
When we lose knowledge
on how data was created,
we lose its accuracy
‘context’
16 decimal places ≠ high
accuracy data
LST
3. 3
Primary GPS Error Sources
•Wave path errors (ionospheric
and tropospheric)
•Satellite orbit errors
•Multipath
•Satellite Geometry (High PDOP)
•Satellite Constellation Changes
Meters
S/A (now turned off)
Atmospheric
Ephemeris
Satellite Clocks
0 20 40 60 80 100
Point Positioning Errors
• System-wide errors - DGPS
Correctable
Selective Availability (S/A)
• Turned of May 02 2000
• Government may again degrade the
accuracy
• To prevent hostile forces from using
GPS to full accuracy
• By introducing intentional errors of
timing signals and/or satellite
ephemeris
• Reduced using DGPS
LST
4. 4
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time of Day (Hours UTC)
InstantaneousError(meters)
Horizontal Error (meters)
Vertical Error (meters)
2 May 2000Colorado Springs, Colorado
ANALYSIS NOTES
- Data taken from Overlook PAN Monitor Station,
equipped with Trimble SVeeSix Receiver
- Single Frequency Civil Receiver
- Four Satellite Position Solution at Surveyed Benchmark
- Data presented is raw, no smoothing or editing
SPS CEP AFTER TRANSITION: 2.8 meters
SPS SEP AFTER TRANSITION: 4.6 meters
May 2000
Satellite Orbit Errors
•Satellite isn’t really where it says
it is
•2-3 meters of error
X2 Y2 Z2
X Y Z
Ephem
eris
(X
Y
Z)
X
Constellation Changes
• Position P3 computed using ranges to satellites
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
• Position P4 computed using satellites 4, 5, 6, 7
and 8
P3
S1 S2
S3
S4
S5
S6 S7
S8
X XP1
P2
XP4
LST
5. 5
Atmospheric Errors
• Due to the ionosphere and
troposphere, measured range to
satellite is longer
True Range to SatelliteMeasured Range
Ionosphere
Troposphere
• Contributes around 4-5 meters of
range error
Atmospheric Delay
• GPS signals are delayed
as they pass through
the atmosphere
Ionosphere
Baseline not too long
Troposphere
Base
Rover
Receiver/Location Errors
DGPS won’t help:
• Multipath
– Use a ground plane on antenna
– Move away from multipath source
• Receiver Channel noise
– Use a different GPS receiver
• 2-D fix with a bad altitude
– Use Manual 3D when collecting data
• High PDOP
– Wait for the geometry to change
LST
6. 6
Multipath
• GPS computes position by measuring
ranges to satellites
• Receiving a signal reflected off anything,
will result in an incorrect range
• This results in an incorrect position
computation
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
• A measure of Satellite geometry
• Indicates the quality of position
fix
• Can be expressed in different
dimensions
– for example: PDOP, HDOP, VDOP,
TDOP
• Generally not reduced by DGPS
idealized situation
0.04 sec 0.06 sec
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
• Relative position of satellites can
affect error
LST
7. 7
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
• Real situation - fuzzy circles
Point representing position is really a box
0.04 ‘ish sec 0.06 ‘ish sec
uncertainty uncertainty
Area of uncertainty
becomes larger as satellites
get closer together
Dilution of Precision (DOP)
• Even
worse
at some
angles
Satellite Visibility and PDOP
• Use an almanac from a GPS
receiver to calculate best times of
day for GPS.
LST
8. 8
The Proximity Factor
Activity - Quiz
Which of the following errors do you
think can be reduced using DGPS?
• Multipath
• Receiver Channel noise
• High DOPs
• Satellite clock errors
• Atmospheric corrections
• Poor ephemeris data
Differential Correction
• Base Station generates
corrections for all satellites in
view
• Roving GPS receiver uses
corrections to reduce errors
• Differential correction can be
performed in either real-time or
post-processed mode
LST
9. 9
BASE
Time, t
t + 1GPS
Positions
Absolute
Reference
Position
Differential Correction
(Simplified)
• If you collect
data at one
location, there
will be errors
• Each of these
errors are
tagged with GPS
time
ROVER
Time, t
t + 1
?
Differential Correction (Cont.)
• At the same
time, the errors
occurring at one
location are
occurring
everywhere
within the same
vicinity
Satellites Seen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Satellites Used
1 2 3 4
1 3 5 6
Any Combination of Base satellites
ROVER
Time, t
t + 1
?
BASE
Time, t
t + 1
Differential Correction (Cont.)
LST
10. 10
Base
Receiver
Known
Coordinates
Shift
10m South
30m West
Block Shift Correction
Remote
Receiver
Measured
Coordinates
Apply same
Block Shift
Measured
Coordinates
Final
Coordinates
Base
Receiver
Range Correction
Range
Correction
Remote Receiver
Range
Correction
Example of DGPS CorrectionsExample of DGPS Corrections
Uncorrected
Corrected
LST
11. 11
DGPSDGPS –– BenefitsBenefits
Red = Uncorrected GPS
Green = GPS after
differential correction
Code GPS Errors and DGPS
•Wave path errors (ionospheric and
troposperic) – corrected by DGPS
•Satellite orbit errors - corrected by
DGPS
•Multipath
•Satellite Geometry (High PDOP)
•Satellite Constellation Changes –
corrected by DGPS
DDDD
DDDD
ffff
ffff
f
Activity - Quiz
• List different accuracies you might
expect from:
– Point positioning using C/A code
– Post-processed DGPS
– Real-time DGPS
• Explain two general processes used
to correct positions and minimise
errors using DGPS
LST
12. 12
Base Station Site Requirements
• Clear view to satellites
• Known coordinates
• Clear of transmitters (TV, radar)
• Line of site to rover is not
necessary
Base Station: 15° Rover: 15°
Poor Situation – Satellite
visible to Rover only.
Base Station is not
tracking it.
Possible Problem...
• setting the elevation masks
1°per 100 km distance between base and rover
Base Station: 10° Rover: 15°
Ideal Situation – Satellite
is being tracked by both
Rover and Base Station.
Solution...
• Set base elevation mask less
than rover
LST
13. 13
Sources of Base Data for
Post-Processed DGPS
Where does one get differential GPS
base station data?
• Community Base Stations (CBS)
– government, commercial or public
• Internet Access
• Set up your own
– GPS Base Station
– Virtual Reference Stations (VRS)
– Rover units used as a base
RTCM Corrections
Reference Station at
a known location
Real-Time Differential GPS
Sources of Real-Time
Corrections
Where does one get real-time
differential GPS base station data?
• AMSA or other Beacons
• Satellite Services (OmniStar)
• Set up your own real-time DGPS
– Required
Source of DGPS correction in
RTCM-SC-104 format
Data link, for example, a data radio
LST
14. 14
EGNOS
• European Geostationary Overlay System
• EGNOS V1 (Advanced Operation)
technically qualified in June 2005
• EGNOS measured performance is
excellent (e.g. 1-3m HNSE; >99% APV
availability)
• EGNOS Evolution Roadmap covering
2005-10 being defined (EGNOS V2 and
EGNOS V3 concept)
– EGNOS Service extension, non geo-
stationary broadcast, provision of new
services, GPS modernisation, introduction of
Galileo…..
IOR-W
EGNOS Geo-stationary
satellite coverage
Mean Horizontal AccuracyMean Horizontal AccuracyMean Horizontal AccuracyMean Horizontal Accuracy
(95% of time)(95% of time)(95% of time)(95% of time)
GPSGPSGPSGPS GPS & EGNOSGPS & EGNOSGPS & EGNOSGPS & EGNOS
GPS & EGNOS + GALILEOGPS & EGNOS + GALILEOGPS & EGNOS + GALILEOGPS & EGNOS + GALILEO
Note: single
frequency user,
error in meters.
LST
15. 15
EGNOSWAAS MSAS
EGNOS is an integral part
of 3 inter-regional systems
SBAS: A worldwide Initiative
Today and …
EGNOSWAAS MSAS
MEDA
EAST EUROPE
& RUSSIA
MIDAN
CHINA
SOUTH AMERICA
BRASIL AFRICA
APEC
GAGAN
… in the mid-term future
Mexico
Canada
VRS
Sydnet
Vicpos
Many Accuracies Can Be
Achieved with GPS
These depend on some variables:
• Design of receiver
• Relative positions of satellites
• Time spent on measurements
• Use of Differential techniques
LST
16. 16
< 10 m
SPS (C/A-Code)
RMS or 1 sigma
< 6 - 8 m
PPS P(Y) Code GPS
< 1- 5m
Base Station
Mapping Grade Receiver-DGPS
Post-Processed is slightly
better than real-time
LST
17. 17
< 0.5 - 1mBase Station
High Quality Mapping Receiver
SPS-DGPS
< 1 – 2 cm
RTK Base Station
Real-Time Kinematic Surveying
Not DGPS
<1/2 cm
Base Station
Survey Grade GPS
Not DGPS
Post Processed
LST
18. 18
10m
2m
1m
6m
1/2cm
1cm
Where Do You Need to Be?
Real-Time or Postprocessed?
Accuracy Requirements
• Code Phase GPS
– 40 m - Navigation (air, sea,
land)
– 10 m - Navigation to rural
property corners
– 2 m - Rural GIS data capture
– 1 m - Municipality GIS data
collection
• Carrier Phase GPS
– 1 cm - Survey stake out
– ½ cm - Control Surveys
Key Points on Accuracy
•Knowledge of how data was
collected impacts understanding
of accuracy
•Not all GPS errors are fixed
through differential correction
•If accuracy is critical, you must
use a GPS system that includes
Post-Processing
LST
19. 19
Conclusion
You can now:
– Explain errors in point positioning
– List accuracy expected from various
GPS measurement techniques
– Explain the process of Differential GPS
– Describe how errors are minimised by
using DGPS
Self Study
• Read relevant module in study books
• Do self assessment quiz
Review Questions
LST