This document discusses developmental tasks and hazards. It defines developmental tasks as tasks that must be successfully completed at different life stages in order to adjust to society. Failure can lead to unhappiness and difficulty with later tasks. Teachers should provide learning opportunities and motivation to help students succeed. Developmental tasks are outlined for pre-school, primary school, and secondary school age groups. Developmental hazards are factors that can alter fetal development, such as drugs, alcohol, tobacco, disease, and pollution. The prenatal environment can be negatively impacted by a mother's substance use or medication intake during pregnancy. Individual, family, and community risk factors in underdeveloped countries can also pose developmental hazards to children.

1. Developmental tasks and
Developmental hazards

2. Developmental task

3. Concept of developmental tasks
🠶 The task whic h help the individualforthe suc c essfuladjustm entin the
soc iety are known as developmentaltask
🠶 Havighurst has given shape to a specific task model of development
🠶 According to him, Developmental task is a task which arises at a certain
period in the life of the individual, successful achievement of which leads to
his happiness and success in the later tasks, while failure leads to
unhappiness in the individual disapproval by the society and difficulty with
later

4. Developmental task and educational
planning
🠶 Individual who failsin the developmental tasks will be unhappy
🠶 The causes of the failure are lack of learning, opportunity and motivation
🠶 Hence teacher should be careful in providing learning opportunities and
motivation to their pupils in order to enable them to succeed in
developmentaltasks

5. Developmental task for different stages
🠶 Havighurst has given a listof tasks at various stages of development
🠶 It inc ludes: 1.pre-sc hoolstag e
2.prim ary sc hoolstag e
3.sec ondary sc hoolstag e

6. Developmental task for pre – school
stage
🠶 Learning to walk
🠶 Learning to talk and respond
🠶 Learning to eat solid food and drink water
🠶 Differentiate between good task and bad task
🠶 Learning to c ontrolelimination of body waste
🠶 Learning to establish emotional relationship with parents, siblings and other
people

7. Developmental task for primary school
stage
🠶 Developing concepts necessary for every day living
🠶 Developing m orality and values
🠶 Ac hieving the senses of personalindependenc e
🠶 Developing values and beliefs related to life
🠶 Developing attitudes towards social group and institutions

8. Developmental tasks for secondary
school stage
🠶 Selec ting and preparing for an oc c upation
🠶 Preparing for m arriag e and fam ily life
🠶 Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
🠶 Achieving assurance of economic independence

9. Developmental hazards
🠶 A hazard is usually described as a potentially harmful situation
🠶 A developmentalhazard is a hazard that alters the struc ture or func tion of
a developing embryo, or foetus apparent either before or after birth
🠶 The impact of hazards of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, disease and
environmental pollutants during pregnancy and impacts of the social,
economic, environmental categories on the individual before and after his
birth have been studied systamatically
🠶 The environment inside the utreus, where the unborn child is developing, is
called prenatal environment
🠶 Inside the utreus,the developing em bryo and foetus are protec ted. The
placenta is a temporary organ that joins the mother and foetus

10. 🠶 It transfer oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the foetus and allow
waste products to be eliminated from the foetus. It act as a filter.
🠶 But sometimes potentially harmful substance cross placenta and
transferred to the developing child from mother.
🠶 There are many potential hazards to the prenatal department of an unborn
child.
🠶 Potential hazards are related to drug, alcohol or tobacco use eg:alcohol
c an quic kly c ross the plac enta and enterthe blood stream of unborn c hild
in the same level that is in the mothers blood
🠶 Foetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) : when who drink alcohol during pregnancy
put their at the risk of FAS, this is a set of birth defects and disabilities related
to alc oholc onsumption during preg nanc y

11. 🠶 Tobacco use during pregnancy can cause low birth weight and has been
linked to higher rates of respiratory problem in children and the use of illegal
drugs can cause a variety of concerns for the health of an unborn child, due to
this prenatal development can be slowed, birth defects or death of an unborn
a nd thre is a hig her risk of prem a ture birth.
🠶 It may be seen obvious that illegal drug use could be harmful to an unborn
child, but store bought or prescription medications can be hazard as well.The
use of any medication that is known teratogen should be avoided during
pregnancy
🠶 A teratogen is a substance known to potentially causes a birth defects or cause
a pregnancy to end. In 1960s ,the common use of prescription drug
thalidomide during pregnancy, because of this large number of infants born
with birth defects were born to women who were given this medication during
pregnancy. Because of this we know that medications can have harmful
effects on the prenata lenvironment.

12. 🠶 Individual risk factors that may cause developmental hazards of children in
under developed countries
1. Illhealth
2. Malnutrition
3. Physic alor m entaldisabilities
🠶 Family riskfactors that may cause developmental hazards of children in
under developed countries
1. Parental educ atio,inadequate parenting skills
2. Physic alenvironmentof the hom e

13. 🠶 C om munity riskfac tors that m ay c ause developmentalhazards of c hildren
in under developed countries.
1. Loc ation:rural/urban, rem otenessor slum s
2. Geographic factor:risk of flooding, risk of drought
3. Infrastructure in the community :roads, schools, water and sewage.

14. THANK YOU
Presented by
Adarsh s raj