3. Concept of developmental tasks
🠶 The task which help the individual for the successful adjustment
in the society are known as developmental task
🠶 Havighurst has given shape to a specific task model of development
🠶 According to him, Developmental task is a task which arises at a
certain period in the life of the individual, successful achievement of which
leads to his happiness and success in the later tasks, while failure leads to
unhappiness in the individual disapproval by the society and difficulty with
later
4. Developmental task and educational
planning
🠶 Individual who failsin the developmental tasks will be unhappy
🠶 The causes of the failure are lack of learning, opportunity and
motivation
🠶 Hence teacher should be careful in providing learning
opportunities and motivation to their pupils in order to enable them to
succeed in
developmental tasks
5. Developmental task for different stages
🠶 Havighurst has given a listof tasks at various stages of
development
🠶 It
includes:
1.pre-school stage
2.primary school stage
3.secondary school stage
6. Developmental task for pre – school
stage
🠶 Learning to walk
🠶 Learning to talk and respond
🠶 Learning to eat solid food and drink water
🠶 Differentiate between good task and bad task
🠶 Learning to control elimination of body waste
🠶 Learning to establish emotional relationship with parents, siblings and
other people
7. Developmental task for primary school
stage
🠶 Developing concepts necessary for every day living
🠶 Developing morality and values
🠶 Achieving the senses of personal independence
🠶 Developing values and beliefs related to life
🠶 Developing attitudes towards social group and
institutions
8. Developmental tasks for secondary
school stage
🠶 Selecting and preparing for an occupation
🠶 Preparing for marriage and family life
🠶 Achieving emotional independence from parents and other
adults
🠶 Achieving assurance of economic independence
9. Developmental hazards
🠶 A hazard is usually described as a potentially harmful situation
🠶 A developmental hazard is a hazard that alters the structure or
function of a developing embryo, or foetus apparent either before or after
birth
🠶 The impact of hazards of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, disease and
environmental pollutants during pregnancy and impacts of the social,
economic, environmental categories on the individual before and after his
birth have been studied systamatically
🠶 The environment inside the utreus, where the unborn child is
developing, is called prenatal environment
🠶 Inside the utreus, the developing embryo and foetus are
protected. The placenta is a temporary organ that joins the mother and
foetus
10. 🠶 It transfer oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the foetus and
allow waste products to be eliminated from the foetus. It act as a filter.
🠶 But sometimes potentially harmful substance cross
placenta and transferred to the developing child from mother.
🠶 There are many potential hazards to the prenatal department of an
unborn child.
🠶 Potential hazards are related to drug, alcohol or tobacco use
eg:alcohol can quickly cross the placenta and enter the blood stream of
unborn child in the same level that is in the mothers blood
🠶 Foetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) : when who drink alcohol during
pregnancy put their at the risk of FAS, this is a set of birth defects and
disabilities related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy
11. 🠶 Tobacco use during pregnancy can cause low birth weight and has been
linked to higher rates of respiratory problem in children and the use of illegal
drugs can cause a variety of concerns for the health of an unborn child, due to
this prenatal development can be slowed, birth defects or death of an unborn
and thre is a higher risk of premature birth.
🠶 It may be seen obvious that illegal drug use could be harmful to an
unborn child, but store bought or prescription medications can be hazard as
well. The use of any medication that is known teratogen should be avoided
during pregnancy
🠶 A teratogen is a substance known to potentially causes a birth defects or
cause a pregnancy to end. In 1960s , the common use of prescription drug
thalidomide during pregnancy, because of this large number of infants born
with birth defects were born to women who were given this medication during
pregnancy. Because of this we know that medications can have harmful
effects on the prenatal environment.
12. 🠶 Individual risk factors that may cause developmental hazards of
children in under developed countries
1. Ill health
2. Malnutrition
3. Physical or mental disabilities
🠶 Family riskfactors that may cause developmental hazards of
children in under developed countries
1. Parental educatio, inadequate parenting skills
2. Physical environment of the home
13. 🠶 Community riskfactors that may cause developmental hazards of
children in under developed countries.
1. Location:rural /urban, remoteness or slums
2. Geographic factor:risk of flooding, risk of drought
3. Infrastructure in the community :roads, schools, water and sewage.
