Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye bye” are called developmental milestones. Children reach milestones in how they play, learn, speak, act, and move (crawling, walking, etc.)
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory & Behaviourism
Genetic Disorders: Cystic Fibrosis, Thalassemia, Down Syndrome, Turner syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia, Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Child’s Sensation, Perception, Motor Development and Learning
Messy Play benefits child development (cognitive, physical and emotional)
Children need to play in nature, because...What’s your personal needs for friends and peers?
Questions for Guest Speakers - Nutritionist and Early Child Educator
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory & Behaviourism
Genetic Disorders: Cystic Fibrosis, Thalassemia, Down Syndrome, Turner syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia, Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Child’s Sensation, Perception, Motor Development and Learning
Messy Play benefits child development (cognitive, physical and emotional)
Children need to play in nature, because...What’s your personal needs for friends and peers?
Questions for Guest Speakers - Nutritionist and Early Child Educator
This slide show accompanies the learner guide NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Training by Melanie Vermaak, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also understanding the nature of intelligence. He divided it into four stages of development.
This slide show complements our learner guide NCV 2 Eary Childhood Development Hands-On Training by Melanie Vermaak and published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Support Module 4Future Managers
This slide show complements our existing learner guide - NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Training published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website - www.futuremanagers.net
This slide show accompanies the learner guide NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Training by Melanie Vermaak, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also understanding the nature of intelligence. He divided it into four stages of development.
This slide show complements our learner guide NCV 2 Eary Childhood Development Hands-On Training by Melanie Vermaak and published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Support Module 4Future Managers
This slide show complements our existing learner guide - NCV 2 Early Childhood Development Hands-On Training published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website - www.futuremanagers.net
Important developmental milestones from 0 5 yearsWei Hee Hong
This ppt would help you to learn the importance of early childhood development from 0-5 years, observe and track a child's milestones and pinpoint potential developmental concerns.
Approach to child with involuntary movementsBeenish Iqbal
get written content here
http://medical-notes-revise-in-1-minute.com/2021/07/21/approach-to-child-with-involuntary-movements/
A tremor, tic, myoclonic jerk, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, or hemiballism are examples of involuntary movements. Therefore, it is a useful medical skill for evaluating involuntary movements correlated with hyperkinetic movement disorders.
#chorea #chorea in children #child with involuntary movements #athetosis #dystonia #hemiballisms #involuntry movements
Lymphadenopathy, also known as adenopathy, is a condition in which the lymph nodes are aberrant in size or consistency. Lymphadenitis is the most frequent kind of lymphadenopathy, characterized by swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. The difference between lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis is occasionally needed in clinical practice, and the terms are frequently used interchangeably.
#lymphadenopathy #children with large lymph nodes #lymphadenitis
Anemia (also written anaemia) is defined as a decrease in the total number of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin or a reduction in the blood's ability to carry oxygen. In this presentation, we have discussed how to approach a child with anemia and do a physical examination.
The word ataxia derives from ataktos, a Greek word meaning ‘lack of order’; it has been defined variously as a failure of coordination of the muscles; irregularity of muscle action; difficulty with walking/gait; the problem with movement orientation because of abnormal agonist-antagonist muscle coordination; or motor incoordination most notable when walking or sitting.
Erythema (from the Greek erythros, which means "redness") is skin or mucous membrane redness induced by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries. It can occur as a result of any skin damage, infection, or inflammation. Nervous blushes are an example of erythema that is not related to any disease.
Approach to a child with intellectual impairmentBeenish Iqbal
ntellectual disability is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. Neurodevelopmental disorders are neurologically based conditions that appear early in childhood, typically before school entry and impair development of personal, social, academic, and/or occupational functioning. They typically involve difficulties with the acquisition, retention, or application of specific skills or sets of information.
https://medical-notes-revise-in-1-minute.com
find more details here
https://wordpress.com/post/medical-notes-revise-in-1-minute.com/103
Myopathy is a general term referring to any disease that affects the muscles that control voluntary movement in the body. Patients experience muscle weakness due to a dysfunction of the muscle fibers.
Find written content here
https://medical-notes-revise-in-1-minute.com
An examination of each component of the three phases of ambulation is essential in diagnosing various neurologic disorders and evaluating patient progress during rehabilitation and recovery from the effects of neurologic disease, a musculoskeletal injury or disease process, or a combination of these conditions.
#gait #examine gait #evaluating patient
A fever with a rash in a child can be caused by several illnesses, including chickenpox, fifth sickness, and roseola. These viral diseases can be uncomfortable, but they normally resolve on their own. A rapid rash with a fever, on the other hand, may indicate something more serious, such as a strong medication reaction.
The structure of the human brain is extremely complex. It is made up of billions of neurons that are linked together by trillions of connections. Each part of the brain performs a certain set of functions. Damage to a specific area of the brain causes distinct clinical symptoms. Knowledge of neuroanatomy, functioning of different sections of the brain, and clinical manifestations caused by injury to a part of the brain are critical in locating a neurological lesion. The complexity of this knowledge frequently presents a problem to health practitioners. This activity emphasizes the significance of the physical examination in the localization of a neurological lesion. It is intended to provide a concise and easy-to-review summary of the subject.
Approach to a child with sudden onset of weaknessBeenish Iqbal
To approach a child with sudden onset of weakness The task is not just to identify the hemiplegia, but to ascertain the level of the problem and the etiology. The examination can assess these factors sequentially as outlined here.
The plan is as follows:
• Demonstrate the physical signs of hemiplegia in the lower and upper limbs.
• Demonstrate the level by assessing, as a minimum, the seventh cranial nerve (lower motor neuron involvement implies pathology in the region of the pons; upper motor neuron involvement implies a lesion above the pons) and the visual fields (involvement implies site of lesion at internal capsule or above), and look for parietal lobe signs (cortical lesion).
• Look for the cause.
When evaluating a floppy infant, an organized approach is needed because the causes are numerous. A thorough history and a full systemic and neurological examination are required for an accurate and clear diagnosis. Diagnosis at an early stage is unquestionably in the best interests of the child. In this ppt we will discuss clinical approach to a floppy baby
#floppy infant #Approach floppy infant #floppy baby
Metabolic acidosis is a significant electrolyte disease defined by an acid-base imbalance in the body. Metabolic acidosis is caused by three major factors: increased acid production, bicarbonate loss, and a decreased ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess acids.
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. This presentation is a little effort to explain how to approach a child with small head/microcephaly.
The majority of children have a head size that is appropriate for age and gender. But a few have a too-large head at birth or may be of postnatal acceleration. Macrocephaly is used when the head size exceeds the mean by more than two standard devotions of age and gender. In addition, Macrocephaly is seen in association with several cranio-skeletal dysplastic conditions.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Begin by introducing yourself to the parent and patient.
Inspect for the following:
1. Growth parameters; for example, failure to thrive,
associated with syndromic or chromosomal anomalies.
Undernutrition or chronic illnesses can be associated with
developmental delay, as may be small or large head size.
2. Evidence of any dysmorphic features (various syndromic
diagnoses).
3. Obvious neurological abnormalities (including ‘floppy
infant’ posturing, hemiplegic posturing, and involuntary
movements).
3. The next step depends on the age of the child.
•A child small enough to be comfortably sat on his or her
mother’s knee should be positioned there for assessment of
vision, hearing, language, personal–social interaction and fine
motor control. It is unwise to remove a child from his or her
mother to perform a gross motor assessment first.
•If a child is older, then he or she may prefer to be examined
sitting on a chair.
4. 4.
Always test vision before hearing. Fixing and following, and an
approximation of visual acuity (e.g. the ability to pick up a toy or the
ability to read in older children), are important. Testing of visual fields is
not required. Testing each eye separately is desirable but can be
difficult to achieve without upsetting an infant.
5. 5.
Testing hearing, requires initial distraction with a non-noisemaking (i.e.
purely visual) stimulus, directly in front of the child. This is then hidden,
at the same time the noisemaker (e.g. bell) is brought towards the ear
from behind (out of range of visual fields) by an assistant (e.g. the chief
examiner). On a signal given by yourself, the assistant makes a sound
(e.g. rings the bell) at a certain distance from the ear (this varies for
different ages), testing each ear in turn and noting whether the child’s
facial expression, changes, and if the head turns towards the stimulus,
localizing the sound (in older children). If the conditions are not
optimal for testing hearing (e.g. fractious toddler), say so. If there is an
equivocal result, it is reasonable to suggest a formal audiological
assessment.
6. Throughout the testing described above, assessment of personal–social
interaction and language can be performed. Do not forget to comment
on any vocalizing the child does, or on interactions with you (e.g.,
smiling, waving, laughing), as these may give very valuable information,
which can be overlooked if it is not actively considered as part of a
developmental assessment.
7. Speech and hearing
• Name
• What is this? (any object)
• How Old are you
• Where do you live
• Do you know how to count?
• Rhymes
8. age words
12months 2-6 words
Turn to Own name
18 months Up to 20 words
Recognize objects
2yr Up to 50 words
Refers to self by name
3yr Knows name, age, sex
Counts to ten.
4yr Full name+ address
Counts to 20
5yr Name, age, birthday
9. 6.
The fine motor assessment can then be performed.
Ensure that you have appropriate objects in your case to test fine
motor functions such as pencils, colors, books, a plastic knife, fork, and
spoon set.
10. FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMEN
• Cubes
• Pencil/crayons/paper
• Book with animals (Turn pages)
• Name pictures, Body parts.
11. Age Fine motor
12 months 2 cubes click together
try to build a tower
Turn pages of book (several)
Pincer Grasp
18 months 3cuber (Tripod grasp)
Hold pencil and scribbles
Turn several pages.
Name pictures (animals and body parts)
2yr 6 cubes. + train
Draw straight line
Turn pages singly
3yr 9 cubes+ bridge
Draw circle
Nursery Rhymes
4yr Stairs of 6 cubes
Draw Cross (+) and stick man
Use scissors to cut Pictures
5yr Draw Square + triangle.
12. SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR.
• cup and spoon.
• Toilet training
• self-cleaning and clothing
• play with toys and friends
13. age
12 months Uses cup with assistance
Not toilet trained / cannot verbalize need.
Find Toy hidden before eyes.
18 M feeds self with spoon.
Still wets pants but verbalize when wet
Take off shoes & socks.
Plays alone on floor with toys
2yr lifts + Replace cup safely (cup + spoon)
Handles spoon well,
Dry by Day + verbalized toilet needs
Pull down pants & Knicker
3yr Fully toilet trained (Dry by night)
Pulls up + down knicker
cannot button up.
wash & dries hand under supervision.
4yr Dress + undress except shoelaces
Washes hand & face +brush teeth
Needs Companion Ship & other people.
5yr Complex pretend play (see cartoons and become part of it)
can play with others to achieve a common goal
might also be able to work things out if another child doesn’t want to play a particular game.
becoming more social and prefers to play with friends
can share, although they might find it hard to share favorite toys and other things.
Games with rules sometimes challenging, and child might even accuse others of cheating sometimes.
14. 7.
now perform gross motor assessment.
Observe and ask about 5 things
• Can walk.
• Can Run
• Can stand on one foot
• can climb Stairs
• Can Hop/ skips”
15. Age Gross motor
12 months walks with one handheld.
18 months Walks independent
Stairs & one handheld (upstairs)
Throws ball.
2yr Runs +walks well.
Stairs Up+ down handheld.
Kicks bail on Requests
Climb up furniture.
3yr stair up – alternate feet
Stair down 2 feet/step.
Can stand momentary on one foot.
4yr Walks down + up – independent alternate feet.
Stand on foot 3-5 sec.
5yr Hops + Skips
Walks on straight line.
Can catch a ball.
16. As the examination is proceeding, it is useful to comment on each
finding as it is elicited, making sure that the examiners see that you
know the significance of each sign found. Terms such as ‘age
appropriate’ may be useful when normal findings occur.
17. A succinct summary at the completion of the examination should
attempt to give a developmental age to each of the areas assessed, and
state whether any delay detected is global, or whether there is a
scatter of abilities (e.g. gross and fine motor delay only in Werdnig–
Hoffmann disease, visual and gross motor impairment in an ex-
premature baby, global delay in a child with congenital rubella or
severe Cerebral palsy)