as the microorganisms are increasingly becoming resistant to conventional antibiotics therefore there is a need of some new antimicrobial gents which can overcome the resistance and also helps to stop the overuse and mishandling of antibiotics
Integrated pest management(ipm) and use of bacteria as biopesticideSahil Shakya
A thorough study on Integrated pest management and comparing with traditional pest management techniques. Also, a short summary on how we can use bacteria as biopesticide.
When bacteria resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent, it is referred to as resistant.
If a bacterial strain is exceedingly resistant to almost every known/antibiotics available, it is informally called “a superbug” or “a super bacterium” implying a super fighter against antimicrobial agents (Reinhardt, 2010).
Integrated pest management(ipm) and use of bacteria as biopesticideSahil Shakya
A thorough study on Integrated pest management and comparing with traditional pest management techniques. Also, a short summary on how we can use bacteria as biopesticide.
When bacteria resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent, it is referred to as resistant.
If a bacterial strain is exceedingly resistant to almost every known/antibiotics available, it is informally called “a superbug” or “a super bacterium” implying a super fighter against antimicrobial agents (Reinhardt, 2010).
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes evolve a mechanism that protects them from the effects of antimicrobials or antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance, as it applies to bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics. Resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses, or alternative medications that may prove more toxic.
Achievements and ongoing work on biopesticides at ICIPE—Some examples and les...ILRI
Presented by Jean Nguya K. Maniania, Sevgan Subramanian and Sunday Ekesi at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antibiotic is a chemical that is produced by a micro-organism and that, in a relatively high dilution, inhibits the growth or reproduction of some other micro-organism.
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics as they kill the micro-organisms when used at therapeutic dose.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
a research presentation done by Augustine Mwaawaaru Level 400) and Matthew Frimpong Antwi (Level 300) students of( Presbyterian University College-Ghana on Antimicrobial resistance and the way foeward in Ghana. contact 0261825262
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes evolve a mechanism that protects them from the effects of antimicrobials or antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance, as it applies to bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics. Resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses, or alternative medications that may prove more toxic.
Achievements and ongoing work on biopesticides at ICIPE—Some examples and les...ILRI
Presented by Jean Nguya K. Maniania, Sevgan Subramanian and Sunday Ekesi at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antibiotic is a chemical that is produced by a micro-organism and that, in a relatively high dilution, inhibits the growth or reproduction of some other micro-organism.
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics as they kill the micro-organisms when used at therapeutic dose.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
a research presentation done by Augustine Mwaawaaru Level 400) and Matthew Frimpong Antwi (Level 300) students of( Presbyterian University College-Ghana on Antimicrobial resistance and the way foeward in Ghana. contact 0261825262
Immunomodulators modern and ayuvedic conceptsJAYAKRISHNAN K
A MINOR SIMPLE PROJECT ON IMMUNOMODULATORS. It explains types of immunity, hyper sensitivity, allergy, immunostimulants, immunoadjuvants, immunosuppressants etc. with relevant ayurvedic portions.
updated statistics about antimicrobial resistance,causes and mechanism of antimicrobial resistances, national antimicrobial policy, national antimicrobial surveillance, new delhi b metallo-lactamase-1 bacteria
Role of microbiology in pharmaceutical and food industrySasmitaDas27
This is all about how microbes has both positive and negative effects on our food industry and in pharmaceutical products . The essentiality of microbes.
CONTACT: sayantand691@gmail.com
Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause. A few examples of superbugs include resistant bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
Drug resistance (antimicrobial resistance) is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be slowed, but not stopped. Over time, germs such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi adapt to the drugs that are designed to kill them and change to ensure their survival. This makes previously standard treatments for some infections less effective, and sometimes ineffective. Researchers continue to evaluate how these germs develop resistance. They also study how to diagnose, treat and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
Certain actions may step up the appearance and spread of antimicrobial-resistant germs, such as:
Using or misusing antibiotics
Having poor infection prevention and control practices
Living or working in unclean conditions
Mishandling food
To protect yourself from harmful germs and lower the risk of illnesses:
Wash your hands often with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Handle food properly, such as separating raw and cooked food, cooking food thoroughly, and using clean water
Avoid close contact with people who are ill
Make sure your vaccinations are up to date
You can also help tackle antibiotic resistance by:
Using antibiotics as directed and only when needed
Completing the full treatment course, even if you feel better
Not sharing antibiotics with others
Not using leftover prescriptions.
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism (like bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicrobial (such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals) from working against it.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
Similar to development of antimicrobial agents which can overcome the antimicrobial resistance (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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development of antimicrobial agents which can overcome the antimicrobial resistance
1. CONCEPT NOTES ON :
“MICROORGANISMS ARE INCREASINGLY BECOMING
RESISTANT TO CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS:
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS HAS
BECOME AN EMERGENCY NEED”
TEAM MEMBERS:
ARIJIT GOSWAMI (UG-IV)
PRITHA NAYAK (UG-IV)
ROHIT HALDER (UG-IV)
SOUVIK SIKDAR (UG-III)
MOLLA SALAUDDIN (UG-III)
2. WHAT IS ANTIBIOTICS &
ANTIMICROBIALS AGENTS ?
• Antimicrobial agent: A general term for drugs, chemicals, or other substances
that either kill or slow the growth of microbes.
• Antibiotics are molecules that kill or stop the growth of micro-organisms
including both bacteria and fungi.
3. MECHANISM OF
ANTIBIOTICS:
INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL
SYNTHESIS
(e.g. PENICILIN, AZTRENAM, VANCOMYCIN)
INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
(e.g.
MACROLIDES,AMINOGLUCOSIDASE,CHLORAMPHENICOL)
INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL FOLIC ACID
SYNTHESIS
(e.g.. PYRIMETHAMINE, SULFONAMIDES, TRIMETHOPRIN)
INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID
SYNTHESIS
(e.g. .RIFAMPIN , FLUOROQUINOLONES)
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
4. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Antibiotic resistance is when a microbe evolves to become more
or fully resistant to antibiotics which previously could treat it. It
is a specific type of drug resistance.
This mechanism of resistance might happen in several ways:
micro-organisms can neutralize the antibiotic before it has an
effect
micro-organisms may be able to pump the antibiotic out
micro-organisms may be able to change the site (receptor)
where the antibiotic normally works
micro-organisms can mutate and transfer genetic material
that codes for resistance to other micro-organisms
6. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
S.pneumo.withReduced
SusceptibilitytoFluoroquinolones(%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
#ofPrescriptions/100Persons
15 - 64 y.o
> 64 y.o
# of Rx/100 persons
RELATIONSHIP OF RESISTANCE TO
ANTIBIOTIC USE
Decreased susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to
fluoroquinolones(FQRSP) in Canada
1.A man with chronic
lymphocytic leukemia admitted
with sudden onset high fever,
rigors chest pain and productive
cough.
2.Physical exam and chest x-ray
confirmed pneumonia &
azithromycin was prescribed
3.Gram stain showed numerous
neutrophils and sheets of lancet
shaped gram positive diplococci.
4.After 48 hours the patient
developed progressive
respiratory tract failure
ILLUSTRATIVE
CASE
7. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTI-
MICROBIAL AGENTS
A.PHAGE THERAPY
B.BACTERIOCINS
C.EFFLUX PUMP INHIBITORS
D.NATURAL ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS
AS FOOD PRESERVATIVES
8. A. PHAGE
THERAPY• The discovery of bacteriophages (It is a virus that infects and
replicates within a bacterium) was reported by Frederick Twort in
1915 and Felix d'Hérelle in 1917.
• Phage therapy or viral phage therapy is the therapeutic use of
bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.CONVENTIONAL
ANTIBIOTICS
PHAGE THERAPY
THERAPEUTI
C INDEX
LOW HIGH
DOSES HIGH LOW (phages
replicate in vivo,
a smaller
effective dose
can be used)
EFFECT KILLS BOTH
HARMFUL AND
USEFUL BACTERIA
HARMLESS TO
HOST ORGANISM
AND FLORA
ANTIBACTER
IAL
---- EASIER TO
OVERCOME (Just
• Phages tend to be more
successful than
antibiotics where there
is a biofilm covered by a
polysaccharide layer,
which antibiotics
typically cannot
penetrate.
• In the West, no
therapies are currently
authorized for use on
humans, although
9. B. BACTERIOCINS
• Bacteriocins are a kind of ribosomal synthesized antimicrobial peptides
produced by bacteria, which can kill or inhibit bacterial strains closely-
related or non-related to produced bacteria, but will not harm the bacteria
themselves by specific immunity proteins. Bacteriocins are generally heat
tolerant.
• Unlike most antibiotics, which are secondary metabolites, bacteriocins are
ribosomally synthesized and sensitive to proteases while generally
harmless to the human body and surrounding environment.
• Bacteriocins are now widely used in food science to extend food
preservation duration (Ghrairi et al., 2012), Bacteriocins, such as nisin
(has GRAS status), promise safe use as a food preservative in vegetables,
dairy, cheese, meats, and other food products, as they inhibit
microorganisms contamination during the production process.
ADVANTAGE OF BACTERIOCIN OVER CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS
• These toxins target a minute fraction of a microbial community, the
selection for mutations that confer resistance is not taking place in multiple
species simultaneously, as is the case with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
10. C.EFFLUX PUMP
INHIBITORS• Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen.
The difficulty in treatment of pseudomonas infections arises
from being multidrug resistant (MDR) and exhibits resistance to
most antimicrobial agents due to the expression of different
mechanisms .
• Efflux pump plays an very important role in extruding the
antibiotics outside the bacterial cells providing a protective
means against their antibacterial activity.
• These pumps can extrude biocides, detergents, and other
metabolic inhibitors.
• Peptidomimetic compounds such as phenylalanine arginyl β-
naphthylamide (PAβN) have been introduced as efflux pump
inhibitors (EPIs); their mechanism of action is through
competitive inhibition with antibiotics on the efflux pump
resulting in increased intracellular concentration of antibiotic,
11. D.NATURAL ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS AS FOOD
PRESERVATIVES
Natural substances with antimicrobial action have been
identified from a very wide range of sources, including herbs
and other edible and medicinal plants, microorganisms and
animals. Many of these have been investigated, but few have
yet been exploited as food preservatives on a commercial
basis. Some examples are given below.HERBS AND OTHER
PLANTS WITH
ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVITY
ANTIMICROBIALS
FROM MICRO
ORGANISM
ANTIMICROBIAL
S FROM
ANIMALS
Cinnamon,clove,gr
een tea,garlic,
Natamycin,
nisin, lactacin
Chitosan,
lysozyme
The use of natural antimicrobial compounds in food has gained much
attention by the consumers and the food industry.
• The misuse and mishandling of antibiotics has resulted in the
dramatic rise of a group of microorganisms including foodborne
pathogens that are not only antibiotic resistant but also more
tolerant to several food processing and preservation methods This
has prompted the food industry to look for alternative
preservatives that can enhance the safety and quality of foods.
12. CONCLUS
IONInappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics is a
major factor contributing to emerging antibiotic
resistance.
Determinants of resistance are selected by
antibiotic use.
Multiple mechanisms exist for bacteria to become
resistant to antibiotics.
Antibiotic resistance continues to emerge as a
serious threat to public health.