3. Objectives
Name 10 foods that
require microbial
activity for their
production
Define biotechnology
and cite 4 examples of
how microbes are
usee in the industry
Define bioremedian
and cite an example
4. Objectives
Discuss the beneficial
and harmful roles of
the indigenous
micribiota of the
human body
Describe the biofilms
and thei impact on
human health
Outline the nitrogen
cycle: include the
meanings of the terms
nitrogen fixation,
nitrification,
denitrification, and
ammonification in the
description
5. MICROBIOTA
• The microbiota consists of a wide variety of
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other
microorganisms present in a singular
environment, such as the human digestive
tract.
6. MICROBIOME
• Microbiome refers to the collection of genomes
from all the microorganisms in the
environment, which includes not only the
community of the microorganisms, but also the
microbial structural elements, metabolites, and
the environmental conditions. In this regard,
microbiome encompasses a broader spectrum
than that of microbiota.
7. INDIGENOUS
MICROBIOTA
• includes all the, microorganisms that are
normally found on or in the body – they
inhabit body surfaces, skin and mucous
surfaces with direct access to the external
environment.
9. BENEFITS
• Humans derive many benefits from their
indigenous microbiota, some of which have
already been mentioned. Some nutrients,
particularly vitamins K and B12, pantothenic
acid, pyridoxine, and biotin, are obtained from
secretions of certain intestinal bacteria.
• indicates that indigenous microbes provide a
constant source of irritants and antigens to
stimulate the immune system.
10. HARMFUL ROLE
• When subjected to external changes, the
balance of microbiota community can be
affected, leading to dysregulation of bodily
functions and diseases, mounting evidence has
confirmed that microbiota is associated with
the development of CVDs, cancer, respiratory
diseases, diabetes, IBD, brain disorders,
chronic kidney diseases, and liver diseases.
12. Microbial
Antagonism
• The term Microbial antagonism means
"microbes versus microbes" or "microbes
against microbes."
• Many of the microbes of our indigenous
microbiota serve a beneficial role by
preventing other microbes from becoming
established in or colonizing a particular
anatomic location.
16. BIOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS
• A “probiotic” or a “biotherapeutic agent” (BTA)
is a living microorganism administered to
promote the health of the host by treating or
preventing infections owing to strains of
pathogens
• Bacteria and Yeasts that are ingested to
reestablish and stabilize the microbial balance
within our bodies are called biotherapeutic
agents.
18. MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES
(BIOFILMS)
• Microbial communities are groups of
microorganisms that share a common living
space. The microbial populations that form the
community can interact in different ways, for
example as predators and prey or as
symbionts.
19. • Biofilms are composed of two categories of
organisms Planktonic (single-celled and free-
swimming) bacteria are released from the surface
of the biofilm,have a normal metabolism, and can
colonize other surfaces to initiate further biofilm
formation. However, once the biofilm is
established, the organisms undergo a
transformation to a quiescent state and are
referred to as "sessile. These organisms are
protected from the effects of antibiotics and many
of the host defense mechanisms.
20.
21. • Biofilms have been implicated in diseases, such as
endocarditis, cystic fibrosis, middle ear infections,
kidney stones, periodontal disease, prosthetic joint
infections, and prostate infections.
• Infections caused by organisms forming biofilms
are very difficult to treat and require long-term
antibiotics and occasionally surgery for eradication.
22. • As previously mentioned, biofilms are very
resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and certain
types of host defense mechanisms.
• Antibiotics that, in the laboratory, have been
shown to be effective against pure cultures of
organisms within biofilms may be ineffective
against those same organisms within an actual
biofilm. Let us take penicillin as an example.
24. SYNERGISM
• Sometimes, two or more J:Dicroorganisms may
"team up" to produce a disease that neither
could cause by itself. This is referred to as
synergism or a synergistic relationship.
25. SYNERGISTIC
INFECTIONS
• when co-infection by two viruses results in
disease with more severe symptoms than
single virus infection.
• Example; Acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivities (TRENCH MOUTH).
27. Agricultural microbiology
is a branch of
microbiology dealing with
plant-associated microbes
and plant and animal
diseases. It also deals
with the microbiology of
soil fertility, such as
microbial degradation of
organic matter and soil
nutrient transformations.
28. Agricultural microbiology
They are used extensively
in the field of genetic
engineering
to create new or genetically
altered plants. Such
genetically
engineered plants might grow
larger, be better tasting,
or
be more resistant to
insects, plant diseases, or
29. Role of Microbes in
Elemental Cycles
Bacteria are exceptionally adaptable and versatile.
They are
found on the land, in all waters, in every animal and
plant,
and even inside other microorganisms (in which case
they
are referred to as ENDOSYMBIONTS ).
30. NITROGEN CYCLE
The nitrogen cycle is a series of processes that convert
nitrogen gas to organic substances and back to nitrogen
in nature. It is a continuous cycle that is maintained by
the decomposers and nitrogen bacteria
31. Other Soil Microbes
Soil microorganisms encompass
archaea, bacteria, fungi and
protozoa. They are responsible for
the majority of enzymatic
processes in soil and store energy
and nutrients in their biomass
(Jenkinson and Ladd, 1981).
32. The types and amounts of microorganisms
living in soil depend on many factors,
including the amount of decaying organic
material, available nutrients, moisture
content, amount of oxygen available, pH,
temperature, and the presence of waste
products of other microbes.
37. Microbes cause thousands of
different types of plant
diseases, often resulting in
huge economic losses. Most
plant diseases are caused by
fungi, viruses, viroids, and
bacteria. Not only are
living plants attacked and
destroyed,
but microbes (primarily
fungi) also cause the
38. Plant diseases have
interesting names, such as
blights, cankers, galls,
leaf spots,
mildews, mosaics, rots,
rusts, scabs, smuts, and
wilts
41. The United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity defines
biotechnology as "any
technological application that
uses biological systems, living
organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for
specific use." Although not all
areas of biotechnology involve
microbes, microbes are used in
many aspects of biotechnology
.
42. PRODUCTION OF
THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS. PRODUCTION OF DNA
VACCINES.
PRODUCTION OF VITAMINS
Human genes are introduced
(usually by transformation)
into bacteria and yeasts.
Such genetically engineered
microorganisms have been
used to produce therapeutic
proteins, such as human
insulin, human growth
hormone,, human tissue
plasminogen activator,
interferon,
hepatitis B vaccine, tumor
necrosis factor,
interleukin-2,
and prourokinase (used to
dissolve blood clots)
DNA vaccines (also called gene
vaccines) are presently only
experimental. To prepare a DNA
vaccine, a particular pathogen
gene (let us use as an example
the gene that codes for a
specific protein on a pathogen~
surface) is
inserted into a plasmid (E. coli
plasmids have been used). Copies
of the plasmid are then injected
(usually intramuscularly) into a
person's tissue
Bacteria can be used
as sources of vitamins
B2 (riboflavin), B7
(biotin), B9 (folic
acid), B12, and K2•
43. USE OF MICROBIAL
METABOLITES AS
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND
other types of
therapeutic agents.
AGRICULTURAL
APPLICATIONS.
FOOD TECHNOLOGY7
Penicillins and
cephalosporins are examples
of antibiotics producedby
fungi.
Bacitracin,chloramphenicol,
erythromycin, polymyxin B,
streptomycin, tetracycline,
and vancomycin are examples
of antibiotics produced
by bacteria. R
Certain microbial metabolites
have microbicidal, herbicidal,
insecticidal, or nematocidal
activities. For example, a soil
bacterium named bavcaillus
subtilis secretes compounds with
antifungal, antibacterial, and
insecticidal activities.
Bacterial plasmids are used to
introduce foreign genes into
plants. Plants containing
foreign genes are referred to as
transgenic plants.
Microorganism is used
in the production of
foods such as bread,
butter, cheese and
etc.
44. PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS.
BIOMINING
OTHER
Microbes can be used in the
large scale production of
acetic acid, ethanol,
glycerol, as well as
biofuels such as hydrogen
and methane.
Microbes have been used in the
mining of arsenic, cadmium,
cobalt, nickel, uranium zing,
and other metals by process
known as leaching or
bioleaching.
Microbial enzymes used
industry includes
amylases, cellulase,
collagenase, and
proteases.
Two amino acids
produced microbes are
used in the artificial
sweetener called
aspartame(NUTRASWEET).
