This document discusses the process of determining total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count from a blood sample. It involves making a blood smear on a slide, staining it using Leishman's stain, and examining it under a microscope. The total leukocyte count is obtained by diluting blood and counting cells in a hemocytometer chamber. For differential count, different types of white blood cells are identified based on their morphology and stained characteristics under a high power microscope and at least 100 cells are counted. The document provides details on various apparatus, reagents, staining technique, cell identification and calculations involved.
An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped. It causes frequent infections, swelling in the hands and legs, pain, severe tiredness, and delayed growth or puberty.
An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped. It causes frequent infections, swelling in the hands and legs, pain, severe tiredness, and delayed growth or puberty.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
Sharir Kriya Instuments By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande –
Sharir Kriya ( Ayurvedic Physiology) is Basic subject of First BAMS ( Ayurvedic Graduation).This PPT is very useful as a Teaching Aid for Ayurvedic Teachers & useful Assets for Learning to Ayurveda students.PPT covers all Important Instruments like Microscopes, Stethascope ,BP Apparatus,Haemocytometer,Neubaur’s chamber,Tunning fork,Clinical Hammer,Urinometer,Hepende’s caliper to measure skin fold thickness,ECG Machine,Thermometer,Nasal Speculum,ESR Tubes & Stands,Ryle’s tube,Autoscope,Vaginal Speculum,Proctoscope,Tonometer etc.Another interesting part is you will get Introduction to useful Books & web site Links of Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande .Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
A presentation made by Dr Gauhar Mahmood Azeem on the interpretations of a simple CBC and the information it can give us, Various conditions which may cause derangement are mentioned,
A blood smear is a sample of blood that's spread on a glass slide which is treated with a special stain. In the past, all blood smears were examined under a microscope by laboratory professionals. Now automated digital systems may be used to help examine blood smears.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
10. WBC Diluting fluid ( Turk’s Fluid )
Composition:Each 100 ml of fluid contains
•Glacial acetic acid 3ml (to lyse/destroy the
membrane of WBC, RBCs and platelets)
•Gentian violet (1%) 1ml (to stain the nuclei of
WBCs deep violet black so that they can be
identified easily)
•Distilled water to make 100ml (solvent)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. PRINCIPLE
• Since the normal WBC count runs into
thousands, the count is made possible by
diluting the sample of blood before
counting and subsequently multiplying the
count by the dilution factor
• The dilution employed is 1:20.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. PROCEDURE
• Take WBC diluting fluid (Turk’s Fluid) in a watch
glass
• After pricking finger, suck the second drop of
blood into the WBC pipette exactly up to 0.5 mark
and dilute it with WBC diluting fluid by sucking
the fluid up to 11mark ( dilution 1 in 20 )
• Gently rotate the pipette at least 3-4 minutes in the
palm of the hand to ensure the proper mixing of
the blood an the fluid
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. • Discard first few drops of WBC fluid in the stem
of the pipette, charge the counting chamber ( a
small drop of fluid is allowed to form at the tip of
the pipette and gently brought into contact with the
edge of the cover slip that is already placed on the
chamber) and allow time for settling of the cells
• Under low power objective, identify and check the
distribution of WBCs in the 4 corner squares.
Recharge the chamber if distribution is not
uniform ( WBCs are seen as regular nucleated,
rounded bodies with a clear refractivity around
them )
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. • Count the number of WBCs in each WBC
square preferably under low power
objective.
• Count the WBCs in 4 corner WBC squares
and enter your observations in the
corresponding squares
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. CALCULATIONS
• Calculation of diluting factor
Dilution factor:Final volume achieved (10 parts)
Original volume taken (0.5 parts)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20
16. • Calculation of volume fluid examined :Area of 4 WBC squares = 4 X 1mm X 1mm
= 4 sqmm
Depth of the chamber = 0.1mm
Therefore, volume of fluid in the 4 WBC
squares
= 4sq.mm X 0.1mm
= 0.4 cu.mm
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. • Calculation of Total Leukocyte count or
Total WBC count:Let ‘N’ be the total number of WBCs in 4
WBC squares i.e. in 0.4 cu.mm of diluted
blood
Then total number of WBCs in 1 cu.mm of
undiluted blood :
N x Dilution factor (20)
0.4
= N x 50
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. PRECAUTIONS
• Prick should be bold enough to give free
flowing blood. At no stage finger should be
squeezed to take out the blood
• Both the chamber and the cover slip should
be dry and free from grease
• Use only dry pipette
• Never use a broken cover slip
• Before charging the chamber the fluid from
the stem of the pipette should be discarded
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. • The cover slip should be placed symmetrical so
as to cover the ruled area completely
• There should be no under or over charging of
the chamber ( The count will be low in both the
cases)
• After charging the chamber time should be given
for the cells to settle down, but counting should
be started before the fluid in the chamber starts
drying up.
• While counting the cells the stage of the
microscope should not be tilted.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Leishman’s Stain:It belongs to the Romanowsky group of stains containing an
acidic and a basic dye. The unique property of this stain is
•Making clear distinction in the shades of staining
•Stains granules differentially
1. Eosin :- It is an acidic dye ( negatively charged ) and stains
positively charged ( basic ) particles such as RBCs and granules
of Eosinoplhils
2. Methylene blue:- It is a basic dye ( positively charged ) and
stains negatively charged ( acidic ) particles such as cytoplasm,
nuclei of WBCs and granules of basophils.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. 3.
Acetone free methyl alcohol:- It is a fixative
It preserves the cell in whatever chemical and
metabolic state they are at the time of staining
The blood smear also gets fixed to the slide
( precipitation of protein in it, by alcohol ) so that it
can not be washed off
( Methyl alcohol should be acetone free as it causes
shrinkage of cells and even lysis. It should be also
water free as water may affect appearance of the
film causing rouleaux formation)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation of Blood Smear
– Take 4-5 grease free slides with smooth edges; 3-4
to be covered by the blood film and one as a
spreader
– Lay the slides on the table, prick the finger, touch
the bleeding point on the centerline of the slide at
about 1 to 2 cm from one end of the slide, on each
of the slides
– Place the narrow edge of the spreader on the
surface of slide just in front of the drop of the
blood at an angle of 45 deg.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. – Draw the spreader backwards so as to touch the
drop and hold it there till the blood runs along the
width of the spreader at the line of junction
– The spreader is then moved to the other end of the
slide slowly and smoothly maintaining the 45 deg
angle
– Allow the film to dry in air and repeat the
procedure with the other slides.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Criteria of a good blood smear:1. It should cover almost the entire width and about 3-4 cm length
of the slide
2. It is tongue shaped with no tail at the end
3. It is of uniform thickness, not too thick or too thin ( A thick film
appears red when placed on a white back ground )
4. There should not be longitudinal striations or cross striations or
air gaps in the smear.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. B. Fixing and staining the Blood smear :1. Fixing the blood smear:
i) Place the blood smear across 2 parallel
supports on the glass rods, to make
them horizontal
ii) Pour 8-12 drops of the Leishman’s stain
on the slides so as to cover the smear,
leave it on for 2 mins ( fixation time)
2. Staining the smear:
i) At the end of 2 mins add an equal no.
drops of buffered ( pH 6.8) water over the
stain so that water is not spilled over
ii) Mix the stain and water evenly by gently
blowing air intermittently with the help of a
dropper.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. act
iii) If the dilution of the stain is correct, the fluid will be
covered by a thin greenish scum. Leave the stain to
for 10 mins. ( staining time)
3. At the end of 10 mins, pour off the stain hold the slide in a
slanting position below the tap and the water is allowed to flow over
the smear
4. Wash the slide ( up to 2 mins) with tap water gently and
thoroughly till the film gets a pinkish tinge. Make sure that :i) none of the greenish scum settles on the surface of the
blood film
ii) water stream should not strike the blood stream directly or
else it may be washed off.
5. Wipe clean the back of the slide and set upright to dry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. C. Assessment of the quality of the stained smear:
A well stained smear has the following characteristics:1. The smear is single thick, with cells uniformly
distributed
2. At least 1 WBC is seen per high power field (X 100)
3. The RBCs are stained light pink
4. In an over stained smear, RBCs look bluish black
and WBCs will take up more methylene blue, hence
look totally purple
5. In an under stained smear, RBCs appear very pale
and WBCs look almost colorless.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. D. Examination of the stained smear under oil
immersion:-
Identification of the different types of blood
cells is done only under oil immersion
1. Place a drop of cedar- wood oil on the blood
film. Focus the oil immersion objective such
that it just touches the oil drop. Now raise the
objective and focus with a fine adjustment.
2. Study the distribution and characteristics of
different types of cells in the different parts
of the smear.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. 3. The following is observed:i) The most abundant cell type foun anywhere in the
smear is RBCs, as light pink non nucleated dics of
uniform size.
ii) At the head end end of the smear the RBCs are crowded
and superimposed, and the WBCs are poorly stained
iii) At the extreme tail end, the cells are wide apart and the
WBCs are distorted.
iv) At the upper and lower edges of the smear, the WBCs
are found in plenty but are poorly stained and
abnormally rich in granulocytes
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. E. Identification of different types of Leucocytes:
The WBCs can be differentiated from RBCs by the
presence of nucleus and Large size.
While identifying the WBCs, keep 4 factors in mind:1. Size of the cells ( compare with the surrounding
RBCs which are of uniform size, 7.2µm)
2. Features of the nucleus ( colour, number of lobes )
3. Features of the cytoplasmic granules ( pink or blue,
fine or coarse )
4. Nuclear / Cytoplasmic ratio.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. F. Counting of the different types of leucocytes:
A minimum of 100 WBCs are identified in a systematic manner and
counting is made using the tally- bar method. Ideally all the cells
should be counted in a single strip running the length of the smear,
proceeding from the base to the apex. Use the mechanical stage to
traverse the full length of the film. Move the slide along vertically
by a distance of 2mm and again traverse the full length of the film
this time in the opposite direction . This method ensures that the
cells are not counted more than once.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Alternatively a box containing 100 squares can be made in which
entry of each one of identified cells can be made.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. precautions
1.The slides should be claen and greese free
there fore , these should be cleaned troughly
with soap and water immediately
2.The glass spreader should be carefully
selected
3.Make about 4-5 bllod films so that at least
one is stisfactory
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. 4.Mark smeared surface with glass marking
pencil
5.Donot dry or heat or blot dry smear
6.Store blood must not be used
7.The smear should be stained not later than 2
hours after it has been prepared
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. 8. Assess the quality of the smear ,both
grossly and microscopically before staining
it
9.Only properly well stained slide should be
examined under the oil-immersion lens
www.indiandentalacademy.com