This document provides information on doors and windows. It defines doors and windows, discusses their components like frames, shutters, and sizes. It then describes different types of doors like glazed, plastic, flush, louvered, collapsible, revolving, rolling steel, and sliding doors. For windows, it discusses considerations for size, shape, location and provides guidelines for window area based on room size and climate. It also lists common window types like casement, double hung, pivoted and sliding windows.

1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society's
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
-Department of Civil Engineering-
By
Mr. Sameer shaikh (Assistant Professor)
Mail ID- shaikhsameercivil@sanjivani.org.in

2. UNIT 04
DOOR,WINDOWS,ARCHES AND
LINTELS

3. DOORS - INTRODUCTION
• A door may be defined as openable barrier secured in a wall
opening.
• Door is provided to give an access to the inside of a room.
• Serves as a thermal, acoustic and fire barrier, also as a weather
barrier as part of an external wall.
• Location of Door: Preferably door is located near the corner of a
room.

4. Door frame

5. TECHNICAL TERMS:
• FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an
enclosure to which the shutters are fixed.
• SHUTTERS:- These are the openable parts of a door or window.
• HEAD:- This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame.
• SILL:- This is the lowest or bottom horizontal part of a window
frame, not provided in door frames.
• HORN:- These are the horizontal projections of the head and sill. The
length of the horn in door is kept about 10 to 15cm.

6. • STYLE:- It is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or
window.
• TOP RAIL:- This is the top most horizontal member
of the shutter.
• LOCK RAIL:- It is the middle horizontal member
of the shutter where locking arrangement is provided.
• BOTTOM RAIL:- This is the lower most horizontal member if the shutter.
• PANEL:- This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
• HOLD FASTS:- It is a mild steel flats, generally bent into Z-shape, to fix the
frame to the opening. The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about
20cm and is embedded in the masonry.

7. Sizes of Doors:
• In general, a door should be of such dimensions that it allows the
movement of the largest object likely to be passed through the door.
• While in case of residential buildings it should be aimed that two persons
walking shoulder to shoulder can freely move through the door; while in
public buildings, bigger sizes are used.
• Normally, the sizes of doors provided in different locations in the
buildings are as follows :
(1) Internal doors for residential buildings : 0.9 m x 2 m
(2) External doors for residential buildings : 1.0 m x 2.0 m

8. (3) Doors for bath rooms and water closets in residential buildings : 0.7 m x
2.0 m
(4) Doors in public buildings, viz. hospitals, libraries, cinemas, etc. : 1.2 m x
2.25 m
(5) Doors in garages : 2.5 m x 2.25 m
• Note : Minimum height of a door should not be less than 1.80 m.
• Common criterion for sizes of doors used in India is as follows :
Width = 0.4 to 0.6 x Height
or
Height = Width + 1.2 m

9. Method of fixing Door and Window frames:-
• The fixing place of Door and Window frames need special attention.
• It will depend on the way the shutters are to open usually the front doors
open inside.
• The door of shutters are planned to swing 90ºor 180º or and parallel to
the wall.
• In modern building construction where concrete lintels are used over
opening door and window frames are fixed after the roof construction and
before plastering of masonry is taken.

10. Types of Doors:-
• Glazed or sash doors
• Plastic doors
• Flush doors
• Louvered doors
• Collapsible doors
• Revolving doors
• Rolling steel doors
• Sliding doors
• Swing doors
• Folding doors

11. Glazed or Sash doors:-
• This type of door is used in residential as well as public
buildings like hospitals, schools or colleges etc.
• They can be glazed fully or partly. Fully glazed doors are
recommended in situations where sufficient light is
required through the door opening as in the case of
shopping or display centres, lobbies, entrance halls etc.
• In case of partly glazed doors, normally the bottom one-third
height of the door is panelled and the remaining two-third is
glazed. In case of partly glazed doors, the styles are sometimes
diminished at the lock rail to improve the elevation and to permit
more area of glazing in the process.

12. Plastic doors:-
• Plastic doors are used in different types of building
such as residential, commercial, institutional, and many more.
• This doors are used in interiors as it is available in many
designs and colors.
• These are stable material doors, so it is sea water resistant , pollution resistant.
• Plastic doors needs only regular cleaning it doesn’t rots or fades.
• Such doors are chemically proof, dust proof, sound proof.
• These doors have good strength and high durability.

13. Flush doors:-
• With the large scale production of plywood and face veneers, use
of flush doors has become very popular these days.
• Flush doors have pleasing appearance, simple construction, high
strength, durability, and these doors cost less as compared with
panelled doors.
• These doors are commonly used in residential as well as public
buildings.
• Flush door shutter consists of a solid or semi solid framed skeleton
(core) covered on both faces with either plywood or a combination
of cross bands and face veneers giving perfectly flush and
jointless surface.

14. • 25 mm thick shutter is considered suitable for door openings upto
800 mm x 2100 mm in size;
30 mm to 35 mm thick shutter is used for opening of 900 mm x 2100 mm
in size whereas 40 mm thick flush door shutter is recommended for
door openings ranging from 1000 mm x 2100 mm to 1200 mm x 2100 mm in size.
Types of Flush Doors
Flush doors can be broadly divided into following three types :
(a) solid core type,
(b) Cellular core type, and
(c) Hollow core type

15. Louvered doors:-
• Louvered door permits free ventilation through them
and at the same time maintain privacy of the room.
• The door may either be louvered to its full height or it
may be partly louvered and partly panelled.
• However these doors dust which is very difficult to be
cleaned.
• These doors are generally used for w/c and bathrooms
of residential and public buildings.
• The louvers are arranged at such an inclination that
vision is obstructed while they permit free passage of air.

16. Collapsible doors:-
• These doors consists of a mild steel frame which is made
up of light steel channel sections.
• They are provided with rollers at bottom and top to roll
on rails when they open or collapse.
• These doors work without hinges and can be opened or
closed by a slight pull or push, and are extensively used
for residential buildings, public building's, sheds. schools
godowns etc.

17. Revolving doors:-
• These doors are extensively used where frequent opening
and closing of a door is to be avoided due to heavy foot
traffic, e.g. public buildings, banks, hotels, stores, theatres,
hospitals, etc.
• Such door provide entrance to the one and exit to the
other person simultaneously and close automatically when
not in use.
• This door also suitable for air conditioned buildings or for
building situated at a place where strong breeze flow
through out the year.
• The door consists of centrally placed mullion to which four

18. Rolling steel doors:-
• Rolling doors are a modification over sliding doors.
• These doors are generally made of steel or slats of sheet
metal which can be easily closed or opened by slightly
pulling or pushing the shutter.
• They do not require much space and are commonly used
for garages, show rooms, shops, godowns, factory
buildings etc.

19. Sliding doors:-
• The sliding doors which slide side ways were extensively used
in the past for residences.
• In such a door the shutter slides on the sides with the help of
runners and guide rails.
• The door may have one sliding shutter, two shutter, or even
three shutters depending upon the size of opening.

20. Swing doors:-
• This type of door is generally provided in passages of public buildings
like offices, banks, etc.
• The door may have single shutter or two shutters.
• The shutters are fixed with special hinges known as double action
spring hinges which hold the shutter in closed position when not in use.
• Since these doors are pushed open, they should have glazed shutters
so as to enable the users to see the objects on other side of the
door and avoid accidents.
• Door shutter should have a peep hole, fixed with glass. The peep hole should be
at eye level.

21. WINDOWS - INTRODUCTION
• A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the
purpose of providing day light, vision and ventilation.
• The construction of window is identical to that of door.
• Window consists of a window frame and shutters.
• The frame consists of two vertical members called jambs, one flat, i.e.
horizontal member connecting the jambs at top, known as head and
another flat member connecting the jambs at their feet, known as sill.
• The shutter can be fully glazed, panelled and glazed or only panelled type.
Windows are normally provided with two shutter leaves.

22. The selection of size, shape, location and the number of windows to be
provided in a room depends upon the following considerations :
(a) Size of room to be lighted.
(b) Location of the room and its utility.
(c) Architectural treatment to be given to the building.
(d) Direction of wind and its speed.
(e) Climatic factors prevailing at the site such as humidity & temperature
variation.

23. Following thumb rules have been framed to determine the area requirements for
windows in a room; and the size and hence the number of windows can be
worked out once the total area required for the window opening is known:-
• The total area of window openings should normally vary from 10 to 20% of the
floor area of the room. In hot and arid regions it could be 10 to 15% of the floor
area. When the building is to be located in hot and humid regions, the area of
window awnings should vary between 15 to 20% of the floor area.
• In case of public buildings like, schools, offices, factories, hospitals etc, the
minimum area of windows should be 20% of the floor area.
• For adequate natural Iight the total area of glass panels in windows should be at
least 8% of the floor area.

24. Types of windows:-
• Casement window
• Double hung window
• Pivoted window
• Sliding window
• Louvered or venetian window
• Sash or glazed window
• Bay window
• Corner window
• Dormer window
• Gable window
• Skylight window
• Circular window

25. Casement window:-
• Windows having shutters which opens like door are
called as casement windows.
• These are the main and common types of window
usually provided in the buildings.
• This has a frame consisting of styles, top rails, bottom
rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing into panels.
• The window frame is made in the same manner as a
door frame except that it has a sill at the bottom.

26. Double hung window:-
• This type of window frame consists of frame and pair of
shutters, arranged one above the other.
• The shutters can slide vertically within the grooves provided
provided in window frame.
• By provision of sliding, the window can be cleaned
effectively and at the same time ventilation can be
controlled effectively since the window can be opened at
top and bottom at desired extent.

27. Pivoted window:-
• This type consists of a frame and a shutter which
is pivoted to allow it to open with the top rail
swinging inside.
• The pivots are fixed slightly higher than the
horizontal central line of the shutter so that the
shutter can be self closing.
• The fittings used are pivots, cleats, latches and
ventilating gear etc.

28. Sliding window:-
• These windows are made of shutters which move
horizontally or vertically on small roller bearings.
• The shutters are of usual size.
• Suitable openings in the frame are left to accommodate
the shutters

29. Louvered or venetian window:-
• In this type of window the stiles of shutter are grooved to receive a series
of louvers which may be of glass or wood.
• The louvers are set with the grooves in inclined position so that
they slope downward to the outside in order to run off the
rain water and obstruct the horizontal vision at the same time.
• For economical construction the angle of inclination of the louvers or
blades to the vertical stiles should be 45".
• This type of window provides ventilation and light even when the
opening is closed.
• Such windows are commonly recommended for bathrooms, WCs and
other areas where privacy is the main consideration.
• It is difficult to maintain them clean as the dust gets easily deposited on
louvers.

30. Sash or glazed window:-
• A sash window is a type of casement window in which the
panels are fully glazed.
• The frame of each shutter consists of two vertical stiles, top rail
and bottom rail.
• The panel space between the stiles and the rails is suitably
divided by small timber members or bars placed both
horizontally and vertically or only horizontally to suit the design
requirements. These bars are known as sash bars or glazing
bars.
• Thus the sash bars divide the total panel space of a window
shutter into panels of small size.
• The glass panes are secured in position either by putty or by

31. Bay window:-
• Bay window projects outward from the face line of the
wall or a building.
• The projection may be triangular, circular, rectangular or
polygonal in plain.
• This gives extra floor area to the room and at the same
time provides an additional space for admitting light
and air into the room.
• A number of these windows might increase the
architectural beauty of the entire house.

32. Corner window:-
• As the name suggests this type of window is
essentially located in the comer of a room.
• This window has two faces in two
perpendicular directions, due to this light and
air is admitted from both directions.
• In addition such window serves as an
architectural feature for improving the
elevation of the building.
• However special lintel has to be casted over
the window opening in case of these windows.

33. Dormer window:-
• A dormer window is a vertical window built in
the sloping side of a pitched roof.
• This window is provided to achieve proper
ventilation and lighting of the enclosed space
below the roof.
• Dormer also provides architectural feature for
the building.

34. Gable window:-
A vertical window provided in the gable end of a
pitched
roof is known as a gable window.

35. Skylight window:-
• Skylight window is a fixed window provided on the sloping surface of a
pitched roof, the window being parallel to the sloping surface.
• Sky lights are provided with a view to permit the room below to be
fully lighted with natural light.
• The opening for the sky light is made by cutting the common rafter suitably.
• The framework of sky light supporting the glass panels consists of an
arrangement of trimming pieces, curb frame, bottom rail and top rail.
• The opening made for accommodating the sky light is properly treated by lead
flashing so as to ensure complete water proofing of the roof surrounding the

36. FIXTURES AND FASTENING FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS
• The fixtures and fastenings for doors and windows can be of Iron, Brass or
Aluminium.
• Fixtures and fastenings are provided for doors and windows to provide
operating facilities, security for rooms and ease of opening and closing etc.
• The fixtures and fastenings are manufactured in different shapes and sizes
to suit
the requirements of different sizes and types of doors and windows.
• The fixtures and fastenings can be broadly grouped as under :
(1) Hinges, (3) Handles, and

37. Hinges:-
• Hinge is a fixture which helps the door to rotate freely along its axis.
Types of Hinges:-
(1) Butt Hinge
(2) Strap Hinge
(3) Garnet Hinge
(4) Parliamentary Hinge
(5) Nar-Madi Hinge

38. Butt Hinge:-
• This is the most common type of hinge used for doors
and windows.
• It has two flanges made of cast iron, malleable iron, or
steel with counter sunk holes.
• One flange of hinge is screwed to the door or window
and other one screwed to the rebate of the frame.

39. Strap Hinge:-
• This type of hinge is normally used with ledged braced
doors, garage doors, boundary wall gates etc.
• The hinges have long arms which are fixed to the
shutter
and the rebate in the frame.

40. Garnet Hinge:-
• This type of hinge is also known as T-hinge and is commonly
used for battened or ledged and braced doors.
• The long arm of the hinge is screwed to the shutter whereas the
short arm or plate of the hinge is screwed to the door frame.

41. Parliamentary Hinge:-
• When the opening is very small or narrow, then it is better to provide
parliamentary hinges to provide more space of opening as well as to avoid
obstruction while moving furniture etc.
• Parliamentary hinges permit the shutters when open to rest parallel to the
wall clear of the opening.

42. Nar-Madi Hinge:-
• Nar-madi hinge is used for heavy doors, but it consists only one flange
which is fixed to the door.
• Pin is fixed to the frame to which flange is attached whenever is needed.

43. Bolts:-
• Door or window bolts are used to provide security for the rooms.
Types of Bolts:-
(1) Aldrop Bolt
(2) Hook and Eye type Bolt
(3) Barrel Bolt and Tower Bolt

44. Aldrop Bolt:-
• Aldrop bolt is olden type and most common type bolt.
• To lock this bolt pad locks are used.

45. Hook and Eye type Bolt:-
• This type of bolt is used to keep the windows shutter in required position
when it is opened.
• Hook is fixed to the shutter frame and eye is fixed to the window rail.

46. Handles:-
• Handles are used to open or close the door or windows.
Types of Handles:-
(1) Bow type handle
(2) Lever handle
(3) Door handle
(4) Wardrobe handle

47. Locks:-
• Locks used for doors and windows are of many types and some of them
are :-
(1) Padlock
(2) Mortise lock
(3) Rim lock
(4) Cupboard lock
(5) Lever handle lock

48. Pad lock:-
A detachable lock hanging by a pivoted hook on the
object fastened is called as pad lock.

49. Mortise lock:-
A mortise lock is a lock that requires a pocket- the mortise- to be
cut into the door or piece of furniture into which the lock is to be
fitted.

50. Rim lock:-
A lock that is fitted to the surface of a door as opposed to
a mortise lock is called as rim lock.