Chapter 7

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
(HONS)
BLD 60104 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1
By Azrina Md Yaakob
Azrina.MdYaakob@taylors.edu.my
CHAPTER 7
WINDOWS, DOOR AND IRONMONGERIES

•  The most common types of windows are double-hung
and hinged (or casement) windows
•  All windows consist of two parts, the frame and the
sash.
•  The double-hung window (Figure 8-14) is made of
upper and lower sashes that slide vertically past one
another.
•  Screens can be located on the outside of a double-
hung window without interfering with its operation.
•  Ventilators and window air conditioners may be placed
with the window nearly closed. However, for full
ventilation of a room, only one-half of the area of the
window can be used.

•  Casement
windows
(out-‐swinging
or
in-‐swinging)

may
be
hinged
at
the
sides,
top,
or
bo8om.

Casements
have
the
advantage
of
catching
a

parallel
breeze
and
slan?ng
it
into
a
room.

Ø  Out-‐swinging.
The
casement
window
that
opens

out
requires
the
window
screen
to
be
located
on

the
inside
with
a
device
cut
into
its
frame
to

operate
the
casement.

Ø  In-‐swinging.
In-‐swinging
casements,
like
double-‐
hung
windows,
are
clear
of
screens,
but
they
are

extremely
diﬃcult
to
make
waterAght,

parAcularly
against
a
driving
rainstorm.

WINDOW
FRAMES

•  Window frames are made of four basic parts: the head, the jambs
(two), and the sill. (The sash is the framework that holds the
glass in the window.)
•  Where openings are provided, cut away the studs and for
equivalent strength, double the studs on each side of the
opening to form trimmers.
•  Insert a header at the top. If the opening is wide, the header
should also be doubled and trussed.
•  At the bottom of the opening, insert the rough sill.
•  Sills have a usual slope of 1 to 5 inches so that they shed water
quickly. They are wider than frames, usually extending about 1
1/2 inches beyond the sheathing. They also form a base for the
outside finished casing.

WINDOW
SASHES

•  A window is normally composed of an upper and a
lower sash. There are two ordinary types of wood
sashes: fixed or movable.
•  Fixed sashes are removable only with the aid of a
carpenter.
•  Movable sashes may slide up and down in channels
in the frame (double-hung), or they may swing in or
out and be hinged at the side (casement type).
•  Sliding sashes are counterbalanced by sash weights
that weigh half as much as the sash. Sashes are
classified as single or divided, according to the
number of pieces of glass (or lights).

•  Door is a screen used to seal an opening into a
building or closed area and between rooms in a
building.
•  Doors can be made from timber, glass, metal, or
plastic.
•  Doors can be designed to swing from one
edge ,slide , slide and close, or roll to close.

External Doors Function:
•  Provide security
•  Be acceptable in appearance
•  Preserve the internal heat of the building
•  Maintain levels of sound insulation
•  Have durability in respect of weather
•  Must be sufficient width to allow the entry of
household items such as furniture .

External Doors
•  Dimension of doors
width – 762mm, 838mm , 914mm
height – 1981mm
thickness – 40 to 54mm
Internal Doors
•  Used to close the access through internal walls
(compartmentation)
•  Internal doors are thinner than external walls.
•  The dimension are same as external door.

TYPES OF DOORS
•  Doors, both exterior and interior, are classified as
job-built or mill-built. This classification is further
broken down as :
1.  Batten (matchboard doors)
2.  Panel,
3.  Flush doors.

BATTEN
DOOR

The batten door is the most commonly used and most
easily constructed type of job-built door. It can be
constructed in several ways, such as:
•  Using diagonal boards nailed together in two layers,
at right angles to each other. This type of door is
often used as the core for metal-sheathed fire doors.
•  Using vertical boards that are tongue-and-grooved
or ship lapped. The door is held rigid by two to four
cross pieces, called ledgers, which may or may not
be diagonally braced. If two additional pieces
forming the sides of the door and corresponding to
the ledgers are used, these are called frames.

In hasty construction (on-site prefabrication), the
carpenter makes a batten door from several 2 x 6
boards with ledgers and braces, as follows:
•  Nail the ledgers with their edges 6 inches from the
ends of the door boards.
•  Place a diagonal board between the ledgers. It
begins at the top-ledger end, opposite the hinge side
of the door, and runs to the lower ledger, diagonally
across the door. On an outside door, use roofing felt
on the weather side to cover the boards.
•  Nail wooden laths around the edges and across the
middle of the door to hold the roofing felt in place.

MILL-‐BUILT
DOORS

The usual exterior door is the panel type (Figure 8-2).
It consists of stiles, rails, and filler panels. Two
frequently used interior doors are the flush and the
panel types (Figure 8-2).

PANEL
DOORS

•  Panel doors consist of vertical members called
stiles and horizontal members called rails.
•  Stiles and rails form the framework into which
panels are inserted.
•  Additional vertical and horizontal members
called muntins are used to divide the door into
any number of panels.
•  Panels may be solid wood, plywood, particleboard
or louvered or have glass inserts.

FLUSH
DOOR

•  Flush doors have flat surfaces on both sides and consist of a
wood frame with thin sheets of material (plywood veneer,
plastic laminates, hardboard, or metal) applied to both faces.
•  Flush doors have either solid or hollow core.
•  Solid-core doors have a solid particle board or woodblock
core which is covered with layers of veneer. They are usually
used as exterior doors. Solid-core doors provide better sound
insulation and have less tendency to warp.
•  Hollow-core doors have a lightweight core made of various
materials that are covered with layers of veneer. They are
usually used as interior doors and are less expensive to
produce.

Comparison Between
Doors
Type Advantages Disadvantages When to
use
Hollow
core
flush
door
• Cheap
• Readily
avaible in a
variety of
finishes
• Often require
no decoration
• Less durable than
solid doors
• Poor sound
insulation
• Internal
doors in
house
• Used where
sound and
fire
resistance
not a issue

use
Solid
Timber
doors
• Durable
• Good sound
resistance
• High quality
Appearance
• Expensive
• Often require
applied decorative
• Places
which require
resistance in
sound and
fire
• High
residential
area
Comparison Between
Doors

use
Glazed
Doors
• Allow the
passage of
light to areas
that have
limited access
to natural light
• Potential for
danger due to
glass at lower
level
• Where
natural light
is to be
maximized or
when
aesthetics
demand
Comparison Between
Doors

DOOR
FRAMES

•  A door frame or lining is attached to the opening
in which a door is to be fitted.
•  It provides a surround for the door and is the
member to which a door is foxed or hung.
•  Types of Frame:
a)  Timber door frame
b)  Metal door frame
c)  Door lining

DOOR
FRAMES

Timber Door Frame
•  Made from rectangular section timber
•  A door frame is approximately twice as wide as its
thickness plus the stop.
•  Timber door frame consists of :
1.  Head
2.  Two post (jambs)
3.  Sill
•  These parts are joined by wedged mortise and
tenon joints, combed joints and tenon joints
pinned with a metal star shaped dowel.

METAL
DOOR
FRAMES

•  Made from mild steel pressed into one of three
standard profiles
•  Suitable for internal and external frame
•  Durable
•  Expensive
•  Easy Handling

DOOR
LINING

•  Door linings are used for internal doors whereby
door frame is for external door
•  Made from timber board , 25mm or 32 mm thick
•  Door linings are not built in but fixed into opening by
nailing or screwing directly into block walls .

DOOR
JAMBS

•  Door jambs (Figure 8-7) are the linings of the framing
in door openings. The casing and stops are nailed to
the door jambs, and the door is hung from them.

DOORS
BASED
ON
OPERATION

DOORS BASED ON CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS

HOLLOW
METAL
FLUSH-‐DOOR
STYLES

IRONMONGERY

•  Ironmongery is a general term which is applied to
builders hardware and includes such items as
nails, screws , bolts, hinges, locks, window and
door fittings

IRONMONGERY

Nails

•  Nailing
is
the
most
basic
and
most
commonly
used

means
of
a8aching
members
in
wood
frame

construc?on.

•  Usually,
nailing
is
used
as
a
structural
connec?on

and
appearance
is
not
a
factor.

•  Excep?ons
to
this
are
nails
used
for
cladding,

decking
and
ﬁnish
work,
where
care
in
the
selec?on

of
the
type
of
nail
can
lead
to
enhanced

appearance.

TYPES
OF
NAILS

ROUND
WIRE
NAIL
-‐
This
is
used
for
general
work.
It
is
not

a8rac?ve
in
shape
and
it
can
split
wood
when
hammered

in
posi?on

OVAL
WIRE
NAIL
-‐
This
is
a
long
nail
and
care
must
be

taken
when
it
is
hammered
into
the
wood.
It
is
unlikely
to

split
the
wood.

TYPES
OF
NAILS

LOST HEAD NAIL - This is ideal if it is necessary to
hide the head of the nail as a punch can be used to
hammer the head beneath the surface level.
PANEL PIN - A very popular way of joining woods
although glue is usually included as part of the join

TYPES
OF
NAILS

TACK - Can be used for fixing textile materials to
wood for example, fixing upholstery to furniture.
SPRIG - This no head and is generally used for
fixing glass to glass in wood frames.

TYPES
OF
NAILS

ANNULAR NAIL - The teeth of this nail hold it in
place firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing
plywood and other materials.
HARDBOARD PIN - The diamond shaped head is
hidden when used in materials like hardboard

SCREWS

•  Screws
rely
on
their
threads
to
develop
resistance
to

withdrawal.

•  Nails
are
faster
to
install
but
rely
mainly
on
fric?on
to
resist

withdrawal.

•  For
this
reason,
designs
should
ensure
that
nails
are
loaded

laterally
and
that
withdrawal
loads
are
kept
to
a
minimum.

•  Wood
screws
are
usually
used
for
finishing
rather
than
for

structural
framing.

•  Screws
find
some
applica?ons
in
structural
framing
as
in
the

case
of
floor
sheathing
which
is
glued
and
screwed
to
the

joists
or
the
posi?ve
a8achment
of
gypsum
wallboard
to

support
members.

•  They
are
higher
in
cost
than
nails
because
of
the
machining

required
to
make
the
thread
and
the
head.

•  Screws
are
designed
to
be
much
be8er
at
resis?ng

withdrawal
than
nails.

TYPES
OF
SCREWS

COUNTERSUNK - SLOT HEAD:
T h i s c a n b e u s e d f o r g e n e r a l
woodworking for example fitting hinges
to doors. Because the screw is
countersunk it can be tightened 'flush' to
the surface of the material.

POZIDRIV
HEAD:

Used
with
special
screw
drivers

which
will
not
slip
when

pressure
is
applied.
This
is
ideal

when
using
screws
in
corners
or

conﬁned
spaces.

ROUND
HEAD
SCREW:

These
are
used
for
ﬁxing
pieces
of

material
together
where

countersunk
holes
are
not
being

used.
Round
head
screws
can
look

quite
decora?ve
especially
if
they

are
made
of
brass.

RAISED
HEAD
SCREW:

Used
to
ﬁt
door
handle

plates
and
decora?ve

features
that
must
look

good.

DOME
HEAD
SCREW:

Can
be
used
for
fi[ng
fixtures
such
as

mirrors.
The
'cap',
which
is
the
dome

shape
is
usually
chromed
or
made
from

brass
and
this
can
be
a
good
feature.
It

also
makes
the
head
of
the
screw
safe
as

the
doom
has
no
sharp
edges
to
catch

and
cut
hands/fingers.

CHIPBOARD
SCREWS:

The
thread
on
this
type
of

screw
extends
all
the
way

along
the
length.
It
is
best

used
with
chipboard

SELF-‐TAPPING
SCREWS:

these
are
normally
used
to
cut
a

thread
in
metal.
A
hole
is
drilled

in
the
metal,
a
frac?on
smaller

than
the
width
of
the
screw.
The

self-‐tapping
screw
is
then
turned

into
the
hole
cu[ng
a
thread

IRONMONGERY

Cavity Fixings
•  Various fixing devices are available for fixing
components to thin materials of low structural
strength such as plasterboard and hardboard.
•  Cavity fixings are designed to spread the load over
a wide area of the board. Such fixings are :
ü Steel spring toggles
ü Steel gravity toggles
ü Rubber cavity fixings

Steel Spring Toggles
•  Available in small, medium and large.
•  For fixing ceiling lights, radiators and book shelves
in plasterboard and lath and plaster.
•  Also suitable for general electrical fittings into
plasterboard, etc.
•  Spring –actuated wings open out when the toggle
fixing has been inserted through a hole in the board
and spread out on the reverse side of the
board.Spring toggles are specially suited to suspend
fixtures from a ceiling.

Steel Gravity Toggles
•  When inserted horizontally into a hole in the board ,
the long end of the toggle drops and is pulled
against the reverse side of the board when the screw
is tightened.

Rubber Cavity Fixings
•  A rubber , in which a nut is embedded is inserted
horizontally through a hole in board , the tightening
of the screw causing the sleeve to compress and
grip the reverse side of the board. This fixing device
forms an airtight, waterproof and vibration resistant
fixing.

Hinges
•  Hinges are devices used to attach doors ,windows
and gates to a frame,lining or post so that they are
able to pivot about one edge.
•  Hinges are classified by their function,length of flap
and material used.
•  Material used for hinges are :
ü  Steel
ü  Brass
ü  Cast iron
ü  Aluminium
ü  Nylon with metal pins.

HINGES

Typical
Examples
of
Hinges
commonly
used
are
:

•  Steel
bu8
hinges

•  Steel
double
ﬂap
bu8
hinge

•  Rising
bu8
hinge

•  Parliament
hinge

•  Tee
hinge

•  Band
and
hook

•  Bu8erﬂy
hinge

•  Flush
hinge

•  Barrel
hinge

•  Concealed
hinge

•  Con?nuous
hinge

HINGES

Steel
bu8
hinges

Comes
in
a
range
of
sizes

from
13mm
to
150mm

and
is
normally
used
for

cabinet
doors.
They
are

very
strong
but
cannot
be

adjusted
once
they
are

ﬁ8ed.

HINGES

Steel
Double
ﬂap
bu8

hinge

Same
as
the
bu8
hinge
but

made
from
two
steel
strips

to
give
extra
strenght.

HINGES

Rising
Bu8
hinge

Used
to
make
the
door
level
rise
as
it
opened
to
clear
carpets

and
similar
ﬂoor
coverings.

The
door
will
aslo
act
as
a
gravity
self
closing
dorr
when
ﬁ8ed

with
these
bu8s
which
are
some?mes
called
skew
bu8
hinges.

HINGES

Parliament
Hinge

A
bu8
hinge
with
a

projec?ng
knuckle
and

pin
enabling
the
door
to

swing
through
180

degrees.

HINGES

Tee
Hinge

used
mainly
for

hanging
matchboard

(ba8en)
doors
where

the
weight
is

distributed
over
a

large
area.

HINGES

Band
and
Hook

A
stronger
type
of
tee
hinge
made
from
wrought
steel
and

used
for
heavy
doors
and
gates.

HINGES

Bu8erfly
Hinge

This
is
oden
used
on

light-‐weight
doors
and

different
shapes
and

pa8erns
are
available.

They
are
generally
easy

to
fit.

HINGES

Flush
Hinge

This
type
of
hinge
does

not
require
a
recess
to
be

cut.
They
are
not
as

strong
as
bu8
hinges
but

can
be
used
for
light-‐
weight
doors
and
small

box
construc?on.

HINGES

Barrel
Hinge

This
comes
in
two
parts.

The
threaded
part
of
the

hinge
is
screwed
into
a

pre-‐drilled
hole.
They
are

easy
to
ﬁt
and
the
hinge

can
be
dismantled.

HINGES

Concealed
Hinge

These
normally
come
in

two
sizes
(25mm
and

36mm.
The
hinge
is

adjustable
once
ﬁ8ed
and

is
designed
with

chipboard.

HINGES

Con?nuous
Hinge

This
is
a
hinge
that
comes
in
diﬀerent
lengths
and
can
be

bought
in
brass
or
steel.
It
is
ideal
where
a
long
hinge
is

required
such
as
a
desk
top
or
a
cupboard
door.
Small

countersink
screws
are
normally
used
to
ﬁx
it
in
posi?on.

LOCKS
AND
LATCHES

•  Lock – is used for doors ,whereby you need a key
to open it .
•  Latch - is used for doors , whereby it is operated
and opened by using a lever or bar.Latches are used
on lightweight cupboard
•  Locks and latches are either fixed to face of the
door with a staple or keep fixed to the frame when
they are termed rim locks .

LOCKS
AND
LATCHES

•  If the locks and latches are fixed within the body of
the door ,they are called mortice locks or latches.
•  Cylinder night latches are fitted to the stile of a door
and connecting bar withdraws the latch when the
key is turned .

MORTICE
LOCKS
AND
LATCH

CYLINDRICAL
NIGHT
LATCHES

DOOR
BOLTS

•  Door bolts are security devices fixed to the inside
faces of doors and consist of a slide or bolt
operated by hand to locate in a keep to the frame.
•  Two general patterns produced are :
1.  Tower bolt – cheapest form and stronger
2.  Barrel bolt

TOWER
BOLT

•  The
bolt
of
a
tower

bolt
is
retained
with

staples
or
straps.

BARREL
BOLT

•  In
a
barrel
bolt,
it
is

completely
enclosed

along
its
length.

CASEMENT
WINDOW
FURNITURE

•  In the casement window, there are two major
parts required for the opening of sash which
are :
1.  Fasterner – is the security device
2.  Stay – which holds the sash in the opened
position.

•  Fasterner operate by the blade being secured in a
mortice cut into the frame or by the blade locating
over a projecting wedge or pin fixed to the frame.
•  Casement stay can be obtained to hold the sash
open in a number of set positions by using a pin
fixed to the frame and having a series of locating
holes in the stay or they can be fully adjustable by
the stay sliding through a screw down stop fixed to
the frame.

INTERNAL
FIXINGS
AND
SHELVES

Internal
Fixings

These
includes
ﬁxings
such
as
:

1.  Skir?ng

2.  Architraves

3.  Dado
rails

4.  Picture
rails

5.  Cornices

6.  Cupboard
ﬁ[ngs

7.  Shelves

Skirting
•  Is a horizontal member fixed around the skirt or base of a wall
primarily to mask the junction between a wall finish and a floor .
•  This skirting can be an integral part of the floor finishes such a
tiles or made from timber.
Cornices
•  Cornices are timber or plaster ornate mouldings used to mask the
junction between the wall and ceiling.

Dado Rails
•  These are horizontal mouldings fixed in a position the walls from
being damaged by the backs of chairs pushed against them.
•  They are very seldom used today since modern chairs design
renders them unnecessary .If used, they are fixed by nails directly
to the wall or plugs inserted in the wall.
Picture Rails
•  These are molded rails fixed horizontally around the walls of a
room from which pictures may be suspended and are usually
positioned in line with the top edges of the door architrave.
•  They can be of timber or metal and like the dado rail are very
seldom used in modern domestic buildings. Here the nail is also
used to fix it.

Cupboard Fittings
•  Usually supplied as a complete fittings
•  Only requires positioning in site
•  The cupboard needs to be plugged and screwed to the wall
•  Shelves
•  Shelves is part of a cupboard fitting
Architraves
•  These a mouldings cut and fixed around door and window
openings to mask the joint between the wall finishes and the
frame. Like skirting ,the usual material is timber but metal or
plastic mouldings are avaible.Architraves are fixed with nails
to the frame or lining and to wall.

Kitchen Fittings
•  The cupboards and drawers are manufactured and
preassembled.
•  Then fixed using metal brackets and purpose-made
plastics.
•  The materials vary such as chipboard, plywood or
timber.
•  In the fittings , accessories such as wine ,plate and
glass racks can be installed.

TUTORIAL 7
Prepare a short presentation highlighting the major
ironmongeries that are being used for construction.
You may also bring the ironmongeries during
presentation for sharing.
Requirements:
You should prepare the presentation in an A3 size board. Each
panel must state the name, student ID and title of presentation.
(Group of 5)

Chapter 7

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