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Chapter 7
- 1. BACHELOR OF QUANTITYSURVEYING (HONS) BLD 60104 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1 By Azrina Md Yaakob Azrina.MdYaakob@taylors.edu.my CHAPTER 7 WINDOWS, DOOR AND IRONMONGERIES
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- 3. • The mostcommon types of windows are double-hung and hinged (or casement) windows • All windows consist of two parts, the frame and the sash. • The double-hung window (Figure 8-14) is made of upper and lower sashes that slide vertically past one another. • Screens can be located on the outside of a double- hung window without interfering with its operation. • Ventilators and window air conditioners may be placed with the window nearly closed. However, for full ventilation of a room, only one-half of the area of the window can be used.
- 4. • Casement windows (out-‐swinging or in-‐swinging) may be hinged at the sides, top, or bo8om. Casements have the advantage of catching a parallel breeze and slan?ng it into a room. Ø Out-‐swinging. The casement window that opens out requires the window screen to be located on the inside with a device cut into its frame to operate the casement. Ø In-‐swinging. In-‐swinging casements, like double-‐ hung windows, are clear of screens, but they are extremely difficult to make waterAght, parAcularly against a driving rainstorm.
- 6. WINDOW FRAMES • Window frames are made of four basic parts: the head, the jambs (two), and the sill. (The sash is the framework that holds the glass in the window.) • Where openings are provided, cut away the studs and for equivalent strength, double the studs on each side of the opening to form trimmers. • Insert a header at the top. If the opening is wide, the header should also be doubled and trussed. • At the bottom of the opening, insert the rough sill. • Sills have a usual slope of 1 to 5 inches so that they shed water quickly. They are wider than frames, usually extending about 1 1/2 inches beyond the sheathing. They also form a base for the outside finished casing.
- 7. WINDOW SASHES • A window is normally composed of an upper and a lower sash. There are two ordinary types of wood sashes: fixed or movable. • Fixed sashes are removable only with the aid of a carpenter. • Movable sashes may slide up and down in channels in the frame (double-hung), or they may swing in or out and be hinged at the side (casement type). • Sliding sashes are counterbalanced by sash weights that weigh half as much as the sash. Sashes are classified as single or divided, according to the number of pieces of glass (or lights).
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- 13. • Door isa screen used to seal an opening into a building or closed area and between rooms in a building. • Doors can be made from timber, glass, metal, or plastic. • Doors can be designed to swing from one edge ,slide , slide and close, or roll to close.
- 14. External Doors Function: • Provide security • Be acceptable in appearance • Preserve the internal heat of the building • Maintain levels of sound insulation • Have durability in respect of weather • Must be sufficient width to allow the entry of household items such as furniture .
- 15. External Doors • Dimensionof doors width – 762mm, 838mm , 914mm height – 1981mm thickness – 40 to 54mm Internal Doors • Used to close the access through internal walls (compartmentation) • Internal doors are thinner than external walls. • The dimension are same as external door.
- 16. TYPES OF DOORS • Doors, both exterior and interior, are classified as job-built or mill-built. This classification is further broken down as : 1. Batten (matchboard doors) 2. Panel, 3. Flush doors.
- 18. BATTEN DOOR Thebatten door is the most commonly used and most easily constructed type of job-built door. It can be constructed in several ways, such as: • Using diagonal boards nailed together in two layers, at right angles to each other. This type of door is often used as the core for metal-sheathed fire doors. • Using vertical boards that are tongue-and-grooved or ship lapped. The door is held rigid by two to four cross pieces, called ledgers, which may or may not be diagonally braced. If two additional pieces forming the sides of the door and corresponding to the ledgers are used, these are called frames.
- 19. In hasty construction(on-site prefabrication), the carpenter makes a batten door from several 2 x 6 boards with ledgers and braces, as follows: • Nail the ledgers with their edges 6 inches from the ends of the door boards. • Place a diagonal board between the ledgers. It begins at the top-ledger end, opposite the hinge side of the door, and runs to the lower ledger, diagonally across the door. On an outside door, use roofing felt on the weather side to cover the boards. • Nail wooden laths around the edges and across the middle of the door to hold the roofing felt in place.
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- 21. MILL-‐BUILT DOORS Theusual exterior door is the panel type (Figure 8-2). It consists of stiles, rails, and filler panels. Two frequently used interior doors are the flush and the panel types (Figure 8-2).
- 23. PANEL DOORS • Panel doors consist of vertical members called stiles and horizontal members called rails. • Stiles and rails form the framework into which panels are inserted. • Additional vertical and horizontal members called muntins are used to divide the door into any number of panels. • Panels may be solid wood, plywood, particleboard or louvered or have glass inserts.
- 25. FLUSH DOOR • Flush doors have flat surfaces on both sides and consist of a wood frame with thin sheets of material (plywood veneer, plastic laminates, hardboard, or metal) applied to both faces. • Flush doors have either solid or hollow core. • Solid-core doors have a solid particle board or woodblock core which is covered with layers of veneer. They are usually used as exterior doors. Solid-core doors provide better sound insulation and have less tendency to warp. • Hollow-core doors have a lightweight core made of various materials that are covered with layers of veneer. They are usually used as interior doors and are less expensive to produce.
- 27. Comparison Between Doors Type AdvantagesDisadvantages When to use Hollow core flush door • Cheap • Readily avaible in a variety of finishes • Often require no decoration • Less durable than solid doors • Poor sound insulation • Internal doors in house • Used where sound and fire resistance not a issue
- 28. Type Advantages DisadvantagesWhen to use Solid Timber doors • Durable • Good sound resistance • High quality Appearance • Expensive • Often require applied decorative • Places which require resistance in sound and fire • High residential area Comparison Between Doors
- 29. Type Advantages DisadvantagesWhen to use Glazed Doors • Allow the passage of light to areas that have limited access to natural light • Potential for danger due to glass at lower level • Where natural light is to be maximized or when aesthetics demand Comparison Between Doors
- 30. DOOR FRAMES • A door frame or lining is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. • It provides a surround for the door and is the member to which a door is foxed or hung. • Types of Frame: a) Timber door frame b) Metal door frame c) Door lining
- 33. DOOR FRAMES TimberDoor Frame • Made from rectangular section timber • A door frame is approximately twice as wide as its thickness plus the stop. • Timber door frame consists of : 1. Head 2. Two post (jambs) 3. Sill • These parts are joined by wedged mortise and tenon joints, combed joints and tenon joints pinned with a metal star shaped dowel.
- 34. METAL DOOR FRAMES • Made from mild steel pressed into one of three standard profiles • Suitable for internal and external frame • Durable • Expensive • Easy Handling
- 35. DOOR LINING • Door linings are used for internal doors whereby door frame is for external door • Made from timber board , 25mm or 32 mm thick • Door linings are not built in but fixed into opening by nailing or screwing directly into block walls .
- 37. DOOR JAMBS • Door jambs (Figure 8-7) are the linings of the framing in door openings. The casing and stops are nailed to the door jambs, and the door is hung from them.
- 40. DOORS BASED ON OPERATION
- 41. DOORS BASED ONCONSTRUCTION DETAILS
- 42. HOLLOW METAL FLUSH-‐DOOR STYLES
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- 45. IRONMONGERY • Ironmongeryis a general term which is applied to builders hardware and includes such items as nails, screws , bolts, hinges, locks, window and door fittings
- 46. IRONMONGERY Nails • Nailing is the most basic and most commonly used means of a8aching members in wood frame construc?on. • Usually, nailing is used as a structural connec?on and appearance is not a factor. • Excep?ons to this are nails used for cladding, decking and finish work, where care in the selec?on of the type of nail can lead to enhanced appearance.
- 47. TYPES OF NAILS ROUND WIRE NAIL -‐ This is used for general work. It is not a8rac?ve in shape and it can split wood when hammered in posi?on OVAL WIRE NAIL -‐ This is a long nail and care must be taken when it is hammered into the wood. It is unlikely to split the wood.
- 48. TYPES OF NAILS LOST HEAD NAIL - This is ideal if it is necessary to hide the head of the nail as a punch can be used to hammer the head beneath the surface level. PANEL PIN - A very popular way of joining woods although glue is usually included as part of the join
- 49. TYPES OF NAILS TACK - Can be used for fixing textile materials to wood for example, fixing upholstery to furniture. SPRIG - This no head and is generally used for fixing glass to glass in wood frames.
- 50. TYPES OF NAILS ANNULAR NAIL - The teeth of this nail hold it in place firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing plywood and other materials. HARDBOARD PIN - The diamond shaped head is hidden when used in materials like hardboard
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- 52. SCREWS • Screws rely on their threads to develop resistance to withdrawal. • Nails are faster to install but rely mainly on fric?on to resist withdrawal. • For this reason, designs should ensure that nails are loaded laterally and that withdrawal loads are kept to a minimum. • Wood screws are usually used for finishing rather than for structural framing. • Screws find some applica?ons in structural framing as in the case of floor sheathing which is glued and screwed to the joists or the posi?ve a8achment of gypsum wallboard to support members. • They are higher in cost than nails because of the machining required to make the thread and the head. • Screws are designed to be much be8er at resis?ng withdrawal than nails.
- 54. TYPES OF SCREWS COUNTERSUNK - SLOT HEAD: T h i s c a n b e u s e d f o r g e n e r a l woodworking for example fitting hinges to doors. Because the screw is countersunk it can be tightened 'flush' to the surface of the material.
- 55. POZIDRIV HEAD: Used with special screw drivers which will not slip when pressure is applied. This is ideal when using screws in corners or confined spaces.
- 56. ROUND HEAD SCREW: These are used for fixing pieces of material together where countersunk holes are not being used. Round head screws can look quite decora?ve especially if they are made of brass.
- 57. RAISED HEAD SCREW: Used to fit door handle plates and decora?ve features that must look good.
- 58. DOME HEAD SCREW: Can be used for fi[ng fixtures such as mirrors. The 'cap', which is the dome shape is usually chromed or made from brass and this can be a good feature. It also makes the head of the screw safe as the doom has no sharp edges to catch and cut hands/fingers.
- 59. CHIPBOARD SCREWS: The thread on this type of screw extends all the way along the length. It is best used with chipboard
- 60. SELF-‐TAPPING SCREWS: these are normally used to cut a thread in metal. A hole is drilled in the metal, a frac?on smaller than the width of the screw. The self-‐tapping screw is then turned into the hole cu[ng a thread
- 61. IRONMONGERY Cavity Fixings • Various fixing devices are available for fixing components to thin materials of low structural strength such as plasterboard and hardboard. • Cavity fixings are designed to spread the load over a wide area of the board. Such fixings are : ü Steel spring toggles ü Steel gravity toggles ü Rubber cavity fixings
- 62. Steel Spring Toggles • Available in small, medium and large. • For fixing ceiling lights, radiators and book shelves in plasterboard and lath and plaster. • Also suitable for general electrical fittings into plasterboard, etc. • Spring –actuated wings open out when the toggle fixing has been inserted through a hole in the board and spread out on the reverse side of the board.Spring toggles are specially suited to suspend fixtures from a ceiling.
- 65. Steel Gravity Toggles • When inserted horizontally into a hole in the board , the long end of the toggle drops and is pulled against the reverse side of the board when the screw is tightened.
- 66. Rubber Cavity Fixings • A rubber , in which a nut is embedded is inserted horizontally through a hole in board , the tightening of the screw causing the sleeve to compress and grip the reverse side of the board. This fixing device forms an airtight, waterproof and vibration resistant fixing.
- 67. Hinges • Hinges aredevices used to attach doors ,windows and gates to a frame,lining or post so that they are able to pivot about one edge. • Hinges are classified by their function,length of flap and material used. • Material used for hinges are : ü Steel ü Brass ü Cast iron ü Aluminium ü Nylon with metal pins.
- 68. HINGES Typical Examples of Hinges commonly used are : • Steel bu8 hinges • Steel double flap bu8 hinge • Rising bu8 hinge • Parliament hinge • Tee hinge • Band and hook • Bu8erfly hinge • Flush hinge • Barrel hinge • Concealed hinge • Con?nuous hinge
- 70. HINGES Steel bu8 hinges Comes in a range of sizes from 13mm to 150mm and is normally used for cabinet doors. They are very strong but cannot be adjusted once they are fi8ed.
- 71. HINGES Steel Double flap bu8 hinge Same as the bu8 hinge but made from two steel strips to give extra strenght.
- 72. HINGES Rising Bu8 hinge Used to make the door level rise as it opened to clear carpets and similar floor coverings. The door will aslo act as a gravity self closing dorr when fi8ed with these bu8s which are some?mes called skew bu8 hinges.
- 73. HINGES Parliament Hinge A bu8 hinge with a projec?ng knuckle and pin enabling the door to swing through 180 degrees.
- 74. HINGES Tee Hinge used mainly for hanging matchboard (ba8en) doors where the weight is distributed over a large area.
- 75. HINGES Band and Hook A stronger type of tee hinge made from wrought steel and used for heavy doors and gates.
- 76. HINGES Bu8erfly Hinge This is oden used on light-‐weight doors and different shapes and pa8erns are available. They are generally easy to fit.
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- 78. HINGES Barrel Hinge This comes in two parts. The threaded part of the hinge is screwed into a pre-‐drilled hole. They are easy to fit and the hinge can be dismantled.
- 79. HINGES Concealed Hinge These normally come in two sizes (25mm and 36mm. The hinge is adjustable once fi8ed and is designed with chipboard.
- 80. HINGES Con?nuous Hinge This is a hinge that comes in different lengths and can be bought in brass or steel. It is ideal where a long hinge is required such as a desk top or a cupboard door. Small countersink screws are normally used to fix it in posi?on.
- 81. LOCKS AND LATCHES • Lock – is used for doors ,whereby you need a key to open it . • Latch - is used for doors , whereby it is operated and opened by using a lever or bar.Latches are used on lightweight cupboard • Locks and latches are either fixed to face of the door with a staple or keep fixed to the frame when they are termed rim locks .
- 82. LOCKS AND LATCHES • If the locks and latches are fixed within the body of the door ,they are called mortice locks or latches. • Cylinder night latches are fitted to the stile of a door and connecting bar withdraws the latch when the key is turned .
- 83. RIM LOCKS AND LATCH
- 85. MORTICE LOCKS AND LATCH
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- 88. DOOR BOLTS • Door bolts are security devices fixed to the inside faces of doors and consist of a slide or bolt operated by hand to locate in a keep to the frame. • Two general patterns produced are : 1. Tower bolt – cheapest form and stronger 2. Barrel bolt
- 89. TOWER BOLT • The bolt of a tower bolt is retained with staples or straps.
- 90. BARREL BOLT • In a barrel bolt, it is completely enclosed along its length.
- 91. CASEMENT WINDOW FURNITURE • In the casement window, there are two major parts required for the opening of sash which are : 1. Fasterner – is the security device 2. Stay – which holds the sash in the opened position.
- 92. • Fasterner operateby the blade being secured in a mortice cut into the frame or by the blade locating over a projecting wedge or pin fixed to the frame. • Casement stay can be obtained to hold the sash open in a number of set positions by using a pin fixed to the frame and having a series of locating holes in the stay or they can be fully adjustable by the stay sliding through a screw down stop fixed to the frame.
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- 95. INTERNAL FIXINGS AND SHELVES Internal Fixings These includes fixings such as : 1. Skir?ng 2. Architraves 3. Dado rails 4. Picture rails 5. Cornices 6. Cupboard fi[ngs 7. Shelves
- 96. Skirting • Is ahorizontal member fixed around the skirt or base of a wall primarily to mask the junction between a wall finish and a floor . • This skirting can be an integral part of the floor finishes such a tiles or made from timber. Cornices • Cornices are timber or plaster ornate mouldings used to mask the junction between the wall and ceiling.
- 97. Dado Rails • Theseare horizontal mouldings fixed in a position the walls from being damaged by the backs of chairs pushed against them. • They are very seldom used today since modern chairs design renders them unnecessary .If used, they are fixed by nails directly to the wall or plugs inserted in the wall. Picture Rails • These are molded rails fixed horizontally around the walls of a room from which pictures may be suspended and are usually positioned in line with the top edges of the door architrave. • They can be of timber or metal and like the dado rail are very seldom used in modern domestic buildings. Here the nail is also used to fix it.
- 98. Cupboard Fittings • Usuallysupplied as a complete fittings • Only requires positioning in site • The cupboard needs to be plugged and screwed to the wall • Shelves • Shelves is part of a cupboard fitting Architraves • These a mouldings cut and fixed around door and window openings to mask the joint between the wall finishes and the frame. Like skirting ,the usual material is timber but metal or plastic mouldings are avaible.Architraves are fixed with nails to the frame or lining and to wall.
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- 101. Kitchen Fittings • Thecupboards and drawers are manufactured and preassembled. • Then fixed using metal brackets and purpose-made plastics. • The materials vary such as chipboard, plywood or timber. • In the fittings , accessories such as wine ,plate and glass racks can be installed.
- 103. TUTORIAL 7 Prepare ashort presentation highlighting the major ironmongeries that are being used for construction. You may also bring the ironmongeries during presentation for sharing. Requirements: You should prepare the presentation in an A3 size board. Each panel must state the name, student ID and title of presentation. (Group of 5)