This document describes the design of a 900 phase shifter using a switched line technique for phased array antennas. It involves designing microstrip transmission lines on an FR-4 substrate with the appropriate dimensions for 50 ohm impedance matching at 1 GHz. A switched line phase shifter circuit was designed in Agilent ADS using ideal switch models and simulated. Key parameters like return loss and insertion loss were optimized. Independent single pole double throw switches using PIN diodes were then designed and the full circuit simulated again. The phase shifter is designed for applications in phased array antennas and RADAR systems.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to examine the losses due to non-linear effects in optical fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
It is description about trunking theory that is used to develop trunked system that can allocate a limited number of channels to a large number of users.
Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
Indoor propagation is necessary where outdoor propagation don't work perfectly like house, buildings, sports arena. Different material is used in different types of building then signal doesn't propagate as well as in outdoor. So There are different models for different Scenarios due to different environment, wall, etc.
It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission, often to minimize the effectiveness of "electronic warfare" - that is, the unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications.
Design of a 90° switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Journals
Abstract Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1 GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss. Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
It is description about trunking theory that is used to develop trunked system that can allocate a limited number of channels to a large number of users.
Contents:
Introduction to SONET
SONET/SDH Rates
SONET Layers Compared with OSI Model
SONET Architecture
SONET Frames
SONET Network Types
Advantages of SONET
Disadvantages of SONET
Indoor propagation is necessary where outdoor propagation don't work perfectly like house, buildings, sports arena. Different material is used in different types of building then signal doesn't propagate as well as in outdoor. So There are different models for different Scenarios due to different environment, wall, etc.
It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio transmission, often to minimize the effectiveness of "electronic warfare" - that is, the unauthorized interception or jamming of telecommunications.
Design of a 90° switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Journals
Abstract Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1 GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss. Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic power generation control structure for smart electrical power gridseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Noise reduction in speech processing using improved active noise control (anc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and simulation of passive uhf rfid temperature sensor tag using 3 d em...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and simulation of a tunable frequency microstrip patch antennaeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of frequency reconfigurable patch antennas for X-band, using PIN diode as a switch. A pin diode is incorporated in the slot etched on rectangular patch antenna. The frequency band selectivity can be achieved by controlling the state of switch inserted in the antenna. We are using IE3D simulation software for designing and analysis. We have discussed and analyzed the performance of unslotted Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna and slotted rectangular patch antenna with PIN diode in ON and OFF states. Keyword: Microstrip Antenna, Return Loss, Radiation pattern, IE3D.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Journals
Abstract A Remote Monitoring System plays an important role in many applications. This paper proposes an innovative design about the development of remote monitoring system for a three-phase 10-kVA Switchable Distribution transformer with the help of a PIC microcontroller and Zigbee-based Wireless device. The PIC microcontroller from microchip helps in controlling the switching devices and monitoring the current, voltage and temperature of the transformer. The Zigbee-based wireless device is used as long range wireless communication between the modules. The information is transmitted point by point using Zigbee transmitter and receiver and is sent to the server module to check the state of the transformer. It has a data rate speed of 250 Kbps with minimum power consumption and has a transmission distances range from 10 to 100m. The data transmission rate is higher than other wireless systems. This is user friendly and can be achieved at low cost. This handles the transfer of parameters such as voltage, current and temperature as digital data from current transducers, voltage transformers and from temperature sensors to the server module through wireless communication. This system helps in reading sensor, controlling switches, monitoring and data protection. Key Words: Switchable Transformer, PIC Microcontroller and Zigbee
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Co axial fed microstrip rectangular patch antenna design for bluetooth applic...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Abstract: - A design procedure for Microstrip rectangular patch antenna for Bluetooth application is presented. In Bluetooth open
wireless technology important constraints are size and installation of the antenna. In this paper the proposed antenna is designed
using transmission line model and can create resonance at 2.45 GHz with in Bluetooth frequency range 2400-2485 MHz. Coaxial
feed technique is used to excite the patch even though microstrip inset feed technique is present because of low radiation and
ease of installation. Placement of co axial feed for this patch is taken almost one third of length from virtual ground line i.e., at
the center line of the patch which is along the width lines and can creates resonance at 2.45 GHz with minimum reflection
coefficient (s11) at this feed position. Fabrication is done using photolithographic technique and is tested with Agilent Network
Analyzer to measure VSWR and S11 parameters. S-parameters are used to measure the antenna performance and shown that S11
value is low at resonant frequency. Variation of input impedance as function of frequency is also presented using Smith Chart .
Radiation patterns are drawn both in E-plane, H-plane in anechoic chamber and parameters like gain, beam width (both E and H
planes) are measured. Designed antenna is simulated on FR4 substrate with loss tangent tanδ=0.02 using Agilent Advance
Design System (ADS) software. Simulation and measurement results are compared and discussed.
Index Terms: Transmission line model, Blue tooth communications, S-parameters, VSWR, Anechoic chamber.
Process monitoring, controlling and load management system in an induction motoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design, development and implementation of novel ideaeSAT Journals
Abstract Low cost low power RF modem is very efficient in providing excellent communication at various ranges and also for low power
applications. A novel idea of motor control using PWM technique has been developed and controlled using wireless RF
transreceiver. The combination of transmitter and receiver is termed as RF transreceiver is used to exchange information in half –
duplex mode. The control of potentiometer from 0 – 5 volts controls the speed of dc motor.PIC microcontroller is used for
programming and it is downloaded to PIC microcontroller circuit used for wide range of applications the Max 232 is a driver used
to convert TTL/CMOS logic to RS 232 levels when microcontroller is serially communicated with PC. Wireless technology using
RF modem controls the motor in 30 meters range is very useful in remote and rural areas where we cannot visit directly and
frequently and monitor certain parameters.
Keywords: RF Modem, DC Motor, PIC Microcontroller, PWM
Design and development of high frequency resonant transition convertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Temperature analysis of lna with improved linearity for rf receivereSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are fully integrated 5.5 GHz high-linearity low noise amplifier (LNA) is designing using post-linearization technique, in sub-120nm & sub-70nm technology. It developed using cascode amplifier with inductors. RC linearization circuit is designed to improve the linearity of the design. Cascode LNA circuit is designed for linearity improvement. In this work Temperature analysis is carried out for LNA circuit performance improvement fully integrated 5.5 GHz high-linearity low noise amplifier (LNA) is designing using post-linearization technique, in sub-120nm & sub-70nm technology. Temperature stability of the circuit is analysed for different temperature ranges our results prove that the proposed LNA design achieve high gain with good linearity. Although power dissipation of the circuit is high, good temperature stability is achieved. Temperature stability of the circuit is analysed for different temperature ranges our results prove that the proposed LNA design achieve high gain with good linearity. Although power dissipation of the circuit is high, we are able to achieve good temperature stability. The Low Noise Amplifier is a special type of electronic amplifier used in communication systems which amplifies very weak signals captured by an antenna. Keywords: Linearity improvement LNA circuit, DSCH and Microwind software.
Temperature analysis of lna with improved linearity for rf receivereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Design of a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter for phased array antennas
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 137
DESIGN OF A 90⁰ SWITCHED LINE PHASE SHIFTER FOR PHASED
ARRAY ANTENNAS
S Gowri Shankar1
, K Viswavardhan Reddy2
1
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
2
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
Abstract
Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests
that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss
or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched
line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1
GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase
shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the
circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw
switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters
and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss.
Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The phase of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency
can be shifted when propagating through a transmission line
by the use of Phase Shifters [1]. In the field of electronics, it
is often necessary to change the phase of the signals. RF and
Microwave Phase Shifters have many applications in
various equipments such as phase discriminators, beam
forming networks, power dividers, linearization of power
amplifiers and phase array antennas [2].
Phase Shifters can be separated into two categories:
Reciprocal and Non-Reciprocal [3]. The reciprocal phase
shifter is not directionally sensitive, which means that the
phase shift in the direction of both transmit and receive is
same. Therefore, with the of use reciprocal phase shifters,
switching of phase states between transmit and receive is
not required. On the other side with the use of a
nonreciprocal phase shifter, switching of phase states
between transmit and receive is required.
Optimal transmitting and receiving properties are required
to be provided by the modern radio communication systems
for an effective utilization of transmission channels. Thus
focusing on the antennas, this requires electronically
steerable radio patterns, that can be achieved by the phased
array antennas [4]. One of the most important part of the
phased array antennas are the phase shifters. Differential
signal phase shift of antenna's will be determined by the
phase shifters. “Switched-line Phase Shifter” [5] is one of
the most important type of Phase Shifter based on the diodes
and their phase shift corresponds to the length difference
between two switched transmission lines [4]. Thus by
changing the bias point of a pin-diode from forward to
reverse direction and vice versa, the switching procedure is
obtained. Digital-to-Analog conversion is not required
because the phase shift can be controlled digitally with the
use of this method.
2. MOTIVATION
In the area of applications like phased array antennas and
communication antennas, there is a need of beam forming
configurations for effectively having a directional radiation
of electromagnetic waves. This can be achieved by using
multiple antenna radiating elements with varied phase inputs
of signal rather than using single element. In such cases the
phase shifters come into play as the name suggests shifting
the phase of the input signal to required amount. Also, in the
Defence areas where RADARs are used to the great extent
in finding the enemy’s path and to detect early warnings of
any threat, the RADAR system must itself be concealed
from the enemies. So in such scenarios static radar with
electronic beam steering offers more stealth compared to
conventional mechanical beam steering RADARs. Due to
these reasons an attempt has been made to study and design
a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter.
The objectives of this work is to design a 90⁰ switched line
phase shifter for phase shifting purpose and to design the
circuit keeping in mind for implementation on micro strip
line on a standard FR-4 substrate. For this we simulate and
design its operation on Agilent’s Advanced Design System
software. Some of the specifications of the microwave 2-
port device that were considered for the design are:
Operating frequency of 1 GHz, Return loss better than 20
dB, Insertion loss ranging within -1 to 0 dB.
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3. MICROSTRIP LINES
Microstrip transmission lines consists of a conductive strip
of width "W" and thickness "t" and a wider ground plane,
separated by a dielectric layer (a.k.a. the "substrate") of
thickness "H" [6] as shown in the fig 1. Especially for
microwave integrated circuits and MMICs, the most
popularly used microwave transmission line is Microstrip
and the major advantage of microstrip over stripline is that
all active components can be mounted on top of the board.
Fig 1 Microstrip line
The design equations associated for the design of microstrip
lines is given as
For,
𝑊
𝐻
≥ 1
𝜀𝑒 =
𝜀+1
2
+
𝜀−1
2
1
1+12
𝐻
𝑊
+ 0.04 1 −
𝐻
𝑊
2
. (1)
Where ε is substrate permittivity and εe is effective
permittivity.
Z0 =
120 𝜋
𝜀𝑒 [
𝑊
𝐻
+1.393+
2
3
ln(1.444+
𝑊
𝐻
)]
ohms. (2)
Where Z0 is characteristic impedance.
From the equations 1&2, for the specification of using FR-4
substrate that carries permittivity of 4.8 and also considering
the market availability of 0.06 in standard thickness
substrate, we perform the calculations. So H = 0.06 in = 1.5
mm W=3 mm.
The values are assumed, so that the W/H ratio is more than
1 for design and simplification of calculation. Below is the
table 1 representing microstrip line dimensions for ease of
understanding the iterations carried out to get proper values
of W and H for 50 ohms characteristic impedance.
Table.1. Microstrip line dimensions
W(mm) H(mm) W/H Permittivity Z0(ohms)
3 1.5 2 3.618 46.98
3 1 3 3.75 36.133
1.8 1 1.8 3.586 50.044
Thus the final dimensions taken are depicted in the below
fig 2.
Fig.2 Microstrip line dimensions
4. PHASE SHIFTERS
Phase shifters find numerous applications in testing and
measurement systems, but the most significant use is in
phased array antennas. Where the antenna beam can be
steered in space by electronically controlled phase shifters.
There are basically three types of PIN diode phase shifters:
Switched line,
Loaded line, and
Reflection.
The basic schematic of switched-line phase shifter is shown
in the below fig 3, which is the most straightforward type
using two, Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switches to
route the signal flow between one of two transmission lines
of different length. The differential phase shift between the
two paths is given by the equation 3.
ΔФ=β(l2- I1) (3)
Fig.3. Basic schematic of switched line phase shifter
Where, β is the propagation constant of the line. If the
transmission lines are TEM (or quasi-TEM, like micro strip),
this phase shift is a linear function of frequency which
implies a true time delay between the input and output ports.
The insertion loss of the switched line phase shifter is equal
to the loss of the SPDT switches plus line losses. The
switched-line phase shifter is usually designed for discrete
binary phase shifts of Δφ= 180◦, 90◦, 45◦, etc.
5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
Advanced Design System (ADS) [7] is an electronic design
automation software system developed by Agilent EEsof
EDA a unit of Agilent Technologies now formally called as
Keysight Technologies. It provides an integrated design
environment to designers for RF electronic products such as
mobile phones, pagers, wireless networks, satellite
communications, radar systems, and high-speed data links.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 139
The following procedure is used for the design of a 90
degree switched line phase shifter for the simulation:
Initially started with design of suitable microstrip
line dimensions based on availability from market
so widely available substrate FR-4 was chosen with
1mm of thickness.
Corresponding microstrip line design equations
were employed to come up with width of the line.
Based on basic schematics of switched line phase
shifter a design consisting of measured width for the
microstrip line and line difference for phase shift
was carried out.
The above mentioned design was completed using
ideal SPDT switch that was available inbuilt in ADS
tool.
Its return loss and insertion loss were taken down
after the simulation and plotted.
Then a design of SPDT switch was performed using
the specifications of already available discrete
electronic component of PIN diode that is vital for
switch design.
The PIN diode MA4PH301 from MAcom
technologies was used as reference for the new
switch design where the actual PIN diode’s
specifications were fed into the ADS tool for further
analysis.
The corresponding circuitry for the SPDT switch
was designed along with required DC blocking
capacitors and chokes to operate at a frequency of 1
GHz.
Further optimizations were done on the values of RF
chokes and DC blocking capacitors using repeated
simulations using ADS inbuilt optimization tool.
Finally the return loss and insertion loss values were
plotted and readings were recorded.
Design of Basic Phase Shifter
As a first step in modelling, the standard switched line
phase shifter has been modelled in ADS with the
dimensions line difference of 3.423 cm. The analysis setup
has been made for the frequency range 500 MHz -1.5 GHz.
Return loss parameters are simulated. The simulated return
loss is better than 30 dB at the 1 GHz frequency. The phase
shifter modelled in ADS and simulated return loss is shown
in fig 4 and 4.1 respectively.
The figure 4 shows the basic design of switched line phase
shifter using ADS’s inbuilt SPDT switch and note that two
options like S parameter simulation for return loss and
insertion loss and transient simulation block for time
domain results is seen and the phase shift of output
waveforms are also employed.
The fig 4.1 indicates the ideal values observed for the design
of phase shifter to give a phase shift of 90 degrees. As seen
in circuit diagram the ideal SPDT switched employed, so
the graph gives a quite linear curve in either cases delivering
good return loss more than 30 dB and good insertion loss
maintained at less than 1 dB.
Fig. 4 Switched line phase shifter model on ADS
Fig 4.1 Switched line phase shifter return loss(left) and
insertion loss(right)
Design of Phase Shifter Based on Real SPDT
Switch
As a second step in modeling, the standard switched line
phase shifter for 90 degrees was designed again using real
design based on PIN diodes whose part number is
MA4PH301-146 from MA com technology. The design of
SPDT switch involved usage of two of those PIN diodes.
The PIN diode’s specifications like reverse voltage,
minimum operating frequency, total capacitance, series
resistance and delay time was entered in ADS tool to
customize the given PIN diode for modeled SPDT switch is
depicted in fig 5 below.
The complete schematic of Switched line phase shifter for
90 degrees phase shift is shown in the fig 6a and 6b. As it
can been seen that there are 4 PIN diodes used 2 each for an
SPDT switch and corresponding DC blocking capacitors
and RF chokes. The circuit diagram is split into two part for
better understanding, as single diagram is large in dimension
on a single page.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 140
Fig 5 SPDT switch using PIN diode with specifications
Fig. 6a Final circuit schematic
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Volume: 03 Issue: 10 | Oct-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 141
Fig.6b. Final circuit schematic
Next the results based on S parameters are summarized and
got an -21.22 dB of return loss and 0.806 dB of insertion
loss which were the targeted specification and performance
to achieve at the beginning. The wave forms are shown in
fig 7 which chows steep dip at 1 GHz of frequency for
return loss and an insertion loss less than 1 dB at the
targeted frequency.
Fig.7 Final Switched line phase shifter return loss (left) and
insertion loss (right)
And a diagram of tabulated values observed throughout the
simulation is as shown in the table 2 and is given for
reference based on which the graphs are displayed above.
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Table.2. Tabulated values from simulation for return loss (left) and insertion loss (right)
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
Successfully modelled the 90 degree switched line phase
shifter using own design of SPDT switch at 1 GHz
operating frequency. Return loss obtained were well within
the target values namely -21.22 dB and insertion loss less
than 1 dB in magnitude where we got 0.806 dB. Valuable
insight on design using Agilent’s ADS tool was gained and
technically understood the methods and procedures for
optimizing the microwave circuits. Future scope will
include the designed schematic can be implemented
practically on further optimizations using discrete
components on a circuit board.
The discrete components can be converted to stub elements
and radial stubs to make it friendly to implement in the form
of microstrip circuitry and further optimizations can be
processed to reduce the complexity and size.
REFERENCES
[1] Merrilskolnik, “Radar Handbook”, 3rd edition, Page
13.51
[2] http://www.qsl.net/va3iul/Phase_Shifters/Phase_Shi
fters.pdf
[3] S.Navin Andrew Prince, P.Muthukumaran,
N.Jagatheesh, "Design and Implementation of Two
1-Bit Switched Line Phase Shifter", IEEE
International Conference on Advanced
Communication Control and Computing
Technologies (ICACCCT)., 2014., ISBN No. 978-1-
4799-3914.
[4] M. Schühler, C. Schmidt, J. Weber, R. Wansch, and
M. A. Hein "Phase Shifters based on PIN-Diodes
and Varactors: Two Concepts by Comparison", 51st
Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium,
Technische Universität Ilmenau., September 11 -
15., 2006.
[5] R.V. Garver, “Broad-Band Diode phase Shifters”,
IEEE Transaction on microwave theory and
techniques, vol 20, no. 5, pp 314-323 May 1972.
[6] Siti Mariam Binti Zakaria, "Re-configurable patch
antennas", University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Page No. 9, May 2008.
[7] http://www.keysight.com/en/pc-1297113/advanced-
design-system-ads?cc=IN&lc=eng