This document discusses frequency reconfigurable dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). It explains that DRAs can adjust their operating frequency without changing their physical shape or size by altering the dielectric constant of the material or dimensions. One method of achieving frequency reconfigurability is using a varactor diode, which can change its capacitance with voltage to effectively change the permittivity and shift resonant frequency. Another method is using a switchable feed network to change the coupling between the DRA and feedline and change the resonant frequency. Frequency reconfigurable DRAs have advantages like small size, low profile, and wide bandwidth, making them suitable for wireless applications.
ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATION: A REVIEWIRJET Journal
The document discusses antenna arrays and their use in millimeter wave communication systems. It defines antenna arrays as groups of antennas that transmit or receive radio signals in a specific pattern to enhance performance. Antenna arrays can direct radio energy in a specific direction to increase signal strength and reduce interference. The document focuses on the use of phased arrays and beamforming techniques in millimeter wave technology to enable high-speed 5G wireless communication networks. It describes challenges like high path loss at millimeter wave frequencies and how techniques like phased arrays and beamsteering in compact antenna arrays are helping to address these challenges.
Reconfigurable antenna for research workpradeep kumar
This document discusses reconfigurable antennas and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an abstract describing how reconfigurable antennas (RAs) can dynamically modify their frequency and radiation properties in a controlled manner. It then provides a brief introduction to software defined antennas and common RA design techniques. The document classifies RAs based on reconfigurable parameters and provides examples. It discusses the advantages of RAs for applications like 5G. The objectives, problem formulation, methodologies and references for further research on RAs are also summarized.
Design and Implementation of Re-configurable AntennaIJARIIT
This paper introduces a design of advanced and efficient technique used for antenna reconfiguration. Conventional
antennas are designed for specific application as it operates at a particular frequency range. On the other hand reconfigurable
antenna provides performance enhancement and gives single antenna structure to operate at various frequency range. In
order to obtain this, we use the technique of frequency reconfiguration i.e. PIN diode switching through which it can switch
among different frequency band. Antenna design is simulated and analyzed using HFSS software.
ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATIONIRJET Journal
This document discusses analysis of antenna arrays for millimeter wave communication. It begins by introducing millimeter wave frequency bands between 30-300 GHz, which enable high-speed wireless communication but also face challenges from atmospheric absorption and limited range. The document then discusses using antenna arrays at 60 GHz and 28 GHz for applications like 5G networks and wireless backhaul. It describes a stacked patch array at 60 GHz providing over 20 dBi gain and a slot array providing 25.4 dBi gain. A lens is used to steer the beam. At 28 GHz, dipole and crossed dipole arrays in an integrated circuit package can steer beams over 35 and 50 degrees respectively. Antenna arrays overcome limitations of single antennas and enable beamforming for directed
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
Design of a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a 900 phase shifter using a switched line technique for phased array antennas. It involves designing microstrip transmission lines on an FR-4 substrate with the appropriate dimensions for 50 ohm impedance matching at 1 GHz. A switched line phase shifter circuit was designed in Agilent ADS using ideal switch models and simulated. Key parameters like return loss and insertion loss were optimized. Independent single pole double throw switches using PIN diodes were then designed and the full circuit simulated again. The phase shifter is designed for applications in phased array antennas and RADAR systems.
Design of a 90° switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Journals
Abstract Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1 GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss. Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
This document discusses the design and simulation of VHF antennas for fire station use. It begins with an abstract and introduction on the importance of antenna design and operation. It then covers various topics related to antenna design including antenna parameters, types of antennas, transmission line theory, and fixed site antennas. It also discusses simulations performed on VHF antennas for marine radios. The document concludes that the simulations matched theoretical predictions and antenna height impacts radiation patterns.
ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATION: A REVIEWIRJET Journal
The document discusses antenna arrays and their use in millimeter wave communication systems. It defines antenna arrays as groups of antennas that transmit or receive radio signals in a specific pattern to enhance performance. Antenna arrays can direct radio energy in a specific direction to increase signal strength and reduce interference. The document focuses on the use of phased arrays and beamforming techniques in millimeter wave technology to enable high-speed 5G wireless communication networks. It describes challenges like high path loss at millimeter wave frequencies and how techniques like phased arrays and beamsteering in compact antenna arrays are helping to address these challenges.
Reconfigurable antenna for research workpradeep kumar
This document discusses reconfigurable antennas and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an abstract describing how reconfigurable antennas (RAs) can dynamically modify their frequency and radiation properties in a controlled manner. It then provides a brief introduction to software defined antennas and common RA design techniques. The document classifies RAs based on reconfigurable parameters and provides examples. It discusses the advantages of RAs for applications like 5G. The objectives, problem formulation, methodologies and references for further research on RAs are also summarized.
Design and Implementation of Re-configurable AntennaIJARIIT
This paper introduces a design of advanced and efficient technique used for antenna reconfiguration. Conventional
antennas are designed for specific application as it operates at a particular frequency range. On the other hand reconfigurable
antenna provides performance enhancement and gives single antenna structure to operate at various frequency range. In
order to obtain this, we use the technique of frequency reconfiguration i.e. PIN diode switching through which it can switch
among different frequency band. Antenna design is simulated and analyzed using HFSS software.
ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATIONIRJET Journal
This document discusses analysis of antenna arrays for millimeter wave communication. It begins by introducing millimeter wave frequency bands between 30-300 GHz, which enable high-speed wireless communication but also face challenges from atmospheric absorption and limited range. The document then discusses using antenna arrays at 60 GHz and 28 GHz for applications like 5G networks and wireless backhaul. It describes a stacked patch array at 60 GHz providing over 20 dBi gain and a slot array providing 25.4 dBi gain. A lens is used to steer the beam. At 28 GHz, dipole and crossed dipole arrays in an integrated circuit package can steer beams over 35 and 50 degrees respectively. Antenna arrays overcome limitations of single antennas and enable beamforming for directed
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
Design of a 90⁰ switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design of a 900 phase shifter using a switched line technique for phased array antennas. It involves designing microstrip transmission lines on an FR-4 substrate with the appropriate dimensions for 50 ohm impedance matching at 1 GHz. A switched line phase shifter circuit was designed in Agilent ADS using ideal switch models and simulated. Key parameters like return loss and insertion loss were optimized. Independent single pole double throw switches using PIN diodes were then designed and the full circuit simulated again. The phase shifter is designed for applications in phased array antennas and RADAR systems.
Design of a 90° switched line phase shifter for phased array antennaseSAT Journals
Abstract Phase shifters are considered as the most vital subsystem for an antenna in any transceivers or RADARs. As the name suggests that, these components provide phase shift for the input signal, with respect to the reference signal at its output without any loss or modifications in the amplitude of input. In this work, an attempt has been made to design a 90⁰ phase shifter based on switched line type. The phase shifter is designed to implement on a microstrip circuit type. The frequency considered for the operation is 1 GHz. Agilent’s ADS (Advanced Design Simulation) software tool was used for designing and simulating the switched line phase shifter. The ADS software is widely used for designing and the simulation of microwave circuits and its components. Initially the circuit was designed with ideal switch models, which are readily available in ADS. Then independent single pole double throw switches were designed and simulated again. Parameters like return loss and insertion loss were considered as main parameters and then the designs were optimized to achieve the best possible return loss and insertion loss. Keywords - Phase shifters, SPDT switches, Switched line.
This document discusses the design and simulation of VHF antennas for fire station use. It begins with an abstract and introduction on the importance of antenna design and operation. It then covers various topics related to antenna design including antenna parameters, types of antennas, transmission line theory, and fixed site antennas. It also discusses simulations performed on VHF antennas for marine radios. The document concludes that the simulations matched theoretical predictions and antenna height impacts radiation patterns.
Circularly polarized metamaterial Antenna in energy harvesting wearable commu...CSITiaesprime
When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE DIELECTRIC RE...IRJET Journal
This document presents three designs for frequency reconfigurable dielectric resonator antennas (FR-DRAs) and evaluates their performance through simulation. The first design uses a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with shorting tabs along one edge to provide six distinct operating modes. The second design is an H-shaped FR-DRA fed by coplanar waveguide that can operate in off-on, on-off, or on-on modes to access different frequency bands. The third design employs two dielectric resonators with different sizes fed using an aperture coupling to operate in the 2.9GHz wireless local area network band. Simulation results for return loss and operating frequencies are provided for each design to analyze their suitability for wireless communication applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assistive technologies for efficient mid range wireless transmission of elect...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes recent developments in mid-range wireless power transmission technologies. It discusses techniques like magnetic resonant coupling that can achieve higher transmission efficiencies over longer distances compared to basic inductive coupling. Developments discussed include using metamaterials and resonator arrays to further increase efficiency and range. Other topics covered are using coil shapes and additional relays to optimize efficiency, as well as powering moving vehicles through arrays of resonators. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and innovations in mid-range wireless power transmission.
IRJET- Design Constraints of an Radio Frequency Energy HarvestingIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design constraints of radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting. It describes the key components of an RF energy harvesting system, including antennas, impedance matching circuits, rectifiers, and DC-DC converters. Various antenna designs that are suitable for RF energy harvesting are also examined, such as log-periodic antennas, dipole antennas, helical antennas, and Yagi-Uda antennas. The document concludes by discussing applications of RF energy harvesting and opportunities for further development in this area.
This document provides information about smart antenna technology. It begins with an introduction to smart antennas and their objectives. It then discusses the functions of smart antennas, including direction of arrival estimation and beamforming. It describes different types of smart antenna configurations and systems, such as switched beam, adaptive array, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. It provides analogies to explain how smart antennas work, such as a human hearing analogy and electrical equivalent diagram. Finally, it compares switched beam and adaptive array smart antenna systems.
Review Paper on Wireless Power Transmission by using Inductive Coupling for D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes wireless power transmission using inductive coupling for different applications. It discusses how an alternating current in a transmitter coil generates a magnetic field which induces a voltage in a receiver coil. This induced voltage can be used to power mobile devices or charge batteries wirelessly. The document then reviews inductive coupling technology and compares various wireless power transfer methods. It presents practical results of a wireless mobile phone charger, LED lighting, and a DC fan operating without wires by using inductive coupling to transmit power. The document concludes that wireless power transmission through inductive coupling is an efficient means of transferring power without wires and has many potential applications.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
Performance evolution of automatic switched beam antenna for indoor WLAN syst...marwaeng
1) The document describes a study that designed a compact low-cost switched-beam antenna array for indoor wireless local area networks (WLANs).
2) It consisted of a 2x2 array of antenna elements and a modified Butler matrix beamforming network. Computer simulations and prototype testing confirmed its performance.
3) Signal strength measurements in an existing WLAN found that the switched-beam antenna improved average received power by 4.37 dB over an omni-directional antenna.
This document provides a tutorial overview of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided wireless communications. It discusses how IRS, which consists of a planar surface with passive reflecting elements that can control signal reflection, has emerged as a promising technology to dynamically alter wireless channels and enhance communication performance cost-effectively. The document outlines the motivation for IRS, describes its main functions and advantages over traditional approaches. It also highlights how IRS is expected to lead to new paradigms in wireless system and network designs by integrating passive reflecting surfaces on a massive scale.
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, increasing traffic capacity and quality of service.
2) Two main types of smart antenna configurations are discussed: switched beam arrays and adaptive arrays. Switched beam arrays form fixed beams toward different directions, while adaptive arrays use signal processing to dynamically steer beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interferers.
3) The MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation is described. MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace to provide unbiased estimates of the number and angles of incoming signals. It assumes uncorrelated noise and may be used to estimate directions of arrival to implement adaptive
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, improving quality of service and network capacity.
2) Smart antennas use antenna arrays and signal processing to form beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interference, improving performance. They can estimate the directions of signal sources.
3) The document reviews the need for smart antennas in wireless communication systems to combat issues like limited spectrum, signal fading, and interference from frequency reuse. Smart antennas can improve capacity, coverage, and reduce errors.
Optical switching technologies allow for more efficient routing of data in fiber optic networks. Spectral switching routes different wavelength channels to different output ports, while spatial switching routes light to different fiber locations. Few optical switching technologies have been widely deployed, but some successes include wavelength selective switches used in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer nodes. Optical switching can benefit terrestrial networks, undersea cable systems, and networks supporting 5G/6G by enabling increased data transmission and more flexible routing of traffic. Data center interconnect networks also rely on high-speed optical fiber links with optical switching to share resources between data centers.
A survey of Adaptive Beamforming Strategy in Smart Antenna for Mobile Communi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on adaptive beamforming strategies for smart antennas in mobile communication. It first defines smart antennas and discusses their advantages over traditional fixed beam antennas. It then reviews literature on different approaches to smart antenna design, including switched beam and adaptive beamforming. The main challenges are reducing interference and multipath effects to improve capacity and performance. The proposed work is to use an adaptive smart antenna that can steer its main beam toward the desired user while generating nulls toward interferers based on direction of arrival estimation. This approach aims to enhance capacity in mobile systems.
IRJET- Design of Miniature Antenna for Ultra Wide Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for smart grid applications in TV w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable, aperture coupled rectangular patch antenna for use in smart grid applications in TV white space bands. The proposed antenna model has been realized on multi-substrate layers of Polylactic acid (PLA) material (εr=2.65, tanδ=0.003) with a ground plane sandwiched in between them. An aperture has been made in the ground plane for coupling energy to the patch. The overall system dimensions are 270×270 mm. The feature of frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by incorporating a switch and varying the reactance of the feed line on the bottom substrate. A rectangular slot on the long feed line improves impedance matching. The ON and OFF states of the switch provide two operating frequency bands namely 630.13 to 636.7 MHz and 619.16 to 625.3 MHz respectively. The proposed aperture coupled reconfigurable system operates with a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and average efficiency of 78.5% in both bands. The measured results are satisfactory and the proposed antenna will be suitable for operation in the smart grid environment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
In this paper, novel applications of metamaterials
composite structure in antenna engineering has been considered.
Compared with the conventional materials, metamaterials
exhibits some specific features which are not found in
conventional materials. Some unique applications of these
composite structures as an antenna substrate, superstrate, feed
networks, phased array antennas, ground planes, antenna
radomes and struts invisibility have been discussed.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
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This document presents three designs for frequency reconfigurable dielectric resonator antennas (FR-DRAs) and evaluates their performance through simulation. The first design uses a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with shorting tabs along one edge to provide six distinct operating modes. The second design is an H-shaped FR-DRA fed by coplanar waveguide that can operate in off-on, on-off, or on-on modes to access different frequency bands. The third design employs two dielectric resonators with different sizes fed using an aperture coupling to operate in the 2.9GHz wireless local area network band. Simulation results for return loss and operating frequencies are provided for each design to analyze their suitability for wireless communication applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assistive technologies for efficient mid range wireless transmission of elect...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes recent developments in mid-range wireless power transmission technologies. It discusses techniques like magnetic resonant coupling that can achieve higher transmission efficiencies over longer distances compared to basic inductive coupling. Developments discussed include using metamaterials and resonator arrays to further increase efficiency and range. Other topics covered are using coil shapes and additional relays to optimize efficiency, as well as powering moving vehicles through arrays of resonators. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and innovations in mid-range wireless power transmission.
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The document discusses the design constraints of radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting. It describes the key components of an RF energy harvesting system, including antennas, impedance matching circuits, rectifiers, and DC-DC converters. Various antenna designs that are suitable for RF energy harvesting are also examined, such as log-periodic antennas, dipole antennas, helical antennas, and Yagi-Uda antennas. The document concludes by discussing applications of RF energy harvesting and opportunities for further development in this area.
This document provides information about smart antenna technology. It begins with an introduction to smart antennas and their objectives. It then discusses the functions of smart antennas, including direction of arrival estimation and beamforming. It describes different types of smart antenna configurations and systems, such as switched beam, adaptive array, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. It provides analogies to explain how smart antennas work, such as a human hearing analogy and electrical equivalent diagram. Finally, it compares switched beam and adaptive array smart antenna systems.
Review Paper on Wireless Power Transmission by using Inductive Coupling for D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes wireless power transmission using inductive coupling for different applications. It discusses how an alternating current in a transmitter coil generates a magnetic field which induces a voltage in a receiver coil. This induced voltage can be used to power mobile devices or charge batteries wirelessly. The document then reviews inductive coupling technology and compares various wireless power transfer methods. It presents practical results of a wireless mobile phone charger, LED lighting, and a DC fan operating without wires by using inductive coupling to transmit power. The document concludes that wireless power transmission through inductive coupling is an efficient means of transferring power without wires and has many potential applications.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
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This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
Performance evolution of automatic switched beam antenna for indoor WLAN syst...marwaeng
1) The document describes a study that designed a compact low-cost switched-beam antenna array for indoor wireless local area networks (WLANs).
2) It consisted of a 2x2 array of antenna elements and a modified Butler matrix beamforming network. Computer simulations and prototype testing confirmed its performance.
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This document provides a tutorial overview of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided wireless communications. It discusses how IRS, which consists of a planar surface with passive reflecting elements that can control signal reflection, has emerged as a promising technology to dynamically alter wireless channels and enhance communication performance cost-effectively. The document outlines the motivation for IRS, describes its main functions and advantages over traditional approaches. It also highlights how IRS is expected to lead to new paradigms in wireless system and network designs by integrating passive reflecting surfaces on a massive scale.
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, increasing traffic capacity and quality of service.
2) Two main types of smart antenna configurations are discussed: switched beam arrays and adaptive arrays. Switched beam arrays form fixed beams toward different directions, while adaptive arrays use signal processing to dynamically steer beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interferers.
3) The MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation is described. MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace to provide unbiased estimates of the number and angles of incoming signals. It assumes uncorrelated noise and may be used to estimate directions of arrival to implement adaptive
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, improving quality of service and network capacity.
2) Smart antennas use antenna arrays and signal processing to form beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interference, improving performance. They can estimate the directions of signal sources.
3) The document reviews the need for smart antennas in wireless communication systems to combat issues like limited spectrum, signal fading, and interference from frequency reuse. Smart antennas can improve capacity, coverage, and reduce errors.
Optical switching technologies allow for more efficient routing of data in fiber optic networks. Spectral switching routes different wavelength channels to different output ports, while spatial switching routes light to different fiber locations. Few optical switching technologies have been widely deployed, but some successes include wavelength selective switches used in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer nodes. Optical switching can benefit terrestrial networks, undersea cable systems, and networks supporting 5G/6G by enabling increased data transmission and more flexible routing of traffic. Data center interconnect networks also rely on high-speed optical fiber links with optical switching to share resources between data centers.
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This document summarizes research on adaptive beamforming strategies for smart antennas in mobile communication. It first defines smart antennas and discusses their advantages over traditional fixed beam antennas. It then reviews literature on different approaches to smart antenna design, including switched beam and adaptive beamforming. The main challenges are reducing interference and multipath effects to improve capacity and performance. The proposed work is to use an adaptive smart antenna that can steer its main beam toward the desired user while generating nulls toward interferers based on direction of arrival estimation. This approach aims to enhance capacity in mobile systems.
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This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for smart grid applications in TV w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable, aperture coupled rectangular patch antenna for use in smart grid applications in TV white space bands. The proposed antenna model has been realized on multi-substrate layers of Polylactic acid (PLA) material (εr=2.65, tanδ=0.003) with a ground plane sandwiched in between them. An aperture has been made in the ground plane for coupling energy to the patch. The overall system dimensions are 270×270 mm. The feature of frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by incorporating a switch and varying the reactance of the feed line on the bottom substrate. A rectangular slot on the long feed line improves impedance matching. The ON and OFF states of the switch provide two operating frequency bands namely 630.13 to 636.7 MHz and 619.16 to 625.3 MHz respectively. The proposed aperture coupled reconfigurable system operates with a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and average efficiency of 78.5% in both bands. The measured results are satisfactory and the proposed antenna will be suitable for operation in the smart grid environment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Miniature design of T-Shaped frequency Reconfigurable antenna for S-Band Appl...IJECEIAES
The article presents a miniature antenna with a simple geometry and a simple approach for reconfiguration. In order to make the T-shaped antenna frequency reconfigurable, we integrated Switches in specific positions. The location of the switches is determined following a study of the distribution of the surface currents of the suggested antenna. Indeed, we found that the insertion of switches in places where the concentrations of surface currents are high is irrelevant. In fact, to redirect current flow, the PIN diodes or RF Switch must be placed in positions where the distribution of the surface currents is of low concentration. These locations facilitate the establishment of new trajectories of the flux of current. As a result, a miniature tunable antenna dimension 20mm*20mm*1.6mm printed on FR4 substrate with 4.4 permittivity and with 0.04 loss tangent, the antenna can be adopted in many communication devices in view of its small size, its low manufacturing cost and performance on frequency sweep, the antenna operates in S-Band with an acceptable band and gain. The antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio.
In this paper, novel applications of metamaterials
composite structure in antenna engineering has been considered.
Compared with the conventional materials, metamaterials
exhibits some specific features which are not found in
conventional materials. Some unique applications of these
composite structures as an antenna substrate, superstrate, feed
networks, phased array antennas, ground planes, antenna
radomes and struts invisibility have been discussed.
Similar to PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA: A REVIEW (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
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Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
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This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
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2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
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P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
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A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
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Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
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Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
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React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
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A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
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A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
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Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
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Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
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Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.