The document summarizes research on the effect of concentration on the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide (CuS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. Thin films were deposited on glass substrates from aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of copper sulfate (0.05M to 0.15M). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images showed that films deposited at 0.1M copper concentration had a uniform, compact, and homogeneous structure, while higher concentrations resulted in non-uniform and unstable films. Absorbance, transmittance, and band gap measurements showed the optical properties varied with concentration. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated crystallinity depended on copper concentration in the bath solution.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
2014 polymer activation by reducing agent absorption as a flexible tool for t...Alexandra Bautista
Electroless plating is a powerful wet-chemical method for the fabrication
of metal thin films on arbitrarily shaped substrates [1]. Despite its
relative simplicity just involving the immersion of a work piece in a
deposition solution, electroless plating is suitable for the creation of
macroscopic [1] aswell as intricate nanoscale structures [2–5]. Depending
on the type of substrate and depositedmetal, the obtained materials
can be utilized in various fields, including electronics, wear and corrosion
resistance, medical technology and catalysis [1,6]. The special
properties of electrolessly plated metal nanomaterials give rise to
particularly interesting applications such as molecular separation
[4] or microreactors
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Crimson Publishers-Corrosion Protection Polybutadiene-Coated Mild Steel in Ma...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Corrosion Protection Polybutadiene-Coated Mild Steel in Marine Water by Nanocoating and Filler Compounds by Rajesh Kumar Singh in Research & Development in Material Science
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Influence of alkaline substances (carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium) in w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
2014 polymer activation by reducing agent absorption as a flexible tool for t...Alexandra Bautista
Electroless plating is a powerful wet-chemical method for the fabrication
of metal thin films on arbitrarily shaped substrates [1]. Despite its
relative simplicity just involving the immersion of a work piece in a
deposition solution, electroless plating is suitable for the creation of
macroscopic [1] aswell as intricate nanoscale structures [2–5]. Depending
on the type of substrate and depositedmetal, the obtained materials
can be utilized in various fields, including electronics, wear and corrosion
resistance, medical technology and catalysis [1,6]. The special
properties of electrolessly plated metal nanomaterials give rise to
particularly interesting applications such as molecular separation
[4] or microreactors
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Crimson Publishers-Corrosion Protection Polybutadiene-Coated Mild Steel in Ma...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Corrosion Protection Polybutadiene-Coated Mild Steel in Marine Water by Nanocoating and Filler Compounds by Rajesh Kumar Singh in Research & Development in Material Science
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on the importance of image processing and its apllicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Combination of urea-Sn+2 in SCP solution was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel by potentiodynamicpolarization, surface synergist parameter and cyclic voltammetry methods comparing with urea–Zn+2 combination. A synergism parameter (SI) indicated a synergistic effect between urea and Sn+2was exist. Polarization study revealed that formulation consisting of 300 ppm urea+50 ppm Sn+2 in SCP solution provided inhibition efficiency (IF) of 85.93% while 300 ppm urea +50 ppm Zn+2 provided 82.3% IF, and this combination acts as anodic type inhibitor. Cyclic voltammetry curves showed that the steel samples immersed in this formulation has low tendency to pitting corrosion. From these results it can be concluded that urea – Sn+2 inhibitor formulation is a good corrosion n inhibitor for concrete reinforced steel, it can maintain stable passive film on steel surface even in the presence of aggressive chloride ions so it can be used instead of the high toxicityZn+2 inhibitor to improve the corrosion inhibition of urea fertilizer inhibitor.
Ginger extract as corrosion inhibitor from natural resources was studied to prevent corrosion of mild steel in acid media. Ginger rhizome was extracted to produce green corrosion inhibitor (G-1) while ginger powder bought at supermarket was also extracted to form a green corrosion inhibitor (G-2). Effectiveness of inhibitor in preventing corrosion process of mild steel was studied in 1.0 M of hydrochloric acid
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on the importance of image processing and its apllicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automatic collision detection for an autonomous robot using proximity sensing...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Identifying e learner’s opinion using automated sentiment analysis in e-learningeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Load balancing in public cloud by division of cloud based on the geographical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of localized algorithm for self organized wireless sensor network and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Aluminum doped cadmium selenide tin films of different compositions, (0.1-1.0 mol %) deposited by dip
coating method on cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. All the films are polycrystalline nature
having hexagonal structure. For all the films the preferred orientation is (100). Some other orientations like
(101), (110), (112) (202) (203) are also observed in the films. The values of interplanar distance, dislocation
density, microstrain, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, number of crystallites per unit area and particle
size of the aluminum doped thin films were calculated and their variation with dopant concentration was
studied. Interplanar distance, intensity, lattice parameters, volume of unit cell and particle size increases up
to 0.25mol % of aluminum. Microstrain, dislocation density and number of crystallite per unit area decreases
up to 0.25mol % aluminum concentration
Photocatalytic decomposition of isolan black by tio2, tio2 sio2 core shell na...eSAT Journals
Abstract Anatase phase TiO2, TiO2-SiO2 (TS) photocatalyst were prepared by wet chemical technique. The synthesized nano particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 24nm, while 7-10nm for TiO2-SiO2was calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The TiO2-SiO2 core shell nanocomposites were identified by TEM analysis. Ti-O, Si-O bonds were confirmed by EDAX and FTIR. The photocatalytic decomposition of Isolan black was investigated. The photo catalytic activity of TiO2, enhanced by doping of SiO2 on TiO2. The important factors such as pH, Wt % of dyes and nanoparticles, intensity of light are also affect the photocatalytic action. Index Terms: Nanocomposites, Photocatalyst, TEM, SEM-EDAX.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal ...ijtsrd
Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn were successfully prepared by the simple one pot solvothermal method. Morphology and structure of the as synthesised products was checked through the XRD, SEM, HRTEM techniques. The Fe3¬O4 hollowsphere doped showed the high photocatalytic activity for degradation of hexavalent chromium under visible light irradiation. The effects of reaction conditions such as initial pH, photocatalyst dosage and hexavalent chromium contratentation were also studied systematically. The stability of the catalsyts and and possible catalytic mechanism was also proposed. The results indicate that Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn can be promising catalyst for photo reduction of hexavalent chromium. Xuan Sang Nguyen "Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47862/application-of-fe3o4-sphere-doped-with-zn-for-enhanced-sonocatalytic-removal-of-cr-vi-from-aqueous-solutions/xuan-sang-nguyen
Preparation and Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide Thin Filmsijtsrd
Metal oxide is highly important material which possesses many unique optical and electrical properties for applications in many areas such as Solar cells, Gas sensors and so on. With the development of research and applications of Metal oxide thin films, research results are verified that the morphology of Metal oxide thin films are plays an important role in applications of these films. Variety of morphologies, complex structure has been developed by physical or chemical methods. However the work on controlled growth of these films is still in developing state. Therefore in present work we deposited ZnS and ZnO metal oxides thin films on different substrates by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique. Structural, Surface Morphology and Optical properties of as deposited films were investigated by XRD, SEM, and UV VIS Spectrophotometer. The band gap is also calculated from the equation relating absorption co efficient to wavelength. The band gap indicates the film is transmitting within the visible range and the band gaps changes because of the grain size of the films. We also observed that, the change in preparative parameters affects the deposition rate of thin films. From the observation, it is clear that the growth rate increases as the deposition temperature, increases. S. S. Kawar "Preparation and Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide Thin Films" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31623.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/31623/preparation-and-properties-of-nanocrystalline-zinc-oxide-thin-films/s-s-kawar
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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Effect of concentration on structural and optical
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 227
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL
PROPERTIES OF CuS THIN FILMS
M.A. Sangamesha1
, K. Pushapalatha2*
, G.L. Shekar3
1
Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, the National Institute of Engineering, Karnataka, India
2
Professor, Department of Chemistry, the National Institute of Engineering, Karnataka, India
3
Professor, Department of Industrial Production and Engg, the National Institute of Engineering, Karnataka, India
sangamesha.ma@gmail.com, kplnie@hotmail.com, gl_shekar@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Thin films of Copper sulphide were deposited on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition technique at room temperature from
the aqueous solution containing different concentration of copper sulphate between 0.05M and 0.15M. The effects of the copper
concentration of the chemical bath on structural and optical properties of the amorphous thin film were investigated and discussed.
The optical absorption and transmission of the thin films were observed between of 330-1100nm taken at room temperature. The
optical band gaps of the as-synthesized copper sulphide thin film for various concentrations were measured. The surface morphology
has been observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results obtained from AFM
demonstrated that the reflectivity was closely related to the surface roughness of the film. High surface roughness has a strong
scattering effect on light and lowers the reflectivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that crystallinities of the films are
dependent on the copper concentration in the solution.
Keywords: Copper sulphide, CBD; XRD; AFM; SEM; Thin films
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Nanostructures materials have attracted a great deal of
attention in the last few years for their unique characteristics
that cannot be obtained from conventional macroscopic
materials. Copper sulphide has complex crystal chemistry
owing to its stability to form stochiometric compounds.
Copper sulphide thin films are very attractive materials for a
wide variety of technological applications such as ferroelectric
thin films, high-density optical data storage or semiconductors
[1], optoelectronic devices [2], energy storage and conversion
[3], solar cells, gas sensors [4], etc. due to their structural,
optical and electrical properties [5]. The copper sulphide
exhibits high transmission in the visible region and absorption
throughout the near IR region (800 -1500nm) [6]. It also
exhibits fast ion conduction at higher temperatures. Therefore
copper sulphide is suitable for the fabrication of solar cells.
Recent research on solar cells has been aimed at lowering the
fabrication cost to decrease the price of the energy obtained. In
this context, suitable materials should be prepared easily, must
show stable behavior over a long period of operation and
inexpensive. A material is said to be a thin film when it is
build up as a thin layer on a substrate by controlled
condensation of the individual atomic, molecular or ionic
species either directly by a physical process or through a
chemical/electrochemical reaction. Various methods are been
used for deposition of thin films, like vacuum evaporation,
electro deposition, spray pyrolysis, sputtering, sol gel method,
molecular beam epitaxy, chemical bath deposition (CBD) etc.
Of all these techniques, the CBD method is used to deposit
over a large surface area, with out the need of any
sophisticated instruments, it is suitable for deposition at low
temperature and inexpensive. CBD is a simple reproducible
and cost effective technique for the preparation of metal halide
and sulphide thin films on various substrates. This technique is
based on slow controlled precipitation of the desired
compound from its ions in a reaction bath solution. A ligand
or complexing agent acting as a catalyst is usually employed
to control the reaction in a medium of suitable pH and
concentration to obtain desirable crystalline thin films,
otherwise spontaneous reaction will occur that affect the thin
film growth and also sedimentation of materials will be
resulted. The condition for compound to be deposited from a
solution bearing its ions is that its ionic product (IP) should be
greater than the solubility product (SP). The complexing agent
of a metal in solution forms fairly stable complex ions of the
metal and provides a controlled release of free ions according
to an equilibrium reaction. The negative ions required for the
precipitation of the compound are also generated slowly by
suitable complex compounds bearing those ions. The
deposition technique can be improved by maintaining
parameters like suitable complexing agent, pH, concentration
and temperature. Hitherto number of thin films such as CdSe
[7], In2S3 [8], SnS [9], FeS [10], etc are obtained by CBD
technique have also been reported.
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In the literature most studies have been concentrated on the
effect of various factors such as pH [11], solution and
substrate temperature [12], annealing temperature [13],
deposition time [14, 15], molar ratio in the bath solution [16],
the influence of the substrate on the properties of the
chalcogenide thin films [17] etc., on the surface morphology,
the optical and structural properties. The present work is
focused on the preparation of amorphous CuS thin films on
the glass substrates by CBD using various copper ion
concentrations in the precursor solution and also its influence
on structural and optical properties such as absorbance (A),
transmittance (T) reflectance (R) thickness (T) and the band
gap energy of the films are investigated, which is hitherto not
reported. Comparative study is also made to show how the
concentration of the copper ions in the reaction bath can alter
the nature of the deposited thin film. The surface morphology
of the film was studied using SEM and AFM. The structural
characterization was also carried out using XRD.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
In this work, commercial glass slides were used as substrates.
Substrate cleaning plays an important role in the deposition of
thin films, because contaminated surface of the substrates
results in the non-uniform film growth due to the nucleation
formed by the impurities. Prior to deposition, substrates were
cleaned using detergent, nitric acid and double distilled water
in an ultra sonicator bath, and finally dried in an oven. Copper
sulphate, thiourea, triethanolamine (TEA) and ammonia
solution of analytical reagent grade were used as received. The
films were prepared at room temperature for different copper
sulphate concentrations viz. 0.05M, 0.075M, 0.1M, 0.125M
and 0.15M in the chemical bath by keeping all other bath
parameters in the precursor solution are as same. Aqueous
solution of copper sulphate, thiourea and triethanolamine were
prepared separately using double distilled water before the
experiment. To the 0.05M CuSO4.5H2O solution, exactly 5ml
of 1:1 TEA, 10ml of 1M thiourea and 10ml of 30% ammonia
solution were added slowly one after the other with constant
stirring and final volume is made up to 100ml using double
distilled water. The TEA serves as a complexing agent to
chelate with copper ions. The deposition of CuS films is based
on the slow release of Cu2+
and S2-
ions in the solution, which
are then condensed on to the glass substrates [18]. The
thiourea was used as a source for sulphide ions and ammonia
solution was added slowly to maintain the pH
of the bath at 11.
Previously cleaned glass slides were immersed vertically in
the bath for 5 hours at lab temperature without disturbing the
solution during the deposition. In the same way the CuS thin
films were fabricated for other concentrations of CuSO4 such
as 0.075M, 0.1M, 0.125M and 0.15M using other solutions as
indicated in Table-1.
Table-1: Bath constituents for preparation of copper sulphide
(CuS) thin films
Sl
No.
Concentration of
CuSO4
(in Molars)
TEA
(ml)
1M Thiourea
(ml)
30%
Ammonia
solution (ml)
1 0.05 5 10 10
2 0.075 5 10 10
3 0.1 5 10 10
4 0.125 5 10 10
5 0.15 5 10 10
The reaction mechanism for the deposition of (CuS) thin film
can be given as follows:
CuSO4.5H2O + TEA→ Cu (TEA)2+
+ (SO4)2-
+ 5H2O
Cu (TEA)2+
→ Cu2+
+ TEA
SC (NH2)2 + OH-
→ CH2N2 + H2O + HS-
HS-
+ OH-
→ H2O + S2-
Cu2+
+ S2-
→ CuS
After completion of film deposition, the substrates were taken
out and washed using double distilled water and used for
analysis.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were obtained
with a Phenom SEM. To determine surface morphology and
film thickness of the CuS thin films, the sample surfaces were
monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM, PARK
system). The AFM was operated in non contact mode to avoid
destruction due to using of a standard silicon tip. Optical
properties were studied by measuring absorbance of the film
using a shimadzu spectrophotometer within the wave length
range of 330-1100nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were
recorded to characterize the structure of the thin films using
Bruker D2 phaser x-ray diffractometer with CuKα radiation of
wave length (λ) of 1.5406 Å for 2θ values over 12°-90°.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Surface Morphology of the Thin Film
SEM is a promising technique for the morphology of thin
films. It gives as important information regarding growth,
shape and size of the particles. In the present work, the copper
precursor solution prepared for the development of thin film
by CBD method, as reported elsewhere [19]. The film may
also be obtained by using the acidic bath solution, maintained
at pH 1.5 [14]. In this paper, for the first time, we made an
attempt by varying the copper concentration to study the effect
on the CuS thin film. Figure1(a-e) shows the SEM
micrographs for CuS thin film obtained for different
concentrations of copper ions in the solution bath. It is
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 229
observed from the Fig 1c that the grains in the film are
relatively good, compact, homogeneous and uniformly
covered at 0.1M concentration. Here, an attempt is made for
the first time to fix the concentration of copper in the bath
solution to get a uniform, crystalline thin film of CuS which is
hitherto not reported. The deposition is carried out at various
concentrations of copper as mentioned above by maintaining
the pH at 11. At lower concentration the grains are very far
and as the concentration increases the particles are closely
packed. At 0.1 M the film is uniformly covered and stable.
Above 0.1 M the film is not homogeneous and uniform, cracks
were observed and the film is peeling off, hence unstable. This
maximum concentration at which the film obtained is stable
and above which it is unstable, was termed as critical
concentration.
a) 0.05M
b) 0.075M
c) 0.1M
d) 0.125M
e) 0.15M
Fig-1(a-e): SEM images of CuS thin film on glass substrate at
different Cu2+
ion concentration
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3.2 Surface studies by Atomic Force Microscopy:
An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the
surface nanostructure of the CuS thin film deposited on the
glass substrate. This technique is capable of mapping three-
dimensional images of the surface of CuS thin films. Figures
2(a-e) shows AFM micrographs of the CuS thin films
deposited at various concentrations from 0.05M - 0.15M.
From the obtained AFM image the thickness and surface
roughness of the film were investigated. At lower
concentration <0.1M, the surface coverage was incomplete
and particles are not grown completely on the surface of the
substrate as shown in Fig. 2a and 2b. This may be due to
insufficient amount of sulphide ion and TEA source to form
CuS thin film on substrate while depositing. The deposition on
a substrate mainly depends on the formation of nucleation
sites and subsequent growth of the thin films from the centre.
Hence, irregular shaped grains with different sizes are
observed on the surface of the film. Further increase in the
Cu+2
ion concentration to 0.1M shows complete coverage of
the film over the substrate compared to the films prepared at
lower concentration. The surface is relatively uniform and
particle agglomerations are avoided. The grain sizes were
almost similar to each other without any cracks and consists of
spherical particles which are well adhered to the substrate.
Thickness of the film was found to be 250nm. However, the
films deposited at 0.125M and 0.15M is highly irregular and
agglomerated with high surface roughness.
Fig. 3 shows the variation in the film thickness as well as
surface roughness of the as-deposited amorphous CuS thin
films as a function of the Copper ion concentration in the bath
solution. We find that the film thickness increases nearly
linearly from 130 nm to 250 nm with the increase in the
concentration of copper ions from 0.05M to 0.1M (cf. Fig 3).
Depositions with concentrations above 0.1M results the
decrease in thickness, may be due to the formation of outer
porous layer may have developed stress which tends to cause
delamination, resulting peeling off the film [20]. Further, due
to the competition of heterogeneous nucleation on the
substrate and homogeneous nucleation in the solution, would
alter the growth of the thin film [21]. The surface morphology
of the film deposited at 0.1M is quite uniform and well
covered on the substrate when compare with than other
concentrations.
Root mean square (RMS) roughness defined as the standard
deviation of the surface height profile from the average height,
is the most commonly reported measurement of surface
roughness [22]. The surface roughness values 25.88 and
114.31nm were observed for the films prepared using 0.05M
and 0.15M respectively, indicating that the surface roughness
increases with increasing concentration of copper ions in the
bath. According to the data obtained for surface roughness as
indicated in Table 2, the films deposited for 0.05M have a
smoother surface while the films prepared for 0.15M have a
rougher surface. However, for the films deposited using 0.15
M is highly irregular, agglomerated and unstable with surface
roughness and thickness is 114.31 nm and 110nm
respectively. We have observed that the surface roughness
depends on concentration of copper ions in the bath solution
and the surface roughness is unavoidable due to three-
dimensional growth of the films.
Table-2: Thickness and Surface roughness of amorphous CuS
thin films deposited at various copper ion concentration
Molar
concentration
of CuSO4
Thickness
in nm
Roughness
in nm
0.05 130 25.88
0.075 150 91.75
0.1 250 30.25
0.125 220 46.72
0.15 110 114.31
a) 0.05M
b) 0.075M
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c) 0.1M
d) 0.125M
e) 0.15M
Fig-2(a-e): AFM images of CuS thin film on glass substrate at
Cu2+
different concentration
0.05M 0.075M 0.1M 0.125M 0.15M
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
thickness (nm)
Roughness
Molarity
thickness(nm)
20
40
60
80
100
120
Roughnessinnm
Fig-3: Thickness and roughness spectra of amorphous CuS
thin films at Cu2+
ion concentrations
3.3 Optical Properties
Optical behavior of amorphous CuS thin film deposited at
various concentrations is determined by its absorbance,
transmittance, reflectance and optical constant, i.e. the band
gap values. The absorption spectrums of the deposited films
are as shown in fig. 4. An absorption edge corresponds to an
electron excited by a photon of known energy, whereby
electron can jump from a lower energy to a higher energy
state. The absorption spectrum of CuS thin films were
recorded in the wave length region ranging from 330 to
1100nm. The absorption edge is between 450nm to 550nm for
all the thin films deposited. It was observed that the absorption
edge of the films shifts to a longer wave length side as the
concentration increases, which suggests a decrease in the band
gap value. The decrease in band gap value from 0.75M to
0.1M is very less. Similar results are also observed in the
literature [23, 11]. Due to surface resistance, non uniformity
and instability of the thin film, the absorption spectra at 0.15M
is not obtained properly.
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Absorbance
Wavelength in nm
0.05M
0.1M
0.075M
0.125M
0.15M
Fig -4: Absorbance spectra of amorphous CuS thin films at
different Cu2+
concentrations
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Figure 5 shows the transmittance spectra as a function of
wavelength of the CuS thin films deposited at various
concentrations of copper ions in the chemical bath. From the
observed data, it is seen that the average transmission (T) in
the visible region is about 50-70% at the wavelength around
650nm, which is more than transmittance values reported
elsewhere [11]. It is also seen from the fig. 5 that the
transmittance decreases in the near infrared (NIR) region,
where as reflectance (R) increases (fig.6).The transmission
and reflectance spectra obtained at 0.15M are also not clear
may be for the same reason as mentioned above.
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%T
wavelength in nm
0.05M
0.1M
0.075
0.125
0.15
Fig-5: Transmittance spectra of amorphous CuS thin films
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
5
10
15
20
wavelength in nm
0.075 M
0.1M
0.05M
0.125M
0.15M
%R
Fig-6: Reflectance spectra of amorphous CuS thin films
The optical band gap (Eg) of the prepared CuS was calculated
by using the relation [24, 25]:
(αhν) = a (hν - Eg)n
(2)
Where α is the optical absorption coefficient, ‘a’ is a constant
and n depends on transition type. The value of α is obtained
from the following relation [26].
α =2.303 A / t (3)
Where A is the absorbance and t is the thickness of the film.
The (αhν)2
is plotted as a function of photon energy (hν) is
shown in fig.7. It varies almost linearly with photon energy
above the band gap energy (Eg). Thus, the equation 2 is used
for the determination direct inter band transmission [27]. The
linear extrapolation of this curve to the energy axis gives the
value of band gap.
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(αhν)2
1010
eV2
cm-2
(αhν)2
1010
eV2
cm-2
(αhν)2
1010
eV2
cm-2
(αhν)2
1010
eV2
cm-2
0.05M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
0.075M
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
hν ineV
hν ineVhν ineV
hν ineV
0.1M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.125M
1 2 3 4 5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.15M
(αhν)2
1010
eV2
cm-2
hν ineV
Fig- 7: (αhν)2
verses hν plot of amorphus CuS thin films at
different Cu+2
concentrations
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 233
0.05M 0.075M 0.1M 0.125M 0.15M
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Eg
thickness (nm)
Molarity
Eg
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
thickness(nm)
Fig.-8: Band gap and thickness spectra of amorphous CuS
thin films
Table-3: band gap CuS thin films at different Cu2+
concentrations
Molar
Concentration of
copper ions
Thickness in nm Eg(eV)
0.05 130 2.78
0.075 150 2.68
0.1 250 2.67
0.125 220 2.49
0.15 110 2.00
As shown the table-3, the obtained thin film at various
concentration exhibits a linear dependence of (αhν)2
on (hν) in
the band gap range 2.0-2.78eV. The fig.8 shows the variation
in the band gap of the CuS thin films as a function of the
various copper sulphate concentration in the chemical baths. It
is observed that indirect band gap varies from 2.0-2.78eV. The
optical band gap values obtained for CuS thin films are lower
than the values reported elsewhere [11]. The band gap
energies of highly crystalline films are similar to crystalline
bulk materials, whereas in amorphous films Eg values are
higher than those corresponding bulk materials.
3.4 Structural Properties
X-ray diffraction is a powerful non-destructive method for
characterization, by which, the crystal structure, grain size and
orientation factor can be determined. The structural
identifications of amorphous CuS thin films were carried out
with Bruker XRD D2 model. The XRD patterns were
recorded from 12°- 90° (2θ). The XRD spectrum of the CuS
thin film deposited at various concentrations are as shown in
the fig 8. It is observed that, the structural properties of the
thin films deposited were not affected by the concentration up
to 0.1M of copper ions in the chemical bath. Further, it is clear
from the figure that as the concentration increases; the
crystalline nature of the film also increases.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
500
1000
Intensity(arb.units)
A
0.05M
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
500
1000
0.075M
Intensity(arb.units)
A
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
500
1000
Intensity(arb.units)
A
0.1M
20 40 60 80 100
0
500
1000
0.125M
Intensity(arb.units)
A
20 40 60 80 100
0
500
1000
1500
0.15M
Intensity(arb.units)
A
Fig.-9: XRD spectrum of amorphous CuS thin films at various
Cu2+
concentrations
CONCLUSIONS
A simple and convenient CBD method was employed, and
successfully deposited amorphous CuS thin film on
commercial glass at various concentrations of copper ions in
the chemical bath. The effect of the concentration on the
optical properties and surface morphology of the obtained thin
films were studied. The surface morphology by SEM reveals
that 0.1M is the best concentration to get an uniform thin film
of amorphous CuS, at which the film is homogeneous with
uniform grain size and closely packed particles over the entire
substrate area without any cracks. The obtained XRD pattern
shows the amorphous nature of the film. At higher
concentrations it shows that the thin films are crystalline in
nature and up to 0.1M copper ions concentration, it does not
affect much on the film structure. However, the characteristic
UV–VIS spectrum data of the deposited film demonstrated
that the bath concentration value will affect the optical
properties of the as-deposited CuS thin films. Optical
transition was found to increase from 50% - 70% in the visible
region, as the concentration is increased. Additionally, the
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 234
optical reflection of the film varied from ~7 to 20% in the
visible range respectively. It was found that the indirect band
gap varies from to 2 to 2.78 eV due to the deposition
conditions and concentration of the copper ions in the bath
solution. The AFM measurements have shown that the CuS
thin film has high roughness at higher concentration. From all
the above analysis it was found that, the film deposited at
0.1M copper concentration showed the best optimum
concentration for the preparation of the amorphous thin film of
CuS because of uniform surface coverage, higher absorption
and minimum reflectance characteristics when compared to
the films deposited at other concentrations. These results
matched well with the information obtained from XRD, SEM,
AFM and optical properties.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the “Vision Group on Science and
Technology”, Department of Information Technology,
Biotechnology & Science and Technology, Government of
Karnataka, for the financial support under VGST-CESEM
programme.
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