IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1) The document reports on an experimental investigation of variable inertia effects and secondary resonance in a multi-cylinder reciprocating engine.
2) Two single cylinder engine crank assemblies were welded together with 180 degree phase difference to create a simplified engine model for testing.
3) The engine model was tested both statically using a hydraulic actuator exciter and dynamically while running using a generator and electrical load exciter to induce torsional vibration pulses.
4) Accelerometers and vibration analysis equipment were used to measure the engine's response in the time and frequency domains in order to experimentally confirm theories of variable inertia effects and secondary resonance predicted in previous theoretical studies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses active magnetic bearings (AMBs). It provides background on AMBs, explaining that they support rotating machinery without physical contact using electromagnetic forces controlled by sensors and electronics. The document then describes the basic components and working principles of AMB systems, including electromagnets, position sensors, and control systems that use feedback to maintain the rotor's position. It explains that AMBs offer benefits over traditional bearings like reduced friction, vibration, and maintenance needs. However, it notes that AMB systems are more complex and expensive to implement initially.
The document proposes a novel differential linear electrostatic motor that operates on the principle of the electric field effect on dielectric materials. The motor has a simple structure that simplifies production. It also allows for precise control of velocity and position through advanced motion control options. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the proposed control methods and show the practical viability of the motor. The motor consists of a dielectric slab rotor between two pairs of capacitor plates. Applying voltage to one pair of plates generates force on the slab, causing it to move linearly in either direction. Various control methods using DC and sinusoidal voltages are simulated.
This document describes the design of a combined fatigue testing machine that can test specimens using both rotating shaft and reciprocating bending mechanisms. It discusses the working principles and design considerations for the machine components like the electric motor, bearings, crank and connecting rod assembly, sensors, and specimens. The machine is designed to be compact, efficient, and more economical than commercially available fatigue testing machines. It will subject specimens to repeated stresses and count the number of cycles until failure to generate S-N curves, which graphically represent the relationship between stress amplitude and number of cycles to failure.
ELECTRONIC SYNCHRONOUS SHAFT FOR SWIVEL AXES DRIVEN BY COUPLED SELFLOCKING WO...ijmech
Coupling worm gears in large machine tool manipulator units (axes) can lead to overload damages under some operating conditions, like asymmetrical driving and emergency stop. This behaviour is caused by the self locking characteristic of worm gears with small pitch. If operated in the direction opposite to the designated one, self-locking can occur in the gears, subjecting the gears to an arbitrary torque which can be destructive. This condition can occur without counter torque on the driving side. In most gears, tooth engagement is based on a rolling motion. The slip component increases with a growing axis angle between the paired gears. In case of worm gears, the axis angle is 90_, and therefore the coupling is purely frictious.This friction coupling is important in modelling. Especially the transition between the static and dynamic friction, where the system parameters change abruptly by a factor of two, should not be neglected.Based on the evaluated model a synchronous controller has been developed. This controller gives the oppertunity to drive swiveling axes with coupled selflocking gears by a standard gantry topology with an overlayed state changing master-slave topology
This presentation showcases:
1.Source of noise in motors
2.Generation mechanism of electromagnetic noise
3.Causes of electromagnetic force in motor
4.Noise reduction techniques
5.Coupled electromagnetic and structural analysis in JMAG
A Review of Design of Shock Absorber Test RigIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a test rig for evaluating shock absorbers. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of measuring a shock absorber's transmissibility (ability to absorb vibration) under varying loads and speeds. It then provides background on shock absorbers and the importance of testing them. The conceptual design of the test rig is described, including major components like the motor, gearbox, circular plate, cam, bushings and C-channels. The document concludes that the mechanism is able to convert rotational motion into linear motion of the shock absorber in order to evaluate its performance under different operating conditions.
1) The document reports on an experimental investigation of variable inertia effects and secondary resonance in a multi-cylinder reciprocating engine.
2) Two single cylinder engine crank assemblies were welded together with 180 degree phase difference to create a simplified engine model for testing.
3) The engine model was tested both statically using a hydraulic actuator exciter and dynamically while running using a generator and electrical load exciter to induce torsional vibration pulses.
4) Accelerometers and vibration analysis equipment were used to measure the engine's response in the time and frequency domains in order to experimentally confirm theories of variable inertia effects and secondary resonance predicted in previous theoretical studies.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses active magnetic bearings (AMBs). It provides background on AMBs, explaining that they support rotating machinery without physical contact using electromagnetic forces controlled by sensors and electronics. The document then describes the basic components and working principles of AMB systems, including electromagnets, position sensors, and control systems that use feedback to maintain the rotor's position. It explains that AMBs offer benefits over traditional bearings like reduced friction, vibration, and maintenance needs. However, it notes that AMB systems are more complex and expensive to implement initially.
The document proposes a novel differential linear electrostatic motor that operates on the principle of the electric field effect on dielectric materials. The motor has a simple structure that simplifies production. It also allows for precise control of velocity and position through advanced motion control options. Simulation results are presented that demonstrate the proposed control methods and show the practical viability of the motor. The motor consists of a dielectric slab rotor between two pairs of capacitor plates. Applying voltage to one pair of plates generates force on the slab, causing it to move linearly in either direction. Various control methods using DC and sinusoidal voltages are simulated.
This document describes the design of a combined fatigue testing machine that can test specimens using both rotating shaft and reciprocating bending mechanisms. It discusses the working principles and design considerations for the machine components like the electric motor, bearings, crank and connecting rod assembly, sensors, and specimens. The machine is designed to be compact, efficient, and more economical than commercially available fatigue testing machines. It will subject specimens to repeated stresses and count the number of cycles until failure to generate S-N curves, which graphically represent the relationship between stress amplitude and number of cycles to failure.
ELECTRONIC SYNCHRONOUS SHAFT FOR SWIVEL AXES DRIVEN BY COUPLED SELFLOCKING WO...ijmech
Coupling worm gears in large machine tool manipulator units (axes) can lead to overload damages under some operating conditions, like asymmetrical driving and emergency stop. This behaviour is caused by the self locking characteristic of worm gears with small pitch. If operated in the direction opposite to the designated one, self-locking can occur in the gears, subjecting the gears to an arbitrary torque which can be destructive. This condition can occur without counter torque on the driving side. In most gears, tooth engagement is based on a rolling motion. The slip component increases with a growing axis angle between the paired gears. In case of worm gears, the axis angle is 90_, and therefore the coupling is purely frictious.This friction coupling is important in modelling. Especially the transition between the static and dynamic friction, where the system parameters change abruptly by a factor of two, should not be neglected.Based on the evaluated model a synchronous controller has been developed. This controller gives the oppertunity to drive swiveling axes with coupled selflocking gears by a standard gantry topology with an overlayed state changing master-slave topology
This presentation showcases:
1.Source of noise in motors
2.Generation mechanism of electromagnetic noise
3.Causes of electromagnetic force in motor
4.Noise reduction techniques
5.Coupled electromagnetic and structural analysis in JMAG
A Review of Design of Shock Absorber Test RigIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a test rig for evaluating shock absorbers. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of measuring a shock absorber's transmissibility (ability to absorb vibration) under varying loads and speeds. It then provides background on shock absorbers and the importance of testing them. The conceptual design of the test rig is described, including major components like the motor, gearbox, circular plate, cam, bushings and C-channels. The document concludes that the mechanism is able to convert rotational motion into linear motion of the shock absorber in order to evaluate its performance under different operating conditions.
A review on design and development of eccentric shaft for cottonLaukik Raut
This document provides a review and discussion of eccentric shafts, which are important components used in cotton ginning machines to provide oscillatory motion. Eccentric shafts are circular or cam-shaped disks attached off-center to a rotating axle. They are widely used in industries like cotton ginning where their small eccentric distance results in low friction loss and high efficiency. The document discusses the design, operation, and factors that affect the life of eccentric shafts, such as load, geometry, materials, and wear. It also reviews various studies on topics like eccentric mechanisms, eccentricity-related faults, vibration control of eccentric rotors, and designs of eccentric shafts in applications like pumps and robots. The goal of the document is
Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of melon shelling machineeSAT Journals
The document describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a melon shelling machine. It discusses the methodology used, including design calculations for components like the shelling cylinder, shaft, belt drive, and bearings. Testing showed the machine achieved 62.5-70.95% shelling efficiency depending on whether a flat bar or flexible rubber was used for shelling. While the flexible rubber achieved higher shelling, it also resulted in more partially shelled seeds. Overall, the machine was successful in improving melon shelling performance compared to traditional methods.
Life Saver – Fire Safety and Evacuation DeviceIRJET Journal
This document describes a personal rescue device called Life Saver that is designed to safely evacuate people from multi-story buildings during emergencies. Life Saver uses a harness and pulley system connected to a centrifugal governor and frictional braking mechanism to lower individuals at a controlled speed of 1 m/s. The governor regulates the speed to maintain it regardless of the load by increasing or decreasing braking based on centrifugal force. Life Saver is intended to provide a reliable, affordable self-rescue option for occupants of high-rise buildings when seconds count during a fire or other emergency situation.
Fuzzy control of a vertical shaft single axis controlled repulsive typeIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a vertical shaft single axis controlled repulsive type magnetic bearing (SACRMB) that uses permanent magnets for radial stability and electromagnets for levitation and axial stability.
2) A fuzzy logic controller is proposed for the axial control of the SACRMB, as it is nonparametric and simple compared to other controllers like PID.
3) Simulation results show that the radial and axial vibrations of the SACRMB controlled by the fuzzy logic controller are within tolerable limits, indicating the design works well.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It discusses how ultrasonic motors work on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect to directly convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. The motor consists of an actuator made of piezoelectric material, a stationary stator, a rotating rotor, and an outer casing. When voltage is applied to the actuator, it causes the stator to vibrate ultrasonically. Frictional contact between the vibrating stator and rotor causes the rotor to rotate, providing useful mechanical output. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over traditional electromagnetic motors such as higher torque, smaller size, and greater potential for miniaturization.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors (USMs). It discusses the working principle of USMs, which use piezoelectric materials to directly convert electrical energy to mechanical energy via the piezoelectric effect. The document describes the basic structure of USMs, including the actuator, stator, rotor, and casing. It also discusses the different types of USMs - standing wave and traveling wave - and their characteristics. USMs have advantages like high torque, accuracy, and efficiency. Applications include cameras, hard disk drives, robots, and more. In conclusion, USMs are promising for miniaturized applications due to their small size and high torque.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It begins with introducing the principle of piezoelectricity that ultrasonic motors are based on. It then describes the typical construction of an ultrasonic motor including the actuator, stator, rotor and casing. The working principle involves generating ultrasonic surface waves on the stator using the actuator that causes friction with the rotor, rotating it. It classifies ultrasonic motors and discusses their advantages like high torque and efficiency, and disadvantages like requiring high frequency power. It concludes by describing some applications like in cameras and automobiles.
The document describes the design of a lifting mechanism for agricultural equipment attachments. The mechanism uses wedges and a power screw actuated by hand to lift attachments like plows. It aims to provide lifting capability with reduced cost, size, and weight compared to hydraulic mechanisms. Key components include a holder, bell crank, two wedges, base, and power screw. Calculations are shown for component sizing. A prototype is tested lifting a 10kg L-shaped attachment. Analysis shows the bell crank can withstand over 300kg of load with minimal deflection and stress. The mechanism performs as intended and has potential for industrial and other lifting applications.
Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric materials to generate ultrasonic vibrations that produce motion. They were first introduced in 1965 and have advantages over traditional electromagnetic motors like higher torque at lower speeds, greater precision, and no magnetic interference. Common piezoelectric materials used include quartz, barium titanate, and lead zirconate titanate. Ultrasonic motors find applications in areas like cameras, watches, printers, and medical devices due to their small size and precision.
This thesis deal with design development and fabrication of “MULTI PURPOSE MECHANICAL MACHINE”. This machine is designed for the purpose of MULTI-OPERATIONs i.e. BLANKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, HAMMERING & GRINDING. This machine perform multipurpose operation at same time with required speed & this machine is automatic which is controlled or operated by motor which is run with the help of current. This machine is based on the mechanism of whit worth return. This model of the multi operational machine is may be used in industries and domestic operation which can perform mechanical operation like drilling, cutting & shaping of a thin metallic as well as wooden model or body
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ultrasonic motors offer high torque density at low speeds and high holding torque due to their simple construction and quick response time. They work by establishing a traveling wave on the stator surface that creates elliptical motion to propel the rotor. Teeth on the stator amplify this motion to increase speed. Ultrasonic motors are well-suited for applications requiring small motions like autofocus lenses, watch motors, and robotics due to their zero-backlash and high holding force characteristics.
Experimental Validation of Vibration Characteristics of Selected Centrifugal ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the vibration characteristics of a selected centrifugal pump. It begins with an introduction to pump vibrations and their causes. Next, it describes the methodology which includes measuring existing vibration levels, developing methods to reduce vibration, and experimenting with different isolation methods. Experimental results show that a grooved circular isolator is most effective at reducing vibration amplitudes while also increasing the first fundamental frequency to avoid resonance conditions. The conclusions determine that a grooved isolator is recommended for use with centrifugal pumps to minimize vibrations.
Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed spindles supported on ball ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the dynamic spindle. Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite element modeling.
Ultrasonic motors have been known for over 30 years and were first introduced in 1965. They operate using the piezoelectric effect to convert electric energy to motion. There are two main types - standing wave and traveling wave. Standing wave ultrasonic motors use a single vibration source to produce elliptical motion for driving, while traveling wave motors use multiple vibration sources with a 90 degree phase difference to create a traveling wave. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over traditional motors such as compact size, high torque to weight ratio, and lack of electromagnetic interference.
Theoretical and experimental studies on vibrations produced by defects in dou...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric crystals to convert electric energy into ultrasonic vibrations, generating macro motion through micro deformations. There are two main types - standing wave motors which use three crystal groups to lock and move a rotor bidirectionally, and traveling wave motors which create a traveling wave through superimposed standing waves with 90 degree phase differences, moving the rotor unidirectionally. Ultrasonic motors are useful for miniaturized applications due to their ability to produce high torque at low size and weight.
This project is done by the mechanical diploma engineering student of tssm's bscoer poly., pune
design and development of multipurpose mechanical machine
last year project-2017-18
it is the best project for the engineering student for the last year by modification as per the need
This document discusses piezoelectric ultrasonic motors. It begins with an introduction and overview of the presentation structure. It then describes the construction of ultrasonic motors as having a stator made of piezoelectric ceramic and an elastic body, along with a rotor, with no magnets or coils. It explains the principal operation of ultrasonic motors using piezoelectric effect to generate vibrations from an electric field. It classifies ultrasonic motors into standing wave, propagating wave, and traveling wave types and describes their operating mechanisms. It outlines applications and advantages of ultrasonic motors.
Vibrations in data centers can be caused by nearby construction, traffic, railways, or cooling and equipment inside the data center. Vibrations above 0.5g can damage servers and disk drives, potentially causing data loss. Anti-vibration solutions like individual springs, metallic frames, and floating concrete slabs can isolate vibrations. Floating slabs distribute weight to maintain low resonance even with varying loads. Additional seismic protections like wire absorbers and walls can further isolate horizontal impacts during earthquakes. Proper isolation is needed to protect sensitive data center equipment from vibrations and seismic events.
This document discusses vibration measurement and analysis. It describes various types of vibration transducers that convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals, including variable resistance, piezoelectric, electrodynamic, and LVDT transducers. It also discusses vibration pickups like vibrometers, accelerometers, and exciters. Dynamic testing is used to determine natural frequencies, damping, and mode shapes through modal testing or measure in-service loads through operational testing. The measurement signals are then conditioned and analyzed to study the vibration spectrum of machines and structures.
The document discusses static and dynamic balancing of rotating masses. Static balancing ensures the center of gravity remains stationary during rotation by balancing out centrifugal forces in any radial direction. Dynamic balancing prevents vibration during rotation by statically balancing and also balancing out moments and couples involved in accelerating moving parts. The types of balancing are defined as static, where forces due to gravity are balanced, and dynamic, where inertia forces are balanced in addition to static balance. Benefits include reduced vibration, noise, stresses, and increased quality, bearing life, and efficiency. Balancing is necessary to prevent problems from vibration like noise, abrasion, and shortened machine life.
A review on design and development of eccentric shaft for cottonLaukik Raut
This document provides a review and discussion of eccentric shafts, which are important components used in cotton ginning machines to provide oscillatory motion. Eccentric shafts are circular or cam-shaped disks attached off-center to a rotating axle. They are widely used in industries like cotton ginning where their small eccentric distance results in low friction loss and high efficiency. The document discusses the design, operation, and factors that affect the life of eccentric shafts, such as load, geometry, materials, and wear. It also reviews various studies on topics like eccentric mechanisms, eccentricity-related faults, vibration control of eccentric rotors, and designs of eccentric shafts in applications like pumps and robots. The goal of the document is
Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of melon shelling machineeSAT Journals
The document describes the design, fabrication, and testing of a melon shelling machine. It discusses the methodology used, including design calculations for components like the shelling cylinder, shaft, belt drive, and bearings. Testing showed the machine achieved 62.5-70.95% shelling efficiency depending on whether a flat bar or flexible rubber was used for shelling. While the flexible rubber achieved higher shelling, it also resulted in more partially shelled seeds. Overall, the machine was successful in improving melon shelling performance compared to traditional methods.
Life Saver – Fire Safety and Evacuation DeviceIRJET Journal
This document describes a personal rescue device called Life Saver that is designed to safely evacuate people from multi-story buildings during emergencies. Life Saver uses a harness and pulley system connected to a centrifugal governor and frictional braking mechanism to lower individuals at a controlled speed of 1 m/s. The governor regulates the speed to maintain it regardless of the load by increasing or decreasing braking based on centrifugal force. Life Saver is intended to provide a reliable, affordable self-rescue option for occupants of high-rise buildings when seconds count during a fire or other emergency situation.
Fuzzy control of a vertical shaft single axis controlled repulsive typeIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a vertical shaft single axis controlled repulsive type magnetic bearing (SACRMB) that uses permanent magnets for radial stability and electromagnets for levitation and axial stability.
2) A fuzzy logic controller is proposed for the axial control of the SACRMB, as it is nonparametric and simple compared to other controllers like PID.
3) Simulation results show that the radial and axial vibrations of the SACRMB controlled by the fuzzy logic controller are within tolerable limits, indicating the design works well.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It discusses how ultrasonic motors work on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect to directly convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. The motor consists of an actuator made of piezoelectric material, a stationary stator, a rotating rotor, and an outer casing. When voltage is applied to the actuator, it causes the stator to vibrate ultrasonically. Frictional contact between the vibrating stator and rotor causes the rotor to rotate, providing useful mechanical output. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over traditional electromagnetic motors such as higher torque, smaller size, and greater potential for miniaturization.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors (USMs). It discusses the working principle of USMs, which use piezoelectric materials to directly convert electrical energy to mechanical energy via the piezoelectric effect. The document describes the basic structure of USMs, including the actuator, stator, rotor, and casing. It also discusses the different types of USMs - standing wave and traveling wave - and their characteristics. USMs have advantages like high torque, accuracy, and efficiency. Applications include cameras, hard disk drives, robots, and more. In conclusion, USMs are promising for miniaturized applications due to their small size and high torque.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It begins with introducing the principle of piezoelectricity that ultrasonic motors are based on. It then describes the typical construction of an ultrasonic motor including the actuator, stator, rotor and casing. The working principle involves generating ultrasonic surface waves on the stator using the actuator that causes friction with the rotor, rotating it. It classifies ultrasonic motors and discusses their advantages like high torque and efficiency, and disadvantages like requiring high frequency power. It concludes by describing some applications like in cameras and automobiles.
The document describes the design of a lifting mechanism for agricultural equipment attachments. The mechanism uses wedges and a power screw actuated by hand to lift attachments like plows. It aims to provide lifting capability with reduced cost, size, and weight compared to hydraulic mechanisms. Key components include a holder, bell crank, two wedges, base, and power screw. Calculations are shown for component sizing. A prototype is tested lifting a 10kg L-shaped attachment. Analysis shows the bell crank can withstand over 300kg of load with minimal deflection and stress. The mechanism performs as intended and has potential for industrial and other lifting applications.
Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric materials to generate ultrasonic vibrations that produce motion. They were first introduced in 1965 and have advantages over traditional electromagnetic motors like higher torque at lower speeds, greater precision, and no magnetic interference. Common piezoelectric materials used include quartz, barium titanate, and lead zirconate titanate. Ultrasonic motors find applications in areas like cameras, watches, printers, and medical devices due to their small size and precision.
This thesis deal with design development and fabrication of “MULTI PURPOSE MECHANICAL MACHINE”. This machine is designed for the purpose of MULTI-OPERATIONs i.e. BLANKING, CUTTING, SHAPING, HAMMERING & GRINDING. This machine perform multipurpose operation at same time with required speed & this machine is automatic which is controlled or operated by motor which is run with the help of current. This machine is based on the mechanism of whit worth return. This model of the multi operational machine is may be used in industries and domestic operation which can perform mechanical operation like drilling, cutting & shaping of a thin metallic as well as wooden model or body
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ultrasonic motors offer high torque density at low speeds and high holding torque due to their simple construction and quick response time. They work by establishing a traveling wave on the stator surface that creates elliptical motion to propel the rotor. Teeth on the stator amplify this motion to increase speed. Ultrasonic motors are well-suited for applications requiring small motions like autofocus lenses, watch motors, and robotics due to their zero-backlash and high holding force characteristics.
Experimental Validation of Vibration Characteristics of Selected Centrifugal ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the vibration characteristics of a selected centrifugal pump. It begins with an introduction to pump vibrations and their causes. Next, it describes the methodology which includes measuring existing vibration levels, developing methods to reduce vibration, and experimenting with different isolation methods. Experimental results show that a grooved circular isolator is most effective at reducing vibration amplitudes while also increasing the first fundamental frequency to avoid resonance conditions. The conclusions determine that a grooved isolator is recommended for use with centrifugal pumps to minimize vibrations.
Identification of dynamic rigidity for high speed spindles supported on ball ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The widespread use of high-speed machining in recent decades has led to a significant area of research on issues that limit its productivity. Regenerative chatter is a well‐known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, leads to the poor surface quality, reduced material removal rate and damage on the machine tool itself. The main requirement for the stability of system dynamics is the information of tool tip frequency response functions (FRF’s).The present work considered a coupled model of spindle-bearing system by using the angular contact ball bearing forces on stability of machining. Using Timoshenko beam element formulation, the spindle unit is analyzed by including the gyroscopic and centrifugal terms and the bearing contact forces are arrived from Hertzian contact theory. Then, the model is used for studying the effects of viscous damping to obtain the tool point FRF for the dynamic spindle. Index Terms: Spindle dynamics, Stability, High speed effects, Bearing contact forces, Hertzian contact theory, Finite element modeling.
Ultrasonic motors have been known for over 30 years and were first introduced in 1965. They operate using the piezoelectric effect to convert electric energy to motion. There are two main types - standing wave and traveling wave. Standing wave ultrasonic motors use a single vibration source to produce elliptical motion for driving, while traveling wave motors use multiple vibration sources with a 90 degree phase difference to create a traveling wave. Ultrasonic motors offer advantages over traditional motors such as compact size, high torque to weight ratio, and lack of electromagnetic interference.
Theoretical and experimental studies on vibrations produced by defects in dou...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric crystals to convert electric energy into ultrasonic vibrations, generating macro motion through micro deformations. There are two main types - standing wave motors which use three crystal groups to lock and move a rotor bidirectionally, and traveling wave motors which create a traveling wave through superimposed standing waves with 90 degree phase differences, moving the rotor unidirectionally. Ultrasonic motors are useful for miniaturized applications due to their ability to produce high torque at low size and weight.
This project is done by the mechanical diploma engineering student of tssm's bscoer poly., pune
design and development of multipurpose mechanical machine
last year project-2017-18
it is the best project for the engineering student for the last year by modification as per the need
This document discusses piezoelectric ultrasonic motors. It begins with an introduction and overview of the presentation structure. It then describes the construction of ultrasonic motors as having a stator made of piezoelectric ceramic and an elastic body, along with a rotor, with no magnets or coils. It explains the principal operation of ultrasonic motors using piezoelectric effect to generate vibrations from an electric field. It classifies ultrasonic motors into standing wave, propagating wave, and traveling wave types and describes their operating mechanisms. It outlines applications and advantages of ultrasonic motors.
Vibrations in data centers can be caused by nearby construction, traffic, railways, or cooling and equipment inside the data center. Vibrations above 0.5g can damage servers and disk drives, potentially causing data loss. Anti-vibration solutions like individual springs, metallic frames, and floating concrete slabs can isolate vibrations. Floating slabs distribute weight to maintain low resonance even with varying loads. Additional seismic protections like wire absorbers and walls can further isolate horizontal impacts during earthquakes. Proper isolation is needed to protect sensitive data center equipment from vibrations and seismic events.
This document discusses vibration measurement and analysis. It describes various types of vibration transducers that convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals, including variable resistance, piezoelectric, electrodynamic, and LVDT transducers. It also discusses vibration pickups like vibrometers, accelerometers, and exciters. Dynamic testing is used to determine natural frequencies, damping, and mode shapes through modal testing or measure in-service loads through operational testing. The measurement signals are then conditioned and analyzed to study the vibration spectrum of machines and structures.
The document discusses static and dynamic balancing of rotating masses. Static balancing ensures the center of gravity remains stationary during rotation by balancing out centrifugal forces in any radial direction. Dynamic balancing prevents vibration during rotation by statically balancing and also balancing out moments and couples involved in accelerating moving parts. The types of balancing are defined as static, where forces due to gravity are balanced, and dynamic, where inertia forces are balanced in addition to static balance. Benefits include reduced vibration, noise, stresses, and increased quality, bearing life, and efficiency. Balancing is necessary to prevent problems from vibration like noise, abrasion, and shortened machine life.
Critical comparison of ground motion attenuation formulae for recent earthqua...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Product aspect ranking using domain dependent and domain independent revieweSAT Publishing House
This document discusses methods for identifying and ranking important product aspects from online customer reviews. It begins by explaining how online reviews have become an important source of information for customers but are challenging to analyze due to their unorganized nature. The document then reviews existing methods for identifying product aspects, including supervised and unsupervised approaches. It proposes a new approach to automatically determine the most important product aspects by calculating an importance score for each aspect, in order to help customers better understand reviewer opinions on key product attributes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of path loss parameters for broadcasting applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study of secure search protocols in pay as-you-go cloudseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study on shear strength characteristics of coir mat reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes approaches to numerically solving fuzzy differential equations. It begins by introducing fuzzy differential equations and discussing previous work in the area. It then defines key concepts related to fuzzy sets, fuzzy derivatives, and quasi-differential equations. The document proposes using finite difference methods to build fuzzy analogs for solving initial-boundary value problems involving fuzzy differential equations. It describes setting up spatial and temporal grids and defining discrete fuzzy number solutions that approximate the exact solutions to the fuzzy differential equations.
Integrated grid inverter with frequency control scheme for wind mill applicat...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on ontology-based web personalization. It discusses how web personalization aims to personalize content based on a user's navigational behavior. Ontology-based approaches use formal domain knowledge to build more accurate user profiles than traditional web mining methods alone. The document surveys recent works applying ontologies to areas like user modeling, recommendation systems, and information retrieval. It also outlines challenges in developing personalized systems, such as building accurate user profiles and addressing privacy and scalability issues. Future work opportunities include better integrating ontology and web mining techniques to improve personalization over time as a user's interests evolve.
The document summarizes research on the effect of concentration on the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide (CuS) thin films deposited using chemical bath deposition. Thin films were deposited on glass substrates from aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of copper sulfate (0.05M to 0.15M). Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images showed that films deposited at 0.1M copper concentration had a uniform, compact, and homogeneous structure, while higher concentrations resulted in non-uniform and unstable films. Absorbance, transmittance, and band gap measurements showed the optical properties varied with concentration. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated crystallinity depended on copper concentration in the bath solution.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Production of lactic acid from sweet meat industry waste by lactobacillus del...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the effect of individual physio-chemical properties of Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and its statistical correlation with gross calorific value. It examines properties like density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and cetane number, and develops equations to correlate each property with gross calorific value using linear regression. Graphs show how properties like density, viscosity, flash point, and cetane number change with increasing KOME concentration in biodiesel-diesel blends. The document provides background on karanja trees and oil and methods used to test various fuel properties.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study of the forces above and under the vibration insulators of ...eSAT Journals
This document presents the results of an experimental study that measured the forces above and below the vibration insulators of a diesel generator unit in various operating conditions. A measurement system was developed using strain transducers to measure the bearing reactions on the four vibration insulators. Tests were conducted during starting, stopping, loading and unloading of the generator. The results show graphs of the measured forces over time during transitional operating modes and over one operating cycle as a function of crankshaft angle under full load and idle conditions. The study aims to determine the quality of vibration insulation of the diesel generator unit.
Experimental study of the forces above and under the vibration insulators of ...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents the results of an experimental study that measured the forces above and below the vibration insulators of a diesel generator unit in various operating conditions. A measurement system was developed using strain transducers to measure the bearing reactions on the four vibration insulators. The forces were measured during transitional operating modes like starting, stopping, loading and unloading. The results are presented in graphs showing how the forces varied over time during these transitions. Additional graphs show how the forces varied over one operating cycle in relation to the crankshaft rotation angle under full load and idle conditions. The study provides data on the forces acting on the vibration insulators in different operating regimes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes an experiment investigating machinery vibration characteristics using a comprehensive experimental setup. The experimental setup consisted of components like pulleys, shafts, ball bearings, and an overhung impeller powered by an electric motor. Vibrations from these components were measured using a CSI 2140 machinery health analyzer in terms of frequency, amplitude, and phase angle. Mass imbalance was detected as the source of high vibrations. Measures like polar plot analysis were taken to reduce vibration severity and meet ISO standards. The experiment aimed to interpret machinery condition by analyzing experimental vibration data obtained from the multi-component setup.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Acoustic emission condition monitoring an application for wind turbine fault...eSAT Journals
Abstract Low speed rotating machines which are the most critical components in drive train of wind turbines are often menaced by several technical and environmental defects. These factors contribute to mount the economic requirement for Health Monitoring and Condition Monitoring of the systems. When a defect is happened in such system result in reduced energy loss rates from related process and due to it Condition Monitoring techniques that detecting energy loss are very difficult if not possible to use. However, in the case of Acoustic Emission (AE)technique this issue is partly overcome and is well suited for detecting very small energy release rates. Acoustic Emission (AE) as a technique is more than 50 years old and in this new technology the sounds associated with the failure of materials were detected. Acoustic wave is a non-stationary signal which can discover elastic stress waves in a failure component, capable of online monitoring, and is very sensitive to the fault diagnosis. In this paper the history and background of discovering and developing AE is discussed, different ages of developing AE which include Age of Enlightenment (1950-1967), Golden Age of AE (1967-1980), Period of Transition (1980-Present). In the next section the application of AE condition monitoring in machinery process and various systems that applied AE technique in their health monitoring is discussed. In the end an experimental result is proposed by QUT test rig which an outer race bearing fault was simulated to depict the sensitivity of AE for detecting incipient faults in low speed high frequency machine. Index Terms: Low speed rotating machine, and Condition Monitoring Systems, Acoustic Emission (AE)
This document summarizes a study on the cyclic triaxial behavior of Shiwalik sandstone from India. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on samples in uniaxial and triaxial conditions at varying frequencies (1-3 Hz) and confining pressures (5-7 MPa). The results show that increasing the frequency or confining pressure improves the fatigue life and strength of the sandstone. S-N curves illustrate that higher frequencies and confining pressures allow the sandstone to withstand higher cyclic stresses without failing. Understanding the fatigue properties is important for designing structures subjected to dynamic loads, such as those from earthquakes or heavy machinery.
Assessment of cyclic triaxial behavior of shiwalik sandstoneeSAT Journals
Abstract
The mechanical properties of rock under dynamic conditions are of great importance in which the fatigue strength of rock plays a vital role. This study represents the effect of variable frequency on dynamic properties of Shiwalik Sandstone. Shiwalik sandstone samples were collected from the powerhouse location of UJH Multipurpose Project, Jammu and Kashmir .“Prediction of fatigue life of Shiwalik Sandstone under varying frequency” was done by conducting Cyclic Load test in Uniaxial and Triaxial condition. Cyclic testing was done at three frequencies i.e. 1Hz, 2Hz and 3Hz[2] and at two confining pressures of 5 and 7 MPa[6]. The S-N curve[4] were plotted at different frequencies in uniaxial condition as well as in triaxial condition to explain the fatigue behaviour of soft rock (Shiwalik Sandstone) It has been observed that loading frequency as well as confining pressure has a significant effect on the fatigue life of the rock. As the frequency increases from 1 Hz to 3 Hz the fatigue stress increases. And in triaxial condition as the confinement increases from 5 MPa to 7MPa the number of cycles at failure increases. Keywords: Fatigue life, Shiwalik sandstone, Cyclic load test, Amplitude, Frequency, Base load, Waveform
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
The document is a report on torsional vibrations submitted by Puskhar Datta, a student at the Government College of Engineering and Textile Technology in Serampore, India. It includes an introduction to torsional vibrations and sections covering topics like torsional vibration analysis, critical speeds, damping, measurement techniques, and applications to automotive and rotating machinery systems. The goal is to analyze torsional vibrations which are oscillations that occur when an object twists or rotates about its central axis.
Experimental analysis of wooden planks used in vibratory conveyoreSAT Journals
Abstract Vibratory conveyors are used to convey a wide variety of material ranging from dry powders to heavy block casting etc. These conveyors are used for screening, drying, cooling with conveying. Design of major component of vibrator conveyor is designed precisely, so it won’t affect its operational performance. Design of supporting element is very important aspect like wooden planks in our case. If supporting element is not designed properly then it will fail to operate critical operations in the system. Therefore supporting element needs to be designed for high strength, excellent fatigue properties and for optimum stiffness. In the present project work brief failure analysis of currently used supporting member is done. Wood plastic planks are used to a great degree in wood plastic pallets. It is required to revise the dependability of wood plastic planks used in the surfaces of pallets. Reliability research mainly has concentrated on metals, ceramics and wood products .wood plastic have extent application and degree of importance for their prominent advantages in environmental protection, recycling and economic factor. In similarity to wood, they are assumed to be isotropic, resistance to weather, dimensionally consistent, hard, wear resistance and many other benefits and they are authenticated to best suited for wood processing methods and have huge economics benefits. First task was to find out why we use pine wood for supporting vibratory conveyor that too with combination of two wooden planks and one steel plank sandwiched between them. After studying a brief about pine wood properties it shows following advantages [1]. Key Words: Wooden Planks, Vibrating Conveyor, Composite Material, FFT and Spectrum Analysis.
Multibody dynamic analysis of mechanism for health excescise vibratoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Nonlinear Transient Vibration Analysis of Mounting Superstructure for ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a nonlinear transient vibration analysis of a mounting superstructure designed to isolate vibration sensitive cargo during road transportation.
2) Wire rope isolators are selected to connect the mounting frame to the vehicle base frame in order to dissipate vibration energy from road shocks and impacts.
3) A nonlinear transient analysis is conducted to investigate the shock response of the designed mounting superstructure when subjected to road generated shock pulses, as the isolators exhibit nonlinear stiffness.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Unknown load measurement in hack saw machineeSAT Journals
Abstract
The measurement of load acting on machines and structures is important from many considerations. Accurate weighing of commodities, applying known load on specimens being tested for strength, safe operation of material handling equipment such as crane, determination of operating loads are some examples. When the load or forces are to be measured, a load cell is to be placed in the load path. Many times, it is not feasible to insert the load cell in the load path. In such cases, using the machine member themselves for measuring load will be advantageous. This dissertation work involves study Hack Saw machine where the load measurement is essential. Investigation is carried out to study the feasibility of using the member of the machine itself as load sensing member. The load measurement involves identification of critical component in the load path. While the process of load measurement is not straightforward in case where the known load is cannot be applied, inverse FEM is to be adopted for the case where applied load is not known. Once the critical component in the load path is identified, electrical resistance strain gauges are mounted in an appropriate fashion to get maximum output for an applied load. The dynamic strain was recorded using the LABVIEW software. The finite element analysis done for hacksaw machine with proper boundary conditions and the strain data are taken for series of loads and then these values are compared with the experimental strain value and the unknown load was estimated.
Keywords: load, strain gauge, Hack Saw Machine, load meter. FEM
This document discusses and analyzes the AC and DC excitation system models of synchronous generators. It begins by introducing synchronous generators and explaining their importance as sources of electrical energy in power systems. It then describes the basic components and functions of excitation systems, and how they regulate generator output and impact overall system stability. The document presents software simulations comparing the stability of systems using AC versus DC excitation. It finds that AC excitation provides more stable output with no harmonics. Modifications are made to models to improve stability, such as adding anti-windup controls. In the end, the document concludes AC excitation is preferable for determining system stability in modern power systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Free vibration analysis on cantilever beam-A reviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews free vibration analysis of cantilever beams made of different materials like brass, stainless steel, and aluminum. It discusses using experimental methods like an accelerometer and vibscanner software to determine the natural frequency and damping ratio of cantilever beams under different conditions. The objective is to analyze how surface cracks of varying sizes affect the natural frequency and damping ratio of beams made of different materials. Previous studies on vibration analysis of cantilever beams are also summarized. The methodology involves performing free vibration tests on brass, stainless steel and aluminum cantilever beams of specified dimensions and using vibscanner and omnitrend software to obtain frequency response graphs and calculate natural frequency and damping ratio from the graphs.
Similar to Design and testing of unbalanced mass mechanical (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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DESIGN AND TESTING OF UNBALANCED MASS MECHANICAL VIBRATION EXCITER Nitinkumar Anekar1, V.V. Ruiwale2, Shrikant Nimbalkar3, Pramod Rao4 1Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, MIT College of Engg, Pune, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, MIT College of Engg, Pune, Maharashtra, India 3Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, MIT College of Engg, Pune, Maharashtra, India 4UG Student, Mechanical Department, MIT College of Engg, Pune, Maharashtra, India Abstract A vibration exciter is a machine which produces mechanical vibratory motion to which the test object is subjected. This article presents design, construction, performance and testing of mechanical vibrations exciter, which have unbalanced mass to generate uniaxial vibrations. The exciter is designed to produce a given range of harmonic or time dependent excitation force and displacement through a given range of frequencies. The mechanical vibration exciter produces vibrations due to centrifugal force of rotating eccentric mass. The vibrations produced lie in the low frequency range. The construction of working device and its important parts are described here. The most important part of exciter is unbalanced mass attached with rotating disc of motor. Exciter has unbalanced mass at one end of disc, base frame, top plate as platform, springs and motor. This exciter is used for testing of welded parts, consolidation of concrete, concrete filling in mould. The obtained experimental results are in line with theoretical results. Keywords: Exciters, unbalanced mass, steady state vibration, amplitude, frequency ratio, tests.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION A vibration exciter is a machine which produces mechanical vibratory motion to test object. The exciters are designed to produce a given range of harmonic or time dependent excitation force and displacement through a given range of frequencies. These machines can be mechanical, electro- hydraulic or electro-dynamic in nature. The vibration exciters available in market were too costly for small scale applications so there was a need of for relatively low cost exciter which can be used for low frequency range. This can be used for experimentation purpose and testing product at different frequencies. Certain machines and structures that develop excessive vibrations during their life and it may be required to make a diagnostic vibration analysis to prevent an impending failure of some of components. Such components can be tested using vibration exciters. Different types of vibration exciters are used for development, simulation, production, studying the effects of vibration and for evaluating physical properties of materials or structures. This paper also provides a brief description about different types of vibration exciters, its advantages and disadvantages over mechanical vibration exciter. It includes theory on forced vibration exciters.
The mechanical vibration exciter is tested for different application i.e. specimen and consolidation of cement. The actual testing of machine is done by varying speed of motor and the corresponding amplitude is noted. Vibration exciters are used to produce cyclic excitation force at a required frequency. The cyclic excitation force produced by the exciter can be applied to the machine or structure to study its dynamic characteristics. The excitation force is usually a sinusoidal or random type signal applied with a number of discrete frequencies over a specific frequency range of interest.
A.M. Wahl [1] gives information about various types of springs. This information is used while designing spring by designers and engineers. S. S. Rao [2] gives information on types of vibration, vibration analysis of single degree of freedom and multi degree of freedom systems. The effects of viscous, coulomb and hysteretic damping are also discussed. Design Data Book [3] gives information about standard values of various parameters required in design procedure of springs, nut, bolts. Norton[4] gives basic information of designing of small components come in exciter like nut, bolt, spring, structure, selection of motor etc. Pluta J.[6] and Je-Hoon Kim [7] gives idea of design and experimentation of bi-axial exciter of mechanical vibrations as well as electromagnetic vibration exciter for the Rapping of an Electrostatic Precipitator. After survey we found that, vibration exciters are costly and it is not viable so their work inspires us to design and manufacture unbalanced mechanical vibration exciters for small scale applications and testing purpose. 1.1 Types of Exciters The three types of vibration exciters are commonly used in several applications as: Electro-dynamic exciter, Hydraulic exciter and Mechanical exciter. Their features are as given in TABLE I [5]. Further mechanical vibration exciters are having following types:
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a. Eccentric and connecting link
b. Scotch yoke
c. Cam and follower
d. Rotating unbalance mass
Table- 1: Features of Exciters
Exciter Type
Parameters
Mechanical
Electro- dynamic
Electro- Hydraulic
Frequency
2-50 Hz
2-10,000 Hz
0.1-500 Hz
Maximum Displacement
2.5 cm
2.5 cm
50cm
Maximum Acceleration
20g
100g
20g
Maximum Force
4500 N
2000 N
450,000 N
Excitation Waveform
Sinusoidal only
High flexibility and accuracy
Average flexibility
Let‟s see rotating unbalance mass type mechanical exciter. In this exciter, an eccentric mass is mounted on a rotating shaft to generate vibration. The product of the mass and the distance of its centre from the axis of rotation is referred to as the mass unbalance or the rotating unbalance or simply the unbalance. The force resulting from this unbalance is referred to as the unbalanced force. This type exciter consists of at least one rotating unbalance mass directly attached to the vibrating table. The table and rotating unbalance are supported from the base or frame by springs. The rotating unbalance generates an oscillating force which drives the table.
Fig-1: Rotating unbalance mass The unbalance force is transmitted through bearings directly to the table mass, causing a vibratory motion without reaction of the force against the base. A vibration machine employing this principle is referred to as a reaction machine since the reaction to the unbalance force is supplied by the table itself rather than through a connection to the floor or ground. One or two rotating unbalanced masses produces vibratory motion in perpendicular or in parallel direction to the vibration table. The rotating unbalances turning in opposite directions are phased so that the unbalance forces add in the desired direction and cancel in other directions. The effective generated force from the two rotating unbalances is midway between the two axes of rotation and is normal to a line connecting the two it.
1.2 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of Mechanical Exciter The advantages, disadvantages and applications of mechanical exciter are given as below [5]: Advantages
The forces generated by the rotating unbalances are transmitted directly to the table without dependence upon a reactionary force against a heavy base or rigid ground connection.
The cost of mechanical exciter is less compared to other exciters.
There are no leakage problems as in hydraulic exciters.
Defective electrical components and connections fail under the induced vibration. This exciter eliminates embarrassing and costly repair and difficult tracing of circuits in the field.
Disadvantages
Mechanical exciter cannot be used in high temperature, humidity and altitude environments.
It can only be used for small applications.
The frequency range is small compared to hydraulic and pneumatic.
Applications
It can be used for the purpose of studying the effects of vibration or for evaluating physical properties of materials or structures.
It can also be used for finding the natural vibrating frequencies.
It is used for testing of welded, soldered parts and consolidation of cement, concrete filling in mould
2. NUMERICAL MODEL Here we used concept of forced vibration with mass excitation. The concept is given as below: We know that, a rotating machine such as: Centrifugal pumps, turbines, electric motor, etc, have some amount of unbalance left in them even after balancing with the help of precession balancing machines. This unbalance is a common source of forced vibrations. The unbalance in rotating machines is measured in terms of mass „m‟ rotating with its centre of gravity at a distance „e‟ from the axis of rotation. The centrifugal force due to unbalance mass „m‟ acts as harmonic excitation force. Consider a machine with a rotating unbalance supported on a spring and a damper (i.e. mounted on an elastic support), as shown in Fig.2.[2] Assumption
It is assumed that the system is constrained to move vertically having single degree of freedom. Let,Total vertical displacement of mass of machine excluding unbalanced rotating mass (M – m) = x
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Total vertical displacement of unbalanced rotating mass
„m‟= (x + e sin ωt)
Fig -2: Rotating Unbalance
Inertia force due to mass of machine excluding unbalanced
rotating mass (M – m) =
..
M m x
Inertia force due to unbalanced rotating mass „m‟
2
2
2
2
( sin )
sin
( sin )
d
m x e t
dt
m e t
m e t
Spring force = Kx
Damping force =
.
c x
Consider F.B.D. of machine shown in Fig.3. below
Fig.-3: Free Body Diagram of Machine
Use D‟Alemnerts‟s principle,
Inertia force External forces 0 (1)
.. .. .
2 (M m) x (m xm esint) c x Kx 0
.. .
2 M xc x Kx m esint (2)
This equation is the linear; second order differential
equation, of motion for a forced damped vibrations due to
rotating unbalance.
The complete solution for differential Equation is,
C P X X X (3)
2
2
1 1
2 2 2
sin ( )
sin 1
1 2
nt
n
me t
X X e t
K r r
Here
n
r
i.e. frequency ratio
The amplitude of steady state vibrations is given as below:
2
2 2 2
1 2
X r
me
r r
M
(4)
Here,
X
me
M
is dimensionless amplitude generated because
of rotating unbalance in machine.
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The plot of dimensionless amplitude vs frequency ratio is
given in Fig.4 [2] gives information, when the speed is zero;
the dimensionless amplitude is also zero. Hence all curves
start from origin. At resonance, the dimensionless amplitude
is limited only by the damping present in the system. When
the frequency ratio is very large, the dimensionless
amplitude tends to unity.
Fig -4: Plot of dimensionless amplitude Vs frquency Ratio
3. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
The exciter machine was designed for experimentation
purpose and testing products at different frequencies. The
exciter is designed taking both static and dynamic load
conditions [3,4]. Spring is important part in design so it is
designed under static and dynamic conditions to check
under surging and fatigue[1].We have designed a
mechanical vibration exciter as shown in Fig.5. It shows a
schematic diagram of exciter (Overall Dimensions: 500mm
x 500mm x 750mm). The equipment is capable of sustain
excitation.
The exciter is consisting of five main parts:
i. Base frame,
ii. Drive system (motor),
iii. Eccentric mass,
iv. Spring
v. Top plate.
The exciter is mainly made of mild steel, except elements
like disc attached to motor, which is made of aluminium.
The base frame is made of channel. The drive system
includes a permanent magnet type DC motor with variable
speed. The disc with eccentric mass is attached to motor
shaft at one end. This system is fixed to top plate which is
also used to hold the samples. To achieve different
excitations the variable speed knob is attached to DC motor
to control both speed and excitations. The drive system
achieves a speed between 0 rpm to 1440 rpm.
The working of this exciter is as follows. First ensure the
wiring connections. Connect the vibration exciter to single
phase power supply via plug. Switch on the power supply.
Fig.-5: Schematic Diagram of Mechanical Vibration Exciter
Slowly vary the speed of motor by using potentiometer.
Note down the amplitude during different speed of motor.
Slowly bring the speed of motor back to zero using
potentiometer. Switch of the power supply.
4. TESTING
In order to determine the performance of the proposed
exciter, the following tests are performed which we are
discussed here. This exciter has a lot of applications. It is
used in moulding, consolidation of cement, grain cleaning
and many other purposes. Here we have given the procedure
of concrete filling in the mould with the help of exciter as
given below:
Table should be bolted to the floor so as to avoid
any loss of vibrations.
Put the mould on to the table top. Then start to fill
your mould with concrete slowly. Leaving the
mould on the table shall then allow the air bubbles
to escape by coming to the surface.
Fig.-6: Concrete filling in mould
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Fig.-7: Mixing additional pieces in mould like hooks
Then level the mix off using a trowel as shown in
Fig. 6. This gives a smooth and leveled base for a
professional finish. The mould should then be left
to set.
The mould may need certain additional pieces such
as hooks or tubing to complete the product. In the
Fig.7, a wall plaque, a hook is placed into the mix
after vibration has concluded.
Mould material mixing is totally depends on wet or
dry type of mixture. Guide rails can be clamped to
the table top using pieces of timber to stop mould
following off table during operation.
Similarly the exciter is used for consolidation of cement.
The Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 gives the clear view of consolidation.
Fig.-8: Cement before Consolidation
Fig.-9: Cement after Consolidation
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
First find the damping co-efficient of the machine. The
actual measurement of amplitude is done by varying the
speed of motor. To calculate natural frequency and
damping co-efficient for rotating unbalanced mass, the
observations taken from machine are:
Unbalanced mass = 0.25 kg, 0.5kg, 0.75 kg,
Eccentric radius = 0.06m,
Mass of Table = 8.4 kg,
Mass of guideways = 1.2 kg,
Mass of studs = 0.4 kg,
Mass of flange = 0.8 kg,
Mass of disc = 0.5 kg,
Total mass including unbalanced mass = 17.3 kg.
Using equation (4), we get amplitude vs speed plots at
unbalanced mass 0.25kg, 0.5kg and 0.75kg having
eccentricity 60 mm as shown in Fig. 10 to12. From these
figures we said that as speed increase, amplitude of
vibration increase upto resonance speed and then decrease.
Here, we clearly have seen that the experimental data
matches with theoretical results. The plots shows us that as
unbalanced mass increases, amplitude of vibration increases
which is true as we compared with theory given in Fig. 4.
Fig.-10: Amplitude Vs Speed for unbalanced mass 0.25 kg
Fig.-11: Amplitude Vs Speed for unbalanced mass 0.5 kg
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Fig.-12: Amplitude Vs Speed for unbalanced mass 0.75 kg
The eccentricity of the unbalanced mass can be changed by
providing holes at different radii on the disc. This can be
done to achieve variable frequency. Here we have taken
three different eccentricities as 20mm, 40mm and 60mm. Its
results are given as in Fig.13. From this plot, we said that as
eccentricity increase, the amplitude of vibration also
increase upto resonance speed and then decrease.
Fig.-13: Amplitude Vs Speed plot for eccentricity
20mm,40mm, 60 mm at unbalanced mass 0.5 kg
From these plots we said that our designed and
manufactured unbalanced mass mechanical vibration exciter
is good product.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Here the design, construction, performance and testing of an
unbalanced mass mechanical vibration exciter were
discussed. From observations we found that machine has
internal stiffness and damping. The amplitude of vibration
initially increases with increase in speed and reaches at
maximum value (at resonance speed) and then decreases.
We also found that raw cement can be satisfactorily
consolidated at different speeds of vibration exciter. The
resonance occurs at in the range of circular frequency of
750rpm and 850rpm. Here we get different frequency
response curve due to change in eccentric mass and change
in their eccentricity. The results are in accordance with
standard plots. Our testing machine permits to interchange
different excitations according to the user requirements. An
additional advantage of our testing machine is the lower cost
and smaller size compared to other commercial vibration
exciters. Future efforts will address the use of this
equipment to check behaviour of cracks of components
subjected to a particular frequency of vibrations and other
applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful for the support MIT College of
Engineering, Pune. The authors would also like to thanks
Mr. Nikhil Saggam, Mr. Rohit Kumbhar and Mr. Ashish
Sorathiya for their assistance in the work.
NOMENCLATURE
M Total mass of machine including unbalanced mass, (kg)
m Unbalanced mass kg)
e Eccentricity of the unbalanced mass (kg)
ω Angular velocity of rotation of unbalanced mass, (rad/s)
K Spring stiffness of the support (N/m)
c Damping coefficient (N-s/m)
r Frequency ratio
X Amplitude of vibration (mm)
Damping factor
REFERENCES
[1] A. M. Wahl, “Mechanical Spring Design”, McGraw-
Hill, 2nd Edition.
[2] S.S. Rao, “Mechanical Vibrations”, Addison-Wesley,
4th Edition.
[3] “PSG design data book”, Central Book Publishers; 3rd
Edition
[4] Robert L. Norton, “Machine Design: An Integrated
Approach,” 2nd Ed., 2002.
[5] C. M. Harris and A.G. Piersol, “Harris‟ Shock and
Vibration Handbook”, McGraw-Hill, 5th Edition
[6] Pluta J., Orkisz P., “Bi-axial exciter of mechanical
vibrations”, Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC),
2012 13th International , May 2012, pp. 568–572.
[7] Je-Hoon Kim, Jin-Ho Kim, Sang-Hyun Jeong, and
Bang-Woo Han, “Design and Experiment of an
Electromagnetic Vibration Exciter for the Rapping of
an Electrostatic Precipitator”, Journal of Magnetics
17(1), 2012,pp. 61-67.