This document describes the design and parametric study of a microstrip-fed Vivaldi antenna for body area networks. Vivaldi antennas can provide high-frequency selectivity which makes them suitable for body area networks. The paper studies the effects of various antenna design parameters on the antenna's performance through electromagnetic simulation software. Parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, reference impedance, and substrate properties were analyzed. The results show that the antenna achieves good impedance matching and high radiation gain over a multiband frequency range of 4.546GHz to 5.784GHz. Both the simulation and measurement results provide insights into the antenna's performance.
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an elliptical planar monopole antenna for use in radar-based and ultra-wideband microwave imaging systems. Such systems require antennas that are ultra-wideband, compact, stable, and directive. The designed antenna is an elliptical planar monopole antenna with a parabolic shaped ground structure. Simulation results show that the antenna has a broad frequency bandwidth and stable, directional radiation patterns, making it suitable for use in radar-based ultra-wideband microwave imaging systems. The antenna design process involves optimizing the shape and size of the elliptical patch and ground plane to achieve the desired bandwidth and radiation characteristics.
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKSDr.SHANTHI K.G
This document discusses design trends in ultra wide band wearable antennas for wireless on-body networks. It provides an overview of wireless body area networks (WBANs) and the challenges in designing wearable antennas that operate in close proximity to the human body. Ultra wide band technology is identified as a promising solution due to features like low cost, high data rates, and low power requirements. The document reviews various design methodologies for ultra wide band wearable antennas, including microstrip, fractal, and band-notched antenna designs. It evaluates different substrate materials and discusses bending effects on antenna performance. The document concludes that liquid crystal polymer and natural rubber substrates show potential as flexible options for wearable antenna design.
A Novel Three-Cut Circle Tri-Band Flexible Antenna for Wireless ApplicationIRJET Journal
A novel three-cut circle tri-band flexible antenna is designed and simulated using CST software. The antenna is designed to operate at three resonant frequencies: 3.892 GHz, 5.477 GHz, and 11.296 GHz. The substrate material is denim jeans, which has a dielectric constant of 1.7. The antenna size is 43x43mm with a conductive copper tape element. The antenna bandwidths are 34.4%, 12.05%, and 39.05% across the frequency range of 3.2677 to 12.12 GHz, providing optimal bandwidth. The proposed tri-band antenna can be used in wearable devices for wireless body area networks.
Recent Advances in Ultra-Wideband Antenna Design: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent advances in ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design. It discusses how UWB antennas transmit across a wider frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz) than narrowband antennas. The document reviews the development of various UWB antenna designs from 2006 onward. It also discusses the emergence of UWB notch antennas, which are designed to reduce interference by creating notches at specific frequencies like WiFi and WiMAX bands. The document summarizes different techniques for creating notch characteristics and reviews key UWB notch antenna designs.
Miniaturized planar inverted f antenna for tri band bio-telemetry communicationIAEME Publication
This document describes a miniaturized planar inverted F antenna designed for tri-band bio-telemetry communications. The antenna is designed to operate in the Medical Implant Communications Service band of 402 MHz, the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band of 2.45 GHz, and a third band of 433 MHz. Meandered configuration, high dielectric constant substrate, grooving slots, and layer stacking are used to miniaturize the antenna size to 25.4 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm. Simulation results show bandwidths of 5 MHz, 100 MHz, and 18 MHz for the three bands, respectively, with efficiencies of 71.33%, 81.61%, and 73.7%. The antenna design aims to provide compact
This document discusses various applications of antennas in medical fields. It describes how antennas are used for wireless body area networks to transmit biomedical data from sensors on or inside the body to devices for diagnosis. Ingestible antennas inside capsules and wearable antennas on the body are discussed. Antennas are also used for medical imaging like MRI and microwave imaging. The document outlines how antennas can be designed and implemented for these diagnostic and therapeutic applications like thermal ablation treatment.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Band Notching Pr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of ultra-wide band antennas with band-notching properties. It discusses how defected ground structures can be used to achieve band notching at specific frequencies like the WLAN band, in order to avoid interference with other wireless systems. Various antenna geometries and feeding techniques that have been studied for achieving ultra-wide bandwidth are summarized. The document reviews several previous studies on microstrip-fed patch antennas, monopole antennas, and defected ground structure antennas designed for ultra-wide bandwidth with frequency band rejections.
A compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearabl...journalBEEI
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearable applications. The antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible substrate with low-profile dimensions of 30x38 mm, making it suitable for wearables. Simulation results show the antenna operates as desired under bending conditions mimicking the average human arm. Specific absorption rate simulations also show the antenna meets FCC and ICNIRP safety guidelines when worn on the body for industrial, scientific and medical applications.
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an elliptical planar monopole antenna for use in radar-based and ultra-wideband microwave imaging systems. Such systems require antennas that are ultra-wideband, compact, stable, and directive. The designed antenna is an elliptical planar monopole antenna with a parabolic shaped ground structure. Simulation results show that the antenna has a broad frequency bandwidth and stable, directional radiation patterns, making it suitable for use in radar-based ultra-wideband microwave imaging systems. The antenna design process involves optimizing the shape and size of the elliptical patch and ground plane to achieve the desired bandwidth and radiation characteristics.
DESIGN TRENDS IN ULTRA WIDE BAND WEARABLE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS ON-BODY NETWORKSDr.SHANTHI K.G
This document discusses design trends in ultra wide band wearable antennas for wireless on-body networks. It provides an overview of wireless body area networks (WBANs) and the challenges in designing wearable antennas that operate in close proximity to the human body. Ultra wide band technology is identified as a promising solution due to features like low cost, high data rates, and low power requirements. The document reviews various design methodologies for ultra wide band wearable antennas, including microstrip, fractal, and band-notched antenna designs. It evaluates different substrate materials and discusses bending effects on antenna performance. The document concludes that liquid crystal polymer and natural rubber substrates show potential as flexible options for wearable antenna design.
A Novel Three-Cut Circle Tri-Band Flexible Antenna for Wireless ApplicationIRJET Journal
A novel three-cut circle tri-band flexible antenna is designed and simulated using CST software. The antenna is designed to operate at three resonant frequencies: 3.892 GHz, 5.477 GHz, and 11.296 GHz. The substrate material is denim jeans, which has a dielectric constant of 1.7. The antenna size is 43x43mm with a conductive copper tape element. The antenna bandwidths are 34.4%, 12.05%, and 39.05% across the frequency range of 3.2677 to 12.12 GHz, providing optimal bandwidth. The proposed tri-band antenna can be used in wearable devices for wireless body area networks.
Recent Advances in Ultra-Wideband Antenna Design: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent advances in ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design. It discusses how UWB antennas transmit across a wider frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz) than narrowband antennas. The document reviews the development of various UWB antenna designs from 2006 onward. It also discusses the emergence of UWB notch antennas, which are designed to reduce interference by creating notches at specific frequencies like WiFi and WiMAX bands. The document summarizes different techniques for creating notch characteristics and reviews key UWB notch antenna designs.
Miniaturized planar inverted f antenna for tri band bio-telemetry communicationIAEME Publication
This document describes a miniaturized planar inverted F antenna designed for tri-band bio-telemetry communications. The antenna is designed to operate in the Medical Implant Communications Service band of 402 MHz, the Industrial, Scientific and Medical band of 2.45 GHz, and a third band of 433 MHz. Meandered configuration, high dielectric constant substrate, grooving slots, and layer stacking are used to miniaturize the antenna size to 25.4 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm. Simulation results show bandwidths of 5 MHz, 100 MHz, and 18 MHz for the three bands, respectively, with efficiencies of 71.33%, 81.61%, and 73.7%. The antenna design aims to provide compact
This document discusses various applications of antennas in medical fields. It describes how antennas are used for wireless body area networks to transmit biomedical data from sensors on or inside the body to devices for diagnosis. Ingestible antennas inside capsules and wearable antennas on the body are discussed. Antennas are also used for medical imaging like MRI and microwave imaging. The document outlines how antennas can be designed and implemented for these diagnostic and therapeutic applications like thermal ablation treatment.
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Ultra Wide Band Antenna with Band Notching Pr...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of ultra-wide band antennas with band-notching properties. It discusses how defected ground structures can be used to achieve band notching at specific frequencies like the WLAN band, in order to avoid interference with other wireless systems. Various antenna geometries and feeding techniques that have been studied for achieving ultra-wide bandwidth are summarized. The document reviews several previous studies on microstrip-fed patch antennas, monopole antennas, and defected ground structure antennas designed for ultra-wide bandwidth with frequency band rejections.
A compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearabl...journalBEEI
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a compact dual-band semi-flexible antenna operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz for wearable applications. The antenna is fabricated on a semi-flexible substrate with low-profile dimensions of 30x38 mm, making it suitable for wearables. Simulation results show the antenna operates as desired under bending conditions mimicking the average human arm. Specific absorption rate simulations also show the antenna meets FCC and ICNIRP safety guidelines when worn on the body for industrial, scientific and medical applications.
Miniaturized UWB elliptical patch antenna for skin cancer diagnosis imaging IJECEIAES
The biomedical imaging shows promising results in many applications such as protein characterization and cancer detection using non-ionizing radiation. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer because it is exposed by sun rays during the day. Many techniques have been offered to detect the tumor in the early stage such as ultrasonic and MW imaging. However, most of these studies showed a large printing area with lower BW so as the low resolution. To overcome these drawbacks, a new low profile UWB elliptical patch antenna with high performance is designed on PTFE as a substrate. Then a layer of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) applies to improve the antenna radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna has a broad BW from 3.9 GHz to 30 GHz along with a resonance at 2.4 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna presents a maximum gain of 7.3 dB, maximum directivity of 7.78 dBi, the maximum radiation efficiency of 92%, and consistent, stable radiation pattern throughout the frequency band. Besides, the time-domain characteristics show that the antenna can be a suitable candidate for microwave imaging of skin cancer.
Cyclic Sleep Wake Up Scenario for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networksijircee
This document proposes a cyclic sleep wake up scenario for wireless body area sensor networks to improve energy efficiency and extend network lifetime. The scenario involves having one sensor node in an active monitoring state while other nodes sleep, then cyclically switching the active node so all nodes can save power. Simulation results show this approach increases network lifetime compared to a normal setup without sleep cycling. The scenario is implemented using MATLAB and evaluated based on parameters like transmission range, sensor power consumption, data rate, and number of sensor nodes.
The document describes the design of a 5.3 GHz microstrip array antenna for wireless body area network applications. It discusses the design and simulation of the antenna using HFSS software. The results show the antenna resonates at 5.3 GHz as desired for WBAN applications with low return loss, making it suitable for applications like health monitoring devices.
Antennas play an important role in several medical applications such as biomedical telemetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and thermal ablation. For biomedical telemetry, ingestible, wearable, and implantable antennas are used to transmit biometric data wirelessly from sensors inside or on the body to clinicians. MRI uses radio frequency antennas to stimulate and receive MR signals noninvasively for diagnosis. Thermal ablation treatments use electromagnetic fields induced by antennas to selectively heat and destroy tumor tissue without surgery. Antenna design considerations include bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and isolation from body tissue for applications in medical diagnosis and treatment.
IRJET- Assessment of Blood Vessel using Fat Cell AcousticsIRJET Journal
This document presents research on assessing blood vessels using fat cell acoustics. It discusses intra-body communication techniques using the human body as a transmission medium. Specifically, it proposes a novel technique called fat-intra body microwave communication that utilizes fat tissue between skin and muscle. The research aims to characterize wireless channels within the body using an electro-larynx scope to generate sound signals, an acoustic sensor to receive the signals, and signal processing algorithms like blind source separation and rational dilation wavelet transform. Experimental results on fat, muscle and combined fat-muscle tissue are presented and analyzed to evaluate the proposed technique.
A Wideband Wearable Antenna for ISM and WLAN ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document presents a compact triple-band wearable slotted patch antenna for wireless body area network applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate measuring 30x20x0.8 mm with slots and a split ring resonator to achieve resonances at 2.4 GHz, 3.8 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Simulations show return losses of -16.18 dB, -13.03 dB, and -34.93 dB and gains of 0.6155 dB, 2.7226 dB, and 3.7205 dB respectively at the resonant frequencies. SAR values are below safety limits. When placed on a three-layer body phantom, the antenna performance is only slightly detuned, remaining
Meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional ante...IJECEIAES
In this work, a meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna system is presented. The antenna system is developed using ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna element and meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element is designed and simulated without meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element has poor impedance bandwidth and directivity. A meta-surface is created using unit cell and equal in the size of the antenna substrate. The meta-surface is placed over the UWB antenna element at optimized height (H=30 mm). The impedance bandwidth, directivity and gain of the proposed antenna are improved by the meta-surface reflector. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated by the comparison of the simulated and measured results. The antenna has 3 to 6 GHz wide impedance bandwidth, more than 5 dBi gain and maximum 4.6 dBi directivity at 3.5 GHz frequency. Performance of the proposed antenna is also compared with existing carried out work. Comparatively, the proposed antenna with high directivity is most suitable for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB wireless sensor network (WSN) security application.
IRJET- Design of Conformal Wideband Antenna for Adenocarcinoma in Wireless Ca...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a conformal wideband antenna for use in wireless capsule endoscopy to detect adenocarcinoma in the stomach. The antenna is designed to be small in size at 3.8x3 mm and ultra wideband to tolerate detuning effects from electronic modules and tissues inside the stomach. It operates at 2.4 GHz ISM band frequency using a partial ground plane design that achieves -16.2 dB return loss. Simulation results show the antenna achieves high gain while meeting specific absorption rate safety standards. The conformal design allows the antenna to wrap around the capsule endoscopy device for gastrointestinal imaging and cancer detection without discomfort to the patient.
IRJET- Energy Efficiency Enhancement in Body Area Network using IEEE 802.15.6...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on enhancing energy efficiency in body area networks using the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. It proposes an algorithm where sensor nodes only transmit data to the coordinator node when there is an abnormal patient condition, to conserve energy. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves better packet reception compared to the existing IEEE 802.15.4 standard, with 4.4% fewer lost packets in normal conditions and 6.24% fewer in abnormal conditions.
The document discusses the design requirements and characteristics of wearable antennas. It begins by outlining the key requirements of wearable antennas including size compatibility, proximity to the human body, specific absorption rate, bending/twisting effects, and permittivity/permeability considerations. It then reviews various substrate materials that can be used for microstrip wearable antennas including PTFE, polystyrene, and composites. Several previous studies on wearable antenna designs and materials are summarized. The document concludes by stating that wearable antenna design must carefully consider human body effects to optimize performance while meeting safety standards.
This document summarizes research on cell phone tower radiation and associated health risks. It discusses:
1) Radiation levels from cell towers are much higher than needed for communication near the towers, exposing some residents to radiation levels equivalent to being in a microwave oven for 19 minutes per day.
2) International safety guidelines vary widely, with some countries adopting limits 100-1000 times lower than India's guidelines.
3) Numerous studies have found health effects from radiation levels below current safety guidelines, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and effects on brain function, fertility, and more. Therefore, current safety limits may not adequately protect public health.
4) Both thermal and non-thermal effects of radiation need
This document discusses wireless body area networks (WBANs) and some of the key considerations for their design and implementation. WBANs allow for communication between devices worn on or implanted in the human body. Key application areas include healthcare, fitness/sports, defense, and entertainment. Moving communications to higher millimeter wave frequencies offers advantages like increased data rates and security, but introduces challenges from atmospheric absorption and varying channel characteristics based on the human body. Ongoing research seeks to better characterize the on-body communication channel and develop optimized antennas and sensor network designs for WBANs.
Thermal-Aware Based Field Theory Routing in Wireless Body Area Networksjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT:Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a powerful solution for healthcare applications. They investigate small devices that are instrumental for providing medical data to a remote base station. Recent developments in WBANs have led to wireless implantable sensors that are able to transmit in vivo measurements. Two key issues have been dominated the field of wireless implantable sensor networks: temperature rise and attenuation of the transmitted signals due to the properties of the skin. This paper addresses thermal-based routing in wireless implantable sensor networks. Different from the existing methods that estimate the temperature of the neighboring sensors, our method is based on the field theory to avoid the hotspots. Furthermore, we conducted an Omnet++ simulation that supports IEEE 802.11 which promotes an implementation of CSMA/CA MAC scheduling. Our simulation results demonstrate the convergence of the maximum temperature rise. Keywords:WBANs, routing, implantable sensors, field theory, Omnet++, temperature rise.
A novel textile UWB button antenna is proposed for body area networks. The antenna is designed to operate from 3.1-10.6 GHz and has an omni-directional radiation pattern. It consists of a cone and two cylinders made of metal with a total diameter of 24mm and height of 16.2mm. Simulation results show the antenna achieves sufficient bandwidth and gain between 3.45-5.6dB within the operating frequency range. The effects of antenna dimensions on performance are also analyzed.
Circularly polarized metamaterial Antenna in energy harvesting wearable commu...CSITiaesprime
When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
A design of a wearable antenna for WLAN applications is presented in this project. The antenna consists of a button shape outer cylindrical structure with different composites. The overall size and shape achieved are those of a standard metal jeans button which camouflages the antenna for wearable applications. The rigidness of the structure is greater than for previous wearable button antenna developments. The proposed wearable antenna is designed for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with monopole type radiation patterns at each band. This allows for transmission to other worn devices on the body. An investigation into the measured permittivity of cotton denim is presented and a section on the equivalent circuit modelling of the antenna and the fabric is given.
DESIGN OF UWB MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNI...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a compact dual microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch. A fractal binary tree structure is introduced to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45 GHz for Bluetooth applications without sacrificing UWB antenna efficiency. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results show the antenna has a reflection coefficient below -10 dB from 3.1-10.6 GHz, a gain of 3.46 dB at 9.2 GHz, and a radiation pattern with low fluctuation. The addition of the fractal binary tree allows the antenna to operate for both Bluetooth and UWB applications with good performance.
Pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna in wireless capsule endoscopy systemcscpconf
Wireless capsule endoscopy is a best option for exploring inaccessible areas of small intestine
for inspection of gastrointestinal tract. This technique brings less pain compare to conventional
endoscopy technique. The wireless endoscopy system comprises of three main modules: an
ingestible capsule that is swallowed by the patient, an external control unit and display device
for image display. In this paper we proposed pentagonal shape microstrip patch antenna for
wireless capsule endoscopy system. Inhibiting characteristics of a single microstrip patch like
low gain, light weight, thin thickness and smaller bandwidth, make it more popular. This kind of
antenna is aggressive miniaturized to meet the requirements of the wireless capsule endoscope.
The simulation results show that the designed Circular Polarization (CP) pentagonal shaped
microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth
of 36MHz with 1.5%. The antenna designed for wireless capsule endoscopy is a proposed one, which may work effectively when compared to other antennas in the capsule.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and analysing of compact microstrip antenna with defected ground struc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper a small size microstrip antenna with DGS (Defected ground structure) is designed and analyzed for UWB(Ultra
Wide Band) application. This antenna cover the complete frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with a very small geometry as
compared to a conventional antenna Dielectric substrate use in this antenna is Fr-4. This antenna is designed with a dimension is
36mm × 34 mm on a dielectric substrate Fr-4 whose permittivity εr =4.4 and height h = 1.6 mm. The result for return losses and
radiation patterns is simulated by using HFSS (High Frequency structure simulation) software. The High frequency structure
simulator is employed to analyze the planned antenna and simulated results on return loss, The ground element of the proposed
antenna is taken in the form of defected ground structure (DGS).
Keywords: Microstrip Antenna, UWB, DGS, Wide band, HFSS
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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The biomedical imaging shows promising results in many applications such as protein characterization and cancer detection using non-ionizing radiation. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer because it is exposed by sun rays during the day. Many techniques have been offered to detect the tumor in the early stage such as ultrasonic and MW imaging. However, most of these studies showed a large printing area with lower BW so as the low resolution. To overcome these drawbacks, a new low profile UWB elliptical patch antenna with high performance is designed on PTFE as a substrate. Then a layer of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) applies to improve the antenna radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna has a broad BW from 3.9 GHz to 30 GHz along with a resonance at 2.4 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna presents a maximum gain of 7.3 dB, maximum directivity of 7.78 dBi, the maximum radiation efficiency of 92%, and consistent, stable radiation pattern throughout the frequency band. Besides, the time-domain characteristics show that the antenna can be a suitable candidate for microwave imaging of skin cancer.
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This document presents research on assessing blood vessels using fat cell acoustics. It discusses intra-body communication techniques using the human body as a transmission medium. Specifically, it proposes a novel technique called fat-intra body microwave communication that utilizes fat tissue between skin and muscle. The research aims to characterize wireless channels within the body using an electro-larynx scope to generate sound signals, an acoustic sensor to receive the signals, and signal processing algorithms like blind source separation and rational dilation wavelet transform. Experimental results on fat, muscle and combined fat-muscle tissue are presented and analyzed to evaluate the proposed technique.
A Wideband Wearable Antenna for ISM and WLAN ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document presents a compact triple-band wearable slotted patch antenna for wireless body area network applications. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate measuring 30x20x0.8 mm with slots and a split ring resonator to achieve resonances at 2.4 GHz, 3.8 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Simulations show return losses of -16.18 dB, -13.03 dB, and -34.93 dB and gains of 0.6155 dB, 2.7226 dB, and 3.7205 dB respectively at the resonant frequencies. SAR values are below safety limits. When placed on a three-layer body phantom, the antenna performance is only slightly detuned, remaining
Meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional ante...IJECEIAES
In this work, a meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna system is presented. The antenna system is developed using ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna element and meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element is designed and simulated without meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element has poor impedance bandwidth and directivity. A meta-surface is created using unit cell and equal in the size of the antenna substrate. The meta-surface is placed over the UWB antenna element at optimized height (H=30 mm). The impedance bandwidth, directivity and gain of the proposed antenna are improved by the meta-surface reflector. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated by the comparison of the simulated and measured results. The antenna has 3 to 6 GHz wide impedance bandwidth, more than 5 dBi gain and maximum 4.6 dBi directivity at 3.5 GHz frequency. Performance of the proposed antenna is also compared with existing carried out work. Comparatively, the proposed antenna with high directivity is most suitable for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB wireless sensor network (WSN) security application.
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This document presents a study on enhancing energy efficiency in body area networks using the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. It proposes an algorithm where sensor nodes only transmit data to the coordinator node when there is an abnormal patient condition, to conserve energy. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves better packet reception compared to the existing IEEE 802.15.4 standard, with 4.4% fewer lost packets in normal conditions and 6.24% fewer in abnormal conditions.
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This document summarizes research on cell phone tower radiation and associated health risks. It discusses:
1) Radiation levels from cell towers are much higher than needed for communication near the towers, exposing some residents to radiation levels equivalent to being in a microwave oven for 19 minutes per day.
2) International safety guidelines vary widely, with some countries adopting limits 100-1000 times lower than India's guidelines.
3) Numerous studies have found health effects from radiation levels below current safety guidelines, including increased cancer risk, DNA damage, and effects on brain function, fertility, and more. Therefore, current safety limits may not adequately protect public health.
4) Both thermal and non-thermal effects of radiation need
This document discusses wireless body area networks (WBANs) and some of the key considerations for their design and implementation. WBANs allow for communication between devices worn on or implanted in the human body. Key application areas include healthcare, fitness/sports, defense, and entertainment. Moving communications to higher millimeter wave frequencies offers advantages like increased data rates and security, but introduces challenges from atmospheric absorption and varying channel characteristics based on the human body. Ongoing research seeks to better characterize the on-body communication channel and develop optimized antennas and sensor network designs for WBANs.
Thermal-Aware Based Field Theory Routing in Wireless Body Area Networksjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT:Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a powerful solution for healthcare applications. They investigate small devices that are instrumental for providing medical data to a remote base station. Recent developments in WBANs have led to wireless implantable sensors that are able to transmit in vivo measurements. Two key issues have been dominated the field of wireless implantable sensor networks: temperature rise and attenuation of the transmitted signals due to the properties of the skin. This paper addresses thermal-based routing in wireless implantable sensor networks. Different from the existing methods that estimate the temperature of the neighboring sensors, our method is based on the field theory to avoid the hotspots. Furthermore, we conducted an Omnet++ simulation that supports IEEE 802.11 which promotes an implementation of CSMA/CA MAC scheduling. Our simulation results demonstrate the convergence of the maximum temperature rise. Keywords:WBANs, routing, implantable sensors, field theory, Omnet++, temperature rise.
A novel textile UWB button antenna is proposed for body area networks. The antenna is designed to operate from 3.1-10.6 GHz and has an omni-directional radiation pattern. It consists of a cone and two cylinders made of metal with a total diameter of 24mm and height of 16.2mm. Simulation results show the antenna achieves sufficient bandwidth and gain between 3.45-5.6dB within the operating frequency range. The effects of antenna dimensions on performance are also analyzed.
Circularly polarized metamaterial Antenna in energy harvesting wearable commu...CSITiaesprime
When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
A design of a wearable antenna for WLAN applications is presented in this project. The antenna consists of a button shape outer cylindrical structure with different composites. The overall size and shape achieved are those of a standard metal jeans button which camouflages the antenna for wearable applications. The rigidness of the structure is greater than for previous wearable button antenna developments. The proposed wearable antenna is designed for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with monopole type radiation patterns at each band. This allows for transmission to other worn devices on the body. An investigation into the measured permittivity of cotton denim is presented and a section on the equivalent circuit modelling of the antenna and the fabric is given.
DESIGN OF UWB MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNI...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a compact dual microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch. A fractal binary tree structure is introduced to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45 GHz for Bluetooth applications without sacrificing UWB antenna efficiency. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results show the antenna has a reflection coefficient below -10 dB from 3.1-10.6 GHz, a gain of 3.46 dB at 9.2 GHz, and a radiation pattern with low fluctuation. The addition of the fractal binary tree allows the antenna to operate for both Bluetooth and UWB applications with good performance.
Pentagonal shaped microstrip patch antenna in wireless capsule endoscopy systemcscpconf
Wireless capsule endoscopy is a best option for exploring inaccessible areas of small intestine
for inspection of gastrointestinal tract. This technique brings less pain compare to conventional
endoscopy technique. The wireless endoscopy system comprises of three main modules: an
ingestible capsule that is swallowed by the patient, an external control unit and display device
for image display. In this paper we proposed pentagonal shape microstrip patch antenna for
wireless capsule endoscopy system. Inhibiting characteristics of a single microstrip patch like
low gain, light weight, thin thickness and smaller bandwidth, make it more popular. This kind of
antenna is aggressive miniaturized to meet the requirements of the wireless capsule endoscope.
The simulation results show that the designed Circular Polarization (CP) pentagonal shaped
microstrip patch antenna gives axial ratio of 0.6023 at 2.38 GHz and CP axial ratio bandwidth
of 36MHz with 1.5%. The antenna designed for wireless capsule endoscopy is a proposed one, which may work effectively when compared to other antennas in the capsule.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and analysing of compact microstrip antenna with defected ground struc...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper a small size microstrip antenna with DGS (Defected ground structure) is designed and analyzed for UWB(Ultra
Wide Band) application. This antenna cover the complete frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with a very small geometry as
compared to a conventional antenna Dielectric substrate use in this antenna is Fr-4. This antenna is designed with a dimension is
36mm × 34 mm on a dielectric substrate Fr-4 whose permittivity εr =4.4 and height h = 1.6 mm. The result for return losses and
radiation patterns is simulated by using HFSS (High Frequency structure simulation) software. The High frequency structure
simulator is employed to analyze the planned antenna and simulated results on return loss, The ground element of the proposed
antenna is taken in the form of defected ground structure (DGS).
Keywords: Microstrip Antenna, UWB, DGS, Wide band, HFSS
Similar to Design and Parametric Study of Microstrip-fed Vivaldi Antenna for Body Area Network (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.