Description Of A Network Administrator

Description Of A Network Administrator
User: User is a part of machine or operating system. Every user has a unique user id as well as the
passwords. Mostly on the network user have some limited access like user have only read
permissions and user also have shared printer access. They can give only prints. And also they can
use shared files and folders. USER: Operator: Operator Means in the any organization unit or in our
home unit who have responsible for the controlling, maintaining (taking backup) and monitoring the
machine it's called operator. in the organization operator have only read only access. They can't do
modify or edit. Operator can work on different different operating systems and software as well as
on applications. And restriction only will applied by the network administrator if operator is member
of that particular network. OPERATOR Administrator: In any organization unit have at list one
administrator. Administrators have all the authority in his/her network. They can create user and as
well as they can create new users and they can modify all the LAN setting. As well as they can
install the application/software on the network. Only Administrator has permissions to give the
access to the all network users or one particular user. If administrator wants to give rights to
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Application Of A Server Hardening Essay
Server Hardening
In our network technology Server Hardening is one of the most important things to be handled on
our servers, becomes more understandable when you realize all the risks involved. The default
configuration of most operating systems are not designed with security as the primary focus. Now a
days default setups are focus more on communications, usability and functionality. To protect our
servers we must establish solid and sophisticated server hardening policies for all servers in our
organization. Developing a server hardening checklist would likely be a great first step in increasing
our server and network security. Make sure that our checklist includes minimum security practices
that we expect of our staff.
Server Hardening Tips & Tricks:
Server Hardening is the process of enhancing server security through a variety of means which
results in a much more secure server operating environment. This is due to the advanced security
measures that are put in place during the server hardening process. There are several key
requirements you must meet to ensure that the server hardening processes described in this section
achieve their security goals:
Step 1: Be rigid on passwords
Main points: Enforce stronger authentication by encouraging the use of passphrases and requiring a
15–character minimum.
Step 2: Use Windows XP software restriction policies through Group Policy
Main points: Use Group Policy to block all extensions related to scripts and disallow especially

Operating Systems Are The Core Of A Computer
Operating systems are the core of a computer and to fully get a grasp of how it functions, we need to
have a coherent understanding of its file systems. In this paper, we will take a look at two major
Operating Systems (OS) which are Linux and Window. We will do an in–depth analysis on certain
things including but not limited to: their history, file systems, advantages and disadvantages,
environment, compatibility, flexibility, file recovery and much more.
We are quite aware of the different file systems that consist in both Linux and Windows. For Linux,
we have the following file systems: ext*, XFS, JFS, reiserfs, and btrfs. In Windows we have the
following file systems: FAT, NTFS, and exFAT. Our focus in this paper is going to revolved around
these file systems with a thorough report and analysis about them.
The Windows OS was publicly released in 1981 titled MS–DOS an acronym that stands for
Microsoft Disk Operating System. This OS was developed for the use of IBM PC's and was popular
until 1985 when Microsoft released "Microsoft Windows" which had a GUI and made it more easier
to use rather than the terminal/command line(The History of Operating Systems). The first file
system that we will take a look is the FAT (File Allocation Table) that was designed for small disks
and simple folder structures (FAT File Systems) . It was first released in 1984 by IBM. FAT is
widely known for its vast use of method organization, as to how its file allocation table works. FAT

Introduction Of The Automobile Industry
Introduction: NTF India is a manufacturer of engineering and composite plastic parts primarily for
the automobile industry. It operates two plants in Manesar, Haryana and Neemrana, Rajasthan. Both
the plants are certified to ISO9001:2008 and produce around 100 products which are used for
interiors and exteriors of automobiles, commercial vehicles, locomotives and heavy industrial
automobiles. For the automobiles and Commercial vehicles include automobile bumpers, mud flaps,
side skirts, door trims. Locomotives and heavy industrial vehicles include the inner housing units,
comprising of all the panels, dashboards, toilets. NTF India is a B2B company and the main
customers are Honda, Ford, Volkswagen Order qualifiers for the company is its ability to offer the
wide variety of products as per the requirements of the automobile industry. Order winners for the
company are: Prices Quality Product Design. Operational Processes in the organisation In the
manufacturing sector, the core or primary purpose of the organisation is to use its operational
processes to execute business orders. At NTF India the main processes are Production Planning(
Sourcing ),Manufacturing(injection moulding) and Finishing &Packaging . Input output table: The
Purchasing or Sourcing Process is the process of meeting the material requirements of the
organisation and is the responsibility of the procurement division. The input is the activity of
generation of information of material

The Linux File System For A Structured Hierarchically Tree
The Linux file system is ordered in a structured hierarchically tree. This file system is a tree shaped
structure, where the root of the tree is called the file system root and beneath the root are directories.
The root of the file system is usually stored on the partition of a disk and combing one partition with
the file system is known as mounting a file system. ........ The Linux architecture handles all of the
types of files by hiding the implementation details of any single file type behind a certain layer of
software, which is called the VFS or virtual file system. The standard file system that is on–disk is
called ext3. The ext3 file system is partitioned into multiple segments that are termed block groups.
Ext3 first selects the block group for the file when it starts allocating. Within each block group it
tries to keep allocations physically contiguous and reduces fragmentation if possible. It also
maintain a bitmap of all free blocks within a certain block group. Whenever a free block is
identified, the search is extended backwards until an allocated block is found.
The Windows operating system uses NTFS, which stands for New Technology File System for the
management of its file systems. This manager allows for larger individual files to be handles without
any problems. NTFS also allows an enhanced error recovery, more efficient file storage system, and
also an increase in the security of the files. File Explorer is used to allow users to search for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steganographic File System...
Although database forensic lie in its generalization which should be applicable for all types of
operations, B+tree does not give much information about this is the disadvantage described in the
paper. The paper "StegFS: Steganographic file system" [1] introduce StegFS, a practical scheme to
implement a steganographic file system. StegFS hides user–selected files in a file system so that,
without the knowledge of related access keys, an attacker would not be able to find out their
existence. Even if the attackers have full knowledge of the hardware and software of the file system,
and about the data structures, an attacker cannot find its trace. StegFS ensures integrity of the file
and maintain sufficient space utilization. The Potential limitations ... Show more content on
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Dead files by dead accounts may not be removed without the cooperation of the corresponding
users. In the paper "Steganographic Schemes for File System and B–Tree" [3], they have introduced
StegFD, a practical scheme to implement a steganographic file system in which a plausible
deniability to owners of protected files is offered. StegFD hides the selected files in a file system
securely in such a way that, an attacker will not be able to trace their existence, even if the attacker
has full knowledge of the hardware and software and data structures of the file system .They have
also proposed two schemes for implementing Steganographic B–trees in a StegFD volume. In paper
"A Multi–User Steganographic File System on Untrusted Shared Storage" [4] the threat to
steganographic file systems (StegFS) is described which arises when the storage system is untrusted
and is shared by multiple users. In such cases, the attacker could obtain multiple snapshots of the
storage content and analyze them to deduce the existence of secret user data. To solve this problem,
they have introduced a Dummy–Relocatable Steganographic (DRSteg) file system. It employs new
techniques to share and relocate dummy data at

The Key Concepts Within Modern File Systems
2 Abstract
This essay will discuss the key concepts within modern file systems, ranging from simply defining
what a filesystem is, to detailing what exactly a file consists of. Historical developments within file
systems and storage technologies will be outlined, and state–of–the–art file system features will be
described.
3 Introduction
Procrustes was an ancient Attican malefactor who forced wayfarers to lie on an iron bed and either
stretched or cut short each person's legs to fit the bed's length. Finally Procrustes was forced onto his
own bed by Thesius.
A similar Procrustean technique was applied to filesystems and data storage for many years. System
architecture, data record / file formats and structures being twisted to fit many ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By separating the data into identifiable blocks, the information can be easily located. (1) Each
grouping of data, which takes its name from the method of organising paper–based information, is
referred to as a "file". The file system is comprised of two specific parts: a collection of files and a
directory structure, which provides data about and organises all of the files in the file system. (3)
Some filesystems will be used on local data storage devices, whereas others provide access over a
network, through a network protocol such as NFS. (2)
A filesystem can refer to an entire storage system or part of an isolated segment of storage, i.e. a
disk partition. The word 'filesystem' can be used to refer to a partition or disk that is used to store
files or as part of the description of the type of filesystem in use. For example, one could say "this is
an 'extended filesystem'" in reference to the type of filesystem in use, or "I have three filesystems"
meaning that one has three partitions on which one can store files. (4) There is an incredibly
important difference between a disk or partition and the filesystem that it contains. Some programs
will operate directly on sectors of a disk or partition, so they could desolate or seriously corrupt any
current filesystem. However, most programs operate at the filesystem level, and subsequently will
not operate correctly on a disk or partition that either does not contain a

Correlation Between Network And Network
Interaction points of spatial networks are linked to each other by what the writer's term as channels,
and they're the paths through which material is transported. A definite sequence of linked edges in
spatially embedded graph will form a channel. As you look at figure 1a, the roads are your channels,
the pipeline network pipes, and tracks in railway networks are different examples of channels. The
channels of which the writers have termed have exactly two end points, where the end points of a
channel can intersect with other channels or they can remain free. An example of this is: one of the
channel l3 end points intersects with the channel l7 at the point of j6. On the other hand, the end
point will not intersect with any other channel, it will represents a dead end. This dead end can be
considered as an extremity of a network, so they call it boundary of the network. So if you direct
your attention to figure 1b you can see that all the points marked by hollow circles are boundary
points for the network. Channels cannot only speciﬁed by geometry of edges, it can also be deﬁned
by a names attached to the geometry. Example: highway Interstate 75 cannot be recognized in a
network by its geometry alone. In order to identify it, you will have to locate every point in the
Euclidean plane which have the name Interstate 75. In their model of spatial networks, they assigned
thematic attribute values to every point of a channel. Now the attribute values can be used to
recognize

Test Preparation Questions: Windows Server Administration
1. Answer C is correct. RAID 1 (disk mirroring) needs two disks to be implemented.Before you can
enable RAID 1 using
Windows Server 2008, you need to convert basicdisks to dynamic disks, which converts the
partitions into volumes. Answers
A and Bare incorrect because write catching improves disk performance but does not helpimplement
RAID 1. Answer D is
incorrect because to implement RAID 1 usingWindows Server 2008, you must use dynamic disks.
2. Answer B is correct. RAID 1, disk mirroring, uses two disks to provide fault tolerance.In RAID 1,
whatever is written
to one disk is written to the other. Answer A is incorrectbecause RAID 0, disk striping, does enhance
performance, but
does not provide faulttolerance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer B
isincorrect because the format command is used to format a disk, which would defineFAT32 or
NTFS. Answer D is incorrect
because the convert command could be usedto convert a FAT32 volume to a NTFS volume.
13. Answer D is correct. The default port for iSCSI is 3260. Answer A is incorrect becauseTCP port
389 is used by
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). Answer B isincorrect because TCP port 443 is used
by SSL. Answer C is
incorrect because TCPport 1433 is used by SQL servers.
14. Answer C is correct. The address is an example of the iSCSI Qualified Name, which isthe most
commonly used iSCSI

address. Answer A is incorrect because the MACaddresses used to identify network cards are 48–
bits/12 hexadecimal numbers.
AnswerB is incorrect because an IPv4 address is a 32–bit address consisting of four 8–bitoctets,
each octet ranging from
0–255. Answer D is incorrect because the ExtendedUnique Identifier is another addressing scheme
used by iSCSI, which is
provided bythe IEEE Registration authority in accordance with EUI–64 standard (EUI is short
forextended unique

Functions For The Volume Of The Study Block Diagram
Similar to previous section we define shape functions for the volume of the study block diagram.
The main steps in this procedure include: Projecting important topographic nodes onto wanted depth
Locating reference nodes on the lines created from projection Automatic mesh generation for the
appropriate 3D elements by the FEM. Definition of nodal conditions and global coordinate Creating
tetrahedron meshes validating
A very important work over model deformations has been done from the mechanical point of view
(Benzley et al., 1995). This work showed the different results of using tetrahedral or hexahedral
meshes are due to incompressibility and plasticity abilities of each type of element. Two options are
possible to consider ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the nodal conditions produce the system of equations
Φ_i=α_1+α_2 x_i+α_3 y_i+α_4 z_i (6)
Φ_j=α_1+α_2 x_j+α_3 y_j+α_4 z_j
Φ_k=α_1+α_2 x_k+α_3 y_k+α_4 z_k
Φ_l=α_1+α_2 x_l+α_3 y_l+α_4 z_l
The related tetrahedron meshes from the nodal conditions follow the topographic variations.
Therefore, a lattice of nodes is inhomogeneously distributed throughout the volume of the block
diagram (Fig. 5). (Fig. 5).
Position of figure 5 This lattice is the base of solid model in analytic software and however, needs
some corrections for element faces of solids that are mismatched. A repairing in analytic software
can fix some probably misfits and validated model suggest that the final solid model is ready for
FEA (Fig. 6).
Position of figure 6 Stress analysis
After completing and preparing the FE model described in theprevious section, stress calculations
are done. The results include stress outputs and energy diagrams. Stress outputs The basis of stress
calculations is the relationship between the reaction force and stress. ∂/∂x (AE ∂u/∂x)=0 (7) where E
is the Young 's modulus; u axial displacement; and A is the cross–section area. Interpolation model
is based on the equations mentioned in section 4. Here, variables include the displacement vector

Automated Patch Deployment
Automated Patch Deployment Automated Patch Deployment The advantages of automated patch
deployment are several. This study offers an insight in some of the most noticeable benefits of the
implementation of patches especially those relating to the enhancement of production levels in a
production setting. An organization stands the chance of increasing its productivity levels at the
individual level once automated patches are deployed. As a result, the entire productivity of the
organization increases (King, 2007). Another advantage of automated patch deployment is the
enhancement of the security levels within an organization. The risk of losing confidential
information concerning clients, employees and other resources of an organization are on the rise
across the globe. Such critical information could land in the wrong hands making it detrimental to
an organization. Through the patches, it is possible to fix security problems within an organization's
network. Attackers use these vulnerabilities for malicious purposes. An effective, automated patch
deployment will be able to minimize the risk of experiencing security breaches in a timely manner
(Godbout, 2007). Compliance with different regulations can be met through automated patch
deployment. These regulations are designed to enhance the public good, as well as, uphold best
practices regarding IT infrastructure. The enhanced productivity and security that come with the
automated patch deployment comes at a cost. This

Recycle Bin
 A short note on Recycle bin.
Recycle bin is an icon on the Windows desktop that represents a directory where deleted files are
temporarily stored. This enables you to retrieve files that you may have accidentally deleted. From
time to time, you'll want to purge the recycle bin to free up space on your hard disk. You can also
configure Windows so that it doesn't use the recycle bin at all, but then you won't be able to retrieve
accidentally deleted files.
Items in the Recycle Bin remain there until you decide to permanently delete them from your
computer. These items still take up hard disk space and can be undeleted or restored back to their
original location. When it fills up, Windows automatically cleans out enough space in the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Recycle Bin can be accessed via the desktop (In fact it is the only icon shown by default on the
Windows XP desktop) or Windows Explorer. The Recycle Bin, when accessed from the desktop, has
different options and information than what Windows Explorer normally would have as seen from
the physical location. In an NTFS environment, users cannot see deleted files in the Recycle Bin of
other user.
Files in the Recycle Bin are stored in its physical location and renamed as D.. A hidden file called
info2 (info in Windows 95) stores the files' original paths and names. When the user views the
Recycle Bin, the files are displayed with their original names. When the file is "Restored" from the
Recycle Bin, it is returned to its original directory and name.
When the file is "deleted" by emptying the Recycle Bin, the space on the disk used by the file is
designated as "free" without any changes being made to the file data itself. Future files will
overwrite the data when they are saved on the disk. In other words, the data is not erased, but the
address marking the data's existence is.
Deleting files
In Windows Explorer, files are moved to the Recycle Bin in a number of ways:
By right–clicking on a file and selecting delete from the menu
Selecting the file and pressing the delete key
Selecting delete from the side menu in Windows XP
Selecting the file and choosing delete from

Types Of Sigma Delta Modulators
Abstract This thesis investigates several types of Sigma–Delta modulators in different conditions as
a possible solution to the all–digital audio and wifi signal receivers. In this research, two main
approaches are under consideration. Oversampling is a technique to design a sigma–delta
modulators. Undersampling(or subsampling) is an interesting technique which allows the sigma–
delta modulators to sample high frequency signals such as WIFI and GNSS signals. Time–
interleaving modulation is another way to implement  modulators in high frequency domains.
Acknowledgement I would like to thank to Professor Izzet Kale for his support and help throughout
my study. I am really grateful to Professor Andrej for being such a nice course leader and full
support for my study. I am also thankful to several professors who taught me at Pyongyang
University of Science and Technology, especially Professor Chon Y.T. and Professor Eigenbarth
who no longer teaches but gave a great help understanding DSP and project research experience. I
appreciated all my colleagues for being such a help to my project. Table of Contents Abstract
Acknowledgement List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Chapter 1. Introduction Aims
and motivations 1.2 Contributions 1.3 Scope of research Chapter 2. Principles of Sigma Delta
Modulation 2.1 Key parameters for performance evaluation 2.2 Sigma delta modulators for audio
frequency 2.3 Undersampled Sigma Delta Modulators for high frequency

Mcts Guide to Microsoft Windows 7 Chapter 1 Solutions Essay
Review Questions
1. A friend of yours has asked which version of Windows 7 should be purchased to start a new
multimedia–based home entertainment system. Your friend will not require business support
features, but they will require support communicating with their Xbox 360. You recommend:
a.Windows 7 Ulitmate
b.Windows 7 Home Basic
c.Windows 7 Home Premium
d.Windows 7 Enterprise
2. Windows 7 supports only cooperative multitasking. True or False?
3. The Graphical Processing Unit is a hardware component capable of quickly drawing items to the
screen.
4. A graphics card capable of running the Aero Theme must have drivers certified to which standard
(select two)?
a. DirectX
b. WDDM
c. WDF
d. WDM
e. Vendor
5. All device drivers are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Updated drivers for the hardware can be obtained from the manufacturer and from which Microsoft
web site?
a. Windows Marketplace
b. Windows Driver Distribution
c. Microsoft support
d. Windows Update
19. Some hardware can be added to the computer without having to restart or power down the
computer. After a short period of time the device driver automatically loads and the hardware is
available to applications and the user. This type of hardware is considered compatible with what
type of technology?
a. Teredo

b. WDDM
c.Plug and Play
d. legacy
20. You have purchased a new 72 GB disk drive and would like to format it in Vista with a single
partition that uses up all the space on the drive. You can format the file system on the partition as
(choose all that apply):
a. FAT16
b. FAT32
c. CDFS
d. NTFS
21. Software assurance customers can take advantage of extra applications provided with Windows
7 Enterprise edition. What feature included with this edition will allow legacy applications to run at
the same time as other Windows 7 applications?
a. BitLocker drive encryption
b. NTFS
c. UNIX native application support
d. XP Mode
e. Terminal Services
22. Which of the following is an advantage of HomeGroup computing?
a. requires one or more expensive servers
b. supports 20 workstations
c. no security enforced
d. simple to set up initially
23. A thread represents the files, data, and instructions that make up a single running task or
application. True or

Simulation IBN
1.0 NEGOTIATION PLAN/PREPARATION 1.1 Our company's Interest and position in this
negotiation 1.1.1 Interest For Cobalt, Our Company has three main interests in this joint venture
negotiation. Firstly, we want to increase PC market share in Korea because PC market is a high–
profit industry and is developing with a high speed. Secondly, we want to access smoothly to Korea
and get the Korea's government favor and policy support. The last one is that we want to find an
experienced Korea PC company to be a joint venture with a stable and a long–term cooperative
relationship. 1.1.2 Position Our company's position in this negotiation is an initiative negotiator and
we decide to take an integrative and win–win attitude to this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
So in the third round, I made a compromise to 50% to 50%. But, SE was still stick to its 51%.
Negotiation got stuck. After both sides coordinating, we decided to stop negotiating this issue and
move on to the next issue. At the beginning of negotiating the issue of Top Management Team, I
made it clear that CEO, Operations, R&D and Finance must be from Cobalt. To this proposal, the
opponent said it was very centralized to appoint all the top management from my company and it
wasn't good for the development of JV. But I insisted this point because we provided our company's
technology into JV and only the management from our company could in charge of it much
efficiently. I thought it was a better decision to manage the JV. Then, the opponent raised a proposal
that we both made a compromise to each other. My company made a compromise by give SE the
51% ownership and then SE would agree that the most of top management in JV come from my
company. I though it was a good decision made for a win–win situation. So we both come to an
agreement at these two issues. When we negotiated the last 5 issues, such as, access to Korean
markets, access to U.S. market and protection for your technology and so on, we both chosed the
compromised options to obtain an integrative result. Both of us considered that the type of this
negotiation is win–win. We quickly and smoothly come to an agreement of these issues because we
thought the compromised options could bring profits

Ok Ntfs
Access control
Basic concepts
Access control
What can you do after authentication? "The prevention of unauthorized use of a
resource, including the prevention of use of a resource in an unauthorized manner" (ITU–T
Recommendation X.800)
AC concepts reference makes monitor request user or represented subject by "principal" process,
method, code...
Authorization decision
read, write, delete, create...
object ﬁle, memory, device, process, method, code... protected entity
is granted access (or not)
active entity
Auth... what?
Authentication: who made the request? Authorization: is the subject authorized/ trusted to perform
the operation?
Basic: observe, alter – very abstract, good for modeling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Capabilities bjorn eva lila4711 rast1337 assignment.txt read, write read read solution.txt read, write
read grades.xls read, write read, write –
Where is each used? (Examples, OS, computer architecture?) Why? (Advantages, disadvantages?)
ACLs vs. Capabilities

File protection, authentication data
Good for owned objects: can review rights by inspecting objects rights of a subject each reference
Good: Delegation possible MMU, page table, open file descriptors, certificates
Hard to e.g. revoke all Expensive to check at
Hard to see who has with delegation
what access to an object
Harder to revoke, esp.
Combining ACL/CL
Checking file ACL for each read/write operation is too expensive (why?)
Typical solution:
f = open("file.txt",O_RDWR);
‣ check ACL when file is opened, return file descriptor which contains rights allowed at opening =
capability ‣ check capability at read/write operations
Any problems possible? fail = write(f, buffer, size);
TOCTTOU!
But who sets access rights?
Define an owner of each object Let owner set access rights for objects at his/her discretion
Discretionary AC (DAC)
Like standard file protection
Any problems possible?
Mandatory AC (MAC)
System–wide access control policy decides Avoids mistakes (or centralizes them)
Combining MAC and DAC: which takes precedence?
Bases for access control
Identity–based

Use Of Ip Address On The Internet? Why Or Why Not?
Lab Assignment
QUESTION 1: What kind of IP address is this? Can you use this address on the Internet? Why or
why not?
It is a class C IP address. Because it is a local IPv4 address and not a public IPv4 address, it cannot
be used on the Internet.
QUESTION 2: Instead of assigning a permanent IP address to PDC–VM, we could let PDC–VM
obtain a dynamic IP address. Would that be a good idea? Why or why not?
It would not be a good idea, it would be important to always know the IP address of the Primary
Domain Controller. For example, it would be hard to resolve the IP to hostname if the IP was always
changing.
QUESTION 3: What is a subnet mask, and how is it related to an IP address?
A subnet mask is a screen of numbers used for routing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The group can be assigned permissions in any domain or forest
A global group can include accounts from the same domain as the parent global group and global
groups from the same domain as the parent global group. The group can be assigned permissions in
member permissions can be assigned in any domain.
A domain local group accounts from any domain, global groups from any domain, universal groups
from any domain, and domain local groups but only from the same domain as the parent domain
local group. The group can be assigned permissions in member permissions can be assigned only
within the same domain as the parent domain local group.
A security groups allow you to manage user and computer access to shared resources while
distribution groups are intended to be used solely as email distribution lists.
QUESTION 7: What is the benefit of making one group a member of another group?
Groups are nested to consolidate member accounts and reduce replication traffic.
QUESTION 8: What is the significance of this log?
The log helps with security by keeping track of people accessing the PDC. It also keeps the
activities of specific clients and their interactions with the PDC.

QUESTION 9: What IP address is assigned to Client–VM? Why is it assigned this particular
address?
The ip that was

Similarities Between FAT32 And NTFS
NFTS vs FAT 32
New Technology File System is a proprietary file system, File Allocation Table 32 is a computer file
system architecture. These two are very alike in some ways and very different in others. NTFS is
newer and has a lot more storage but FAT32 is has better security and still works even if Windows is
opened incorrectly. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast FAT32 and NTFS.
NTFS is a proprietary file system which means it is a file format of a business or person that
contains data that is stored according to a certain encoding–scheme, designed by the business to be
secret, so that only the company that stored the data can see the data with software that they have
developed. NTFS has a max volume size of 264 clusters and the max number of files is
4,294,967,295 files. NTFS is used to store and retrieve files on a hard disk. NTFS offers
improvements from FAT and HPFS in performance, extendibility, and security.
FAT32 is an older file system so it isn't as efficient but it has more compatibility with other OS's. It
is the oldest of the three file systems available for Windows and most flash drives are formatted with
FAT32. FAT32 is used as a data recovery system and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the reasons that they are the same is they are both proprietary file systems. This means that
they both format files that contain encrypted data so that only the people that encrypted it can see it.
They both support Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows 2003, Server, Windows Vista, and
Windows 7. They both have a limit of 255 characters for a file name. They also have many
differences including max volume size, max files on volume, max file size, max number of clusters,
etc. NTFS has many things that FAT32 doesn't, including alternate streams, compression,
encryption, object permissions, disk quotas, sparse files, reparse points, volume mount points, built
in security, and

What Restrictions Must Such Systems Impose?
OperatingSystems
COEN–283
FALL2016
Assignment5–FileSystems&I/O
1. Isthe"open"systemcallinUNIXabsolutelyessential?Whatwouldbetheconsequences of not having
it?
Ans :–
– If there is no "Open" system call then for every read operation we have to specify the name of the
file to be accessed.
– The system would have to fetch the i–Node for it, although it could be cached
– In this situation one issue may arise which is when to flush the iNode back to disk. That can be
done by timeout, but it would be clumsy.
– Overall, it may work but with much more overhead involved
2. In some systems it is possible to map part of a file into memory. What restrictions must such
systems impose? How is this partial mapping implemented?
Ans :–
–It is possible to map part of a file into memory instead of entire file. But in this situation,
A part of file which needs to be mapped is required to begin from a page boundary.
–Hence a restriction on such system is that the pages should have a length of an integral number.
–Each mapped page uses the file itself as a backing store. Unmapped memory uses a scratch file or
partition as backing store.
3. Name one advantage of hard links over symbolic links and one advantage of symbolic links over
hard links.
Ans :–
Advantage of Hard links over Symbolic links :
– Hard link contains direct reference to the object. Hence it is faster, whereas symbolic link contains

a path name to the object which must be resolved to find the object.
– Hard links do not

Purpose Of Operating Systems For Computer Programs
Purpose of operating systems An operating system is known to be a software which lets the person
to manage computer hardware an also software resources and provides common services for
computer programmes. The most important part when it comes to the computer system is the
operating part of the system software. Most application programs need an operating system to be
able to run. Interactions between things such as keyboard and CPU are also controlled by the
operating systems and this is one of the reason why we use operating systems as they tell the
components what to do and how to communicate with the user and without the operating system the
user would not be able to use the computer or the components with ease. Machine management ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Task manager is what shows the user the programmes that the operating system is running and how
much each programme uses up in the terms of memory. Programmes can only be loaded or copied
from the hard drive into memory for the programme to work and be able to run. There is a limit on
how much RAM to be able to run these programmes. After the programme is shut it has to be
removed from the memory (ram) for there to be more space free for other programmes that you may
want to open up and run. The hard drive however the hard drive is able to store information for a
longer period of time. Processor management is where time is given to applications and processes
via the processor so that they are able to work as well as they can. Processors cycles are also taken
advantage of so that everything is able to function together without any problems. Small coding
which is called threading which is controlled by scheduling is a way that threads gets information
about computer systems. Processor management is where time is given to applications and processes
via the processor so that they are able to work as well as they can. Processors cycles are also taken
advantage of so that everything is able to function together without any problems. Small coding
which is called threading which is controlled by scheduling is a way that threads gets information
about

It240 Appendix F Essay
Associate Level Material
Appendix F
Vocabulary Table
Define five of the key terms listed in the Vocabulary Table.
|Term |Definition |
|Windows |Whichever of several microcomputer operating systems or environments presenting a|
| |graphical user interface |
|Processor |A piece of a computer, such as the central processing unit, that preforms |
| |calculations or other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|Windows manager |is system software that controls the placement and appearance of windows
within a|
| |windowing system in a graphical user interface. |
|Object manager |is a subsystem implemented as part of the Windows Executive which manages
Windows|
| |resources |
|Device driver |In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing |
| |higher–level computer programs to interact with a hardware device. |
|FAT |is a computer file system architecture now widely used on many computer systems |
| |and most memory cards, such as those used with digital camera |
|FAT32 |In order to overcome

Operating System Comparisons
Operating System Comparisons PRG/355 February 4, 2013 Operating System Comparisons Table of
Contents Introduction 3 Memory Management 3 Process Management 6 File Management 7
Security 8 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction An operating system (OS) is software that
manages the hardware and software resources of a computer system. Basically an OS is a set of
libraries or functions which programs may use to perform specific tasks relating to interfacing with
computer system components (The Computer Technology Documentation Project, n.d.). Advantages
and disadvantages exist in every operating system. Reviewed in this paper is a comparison of some
of the primary responsibilities of popular operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The kernel maintains a list of free pages for each zone. Each zone has its own page allocator that
allocates and frees memory as needed. Mac OS X is a little different as compared to the older MAC
OS virtual memory. Similar to Windows OS, when Mac OS X needs memory it pushes something
currently not needed into a swap file for temporary storage (OSX Daily, 2010). The swap file
concept is also known as virtual memory. Mac OS X, because it is built on the UNIX core, relies
heavily on swap files and paging for general memory and cache management. Virtual memory, also
known as secondary memory or secondary storage, typically refers to hard disk storage and is much
slower than main memory. Advantages of virtual memory include; running more than one
application at a time, the ability to run larger programs with less RAM, applications may launch
faster because of file mapping, and the user does not have to buy more main memory (RAM).
Disadvantages of virtual memory include; applications run slower than if loaded into main memory,
increased time to switch between applications, less hard drive space for the users use, and some may
argue reduced system stability is inherent to virtual memory. Linux's virtual memory system is
responsible for the memory visible to each process. The memory system creates virtual memory on
demand and swaps pages in and out of main memory to the disk as needed. Virtual memory is
divided into regions called backing. Backing is

Unix Pos420 Uop
UNIX, Linux, and Windows Servers
Security
When comparing Linux/Unix versus Windows platforms for security it is important to take into
account the security issues being addressed. The most common types of security breaches in today's
business world are based on social engineering attacks. These attacks are focused on bypassing
security measures by tricking users into accomplishing the tasks required by the malicious code.
These attacks can introduce numerous types of malicious code into the network ranging from
spyware up to and including viruses. When comparing Windows versus Linux/Unix it is important
to realize that more security features may be available depending on the exact operating system.
This comparison is not to compare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A fundamental aspect of managing any computer system, UNIX or otherwise, is the backup of user
and system data for possible retrieval purposes in the case of system failure, data corruption, etc.
Users, both teacher, student, or counselor, expect and depend on the admin to recover files that have
been accidentally erased, or lost due to hardware problems. Backup devices may be locally
connected to a system or remotely accessible across a network. Typical backup media types include:
1/4" cartridge tape, 8mm cartridge tape (used infrequently today) DAT (very common) DLT (where
lots of data must be archived) Floptical, ZIP, JAZ, SyQuest (common for user–level backups)
Backup tapes, disks and other media should be well looked after in a secure location within the
university, primarily at a main office as a whole (ie. Arizona). Software tools for archiving data
include low–level format–independent tools, file and directory oriented tools such as tar, filesystem–
oriented tools, standard UNIX utilities, and high–level tools (normally commercial packages) such
as IRIS NetWorker. The most commonly used program is tar, which allows one to gather together a
number of files and directories into a single 'tar archive' file. Tar files can also be compressed and
some of the university's backup devices have built–in hardware compression abilities. Note that files
such as MPEG movies and JPEG images are already in a compressed format

Essay on chapter 4 hands on projects
Case Projects
4–2
An inventory specialist in the Manufacturing and Operations Department needs to determine what
file systems are mounted on his Linux computer because he is not sure that the DVD/CD–ROM
drive is properly mounted. Explain the steps he should use to determine the mounted file systems,
and also note which file system should be mounted for the DVD/CD–ROM. To determine what file
systems are mounted on his Linux computer, first he must access the command prompt or open a
terminal window. Once there, type "mount" to see which file systems are actually mounted. Here he
would check to see if his DVD/CD–ROM drive is properly mounted, and being recognized. The file
system that should be shown would be iso9660.
4–3
A new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You are asked to train her and as part of the orientation to Windows Server 2008, you decided to
give her a background in the advantages of its file system. Create a short report that you can give her
that summarizes the advantages you discuss in your training. Windows Server 2008 uses the NTFS
V. 3.1 file system. Some of the basic features incorporated into NTFS include: Long filenames,
Built–in security features, Better file compression tan FAT, Ability to use larger disks and files than
FAT, File activity tracking for better recovery and stability than FAT, Portable Operating System
Interface for UNIX support, Volume striping and Volume extensions, and Less disk fragmentation
than FAT. Allowing for many security setups, and larger files to be stored/used on the computer,
NTFS is a large improvement from previous FAT versions. Also, files can now be compressed by
more than 40 percent, saving vital disk space for other needs!
4–5
The Windows Vista computer used by a copywriter in the Marketing Department is experiencing
some problems. Each time the copywriter accesses certain files, he sees an error message. He is
concerned because these are files to be used for an upcoming catalog that will go into print soon.
Explain the steps to take in order to fix these files. There are multiple possibilities that could have
occurred here. First, it would be wise to check if the system has had their

Installing An Ide Disk On A Linux System
The purpose of this document is to detail the various steps needed to install, make ready, and mount
an IDE disk on a Linux system. The process starts first with the cabling and physical installation of
the disk. Next it is key to ensure the computer's BIOS is properly configured to allow access to the
drive. Once the machine can see the physical drive the next step is to prepare the drive to accept data
by partitioning the drive for the desired disk layout. Finally, the drive is mounted within the
filesystem hierarchy so it may be accessed by the end user. Installing the Drive The first step in this
process is the physical installation of the drive. While the process of installing an IDE drive is more
involved than a SATA drive it is still easily accomplished if a few precautious are followed. The first
step is to configure the jumper on the back of the IDE drive. Refer to the sticker on the drive itself or
the manufacturer data sheet to identify the correct jumper position. Move the jumper on the back of
the drive to the master position. There may be a CS or CSEL which stands for Cable Select. This
should allow the computer to make the assignment based on cable position however this requires a
special IDE cable (Chukov, n.d.). Simply setting the jumper itself is a simpler and delivers more
consistent results. The second step is to identify the IDE headers on the computer motherboard with
the help of the computer or motherboard manual. Without access to the

CSS350 IP5 Essay
CSS350–1301A–01 Computer Forensics 1
Key Assignment
David Laurin Jr.
February 11, 2013
Table of contents
Table of contents 2
Introduction to computer forensics 3
Computer forensics defined 3
Situations that might lead to the need for an investigation 4
Digital investigation processes and procedures 7
Collecting and preserving data 11
Investigation methodology and data analysis 16
Reporting the case 29
References 37
Introduction to computer forensics
Computer forensics defined In today's world it is an indisputable fact that computers and digital
devices are a part of our everyday lives. As such they are a part of our society whether they are used
for business or for personal reasons. There are many uses for computers. We can ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The employee's computer may also contain valuable information that can be extracted about the
downloading of the information. All of these avenues will provide a chain of auditable evidence
against the employee in question and could result in his dismissal as well as other civil legal action.
The third scenario involves the theft of a laptop computer. On October 31, 2012 there was a security
breach reported by NASA that a laptop computer was stolen from an employee's vehicle that
contained personal data on ten thousand users and was unencrypted. "NASA immediately began
working with local law enforcement after the laptop was stolen, with the goal of recovering the
computer and protecting the sensitive data" (Vijayan, 2012).
Information provided by IT Security about the serial number of the laptop and other identifying
features should have been well documented before the laptop ever left the NASA facility. Computer
forensics personal also would have had to investigate the people who will be affected by the
information on the stolen laptop so they can be informed and take appropriate action to protect their
identities. If the laptop is ever retrieved, computer forensics personal will need to investigate to see
if any sensitive information was accessed while the computer was missing and what information

was copied or changed.
The fourth

Quick Check Essay
Joe Zoellner
1. A friend has asked you which version of Windows 7 should be purchased to start a new
multimedia–based home entertainment system. Your friend will not require business support
features, but will require support communicating with an Xbox 360. Which version of Windows 7
do you recommend?
C. Windows 7 Home Premium
2. Windows 7 supports only cooperative multitasking. True or False?
False
3. The __ Processing Unit is a hardware component capable of quickly drawing items to the screen.
Graphical Processing Unit
4. A graphics card capable of running the Aero Theme must have drivers certified to which standard
(select two)? A. DirectX, B. WDDM
5. All device drivers are considered safe to install if they are __ by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To make this disk accessible in both operating systems, you decide to format it as (select all that
apply):
B. NTFS, C. FAT32, D. FAT16
12. Your computer is capable of starting more than one operating system. Windows 7 Ultimate and
Windows 95 SR1 are both installed, but to different hard disks in the computer. A third hard disk
will be used to hold data that is used by both operating systems. To make this disk accessible in both
operating systems you decide to format it as:
D. FAT16
13. The main network protocol used to communicate between Windows 7 computers is:
A. TCP/IP
14. Windows 7's version of TCP/IP supports the newer standard called __.
B. IPv6
15. A feature of Windows designed to provide easy access to helpful mini–applications and utilities
is called ___.
E. Gadgets
16. Which networking component included with Windows 7 supports sending IPv6 traffic over IPv4
networks?
A. Teredo
17. A driver that has full access to all hardware and the memory of the computer has what type of
security level?
A. kernel mode

18. A hardware vendor's product has passed Microsoft testing and has received a certified logo.
Updated drivers for the hardware can be obtained from the manufacturer and from which Microsoft
Web site?
B. Windows Update
19. Some hardware can be added to the computer without having to restart or power down the
computer. After a short period of time the device driver automatically loads and

Operating System Differences
UNIX/Linux, Mac, Microsoft Windows Operating System Differences University of Phoenix
Abstract This paper will elaborate on the major differences of the main Operating Systems (OS),
which are UNIX/Linux, Mac®, Microsoft® Windows®. The areas of discussion for this paper will
be on Memory Management, Process Management, File Management, and Security for each
operating system. Operating Systems (OS) for a computer is the main processing software program
used to allow the computer processor to communicate with the software and hardware I/O devices.
Computers as SUN, SUSE use UNIX/Linux operating system, Mac® (Macintosh) computer uses
Apple operating system, and Personal Computers (PC) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mac is a personal computer usage environment not needing as much memory for operating system,
but for the software execution and data storage. Windows is also a personal computer environment
with a server type environment growing in use. This memory management is both needing large
sections of memory for data and operating systems transferring. Along with the processor speed,
memory management is one of the most important parts of computer operation. The operating
systems also rely on process management. Computers today have developed from running single
program capability and running run one program at a time to having the ability to run multiple
programs at the same time. They are also able to use multiple threads to provide more than one task
to be run at the same time. Processes were created to help manage the execution of the programs. A
process is defined as a unit of work in a modern time–sharing system during the execution of a
program. There are five states that a process may be in new, running, waiting, ready, and terminated.
Only one process can be running on a processor and the other processes are in a ready and waiting
state. Operating systems use processes to execute the system code, which executes and runs the
main programs to process and operate the computer. Operating systems may use the state of a
process in different ways. A process

A Large International Purchasing Company
A large international purchasing company is further expanding by buying out a growling local
company that manufactures western wear at several locations. They are known as the cottage
industries. Sam Yosemite the previous owner of the cottage industries with eight satellite offices
four large and four small is helping with the transition of the company since its acquisition to make
sure that the "Wild Frontier" network is merged with the new domain "Foghorn Leghorn" and
migration of the current standards are put into place. The acquisition allows the existing employees
to remain in place of their designations. Several changes will be taking place in terms of a larger
budget for the creation and maintenance of the new network that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The TSL is a very low impact service and it requires very little COU or memory for regular
operations and its hard disk requirements are small even for a great deal of clients like the ones seen
in this company. The idle activities are negligible and the memory used is less than 10 MB. It will
allow access from any computing device that is running the Windows–based program or even a full
Windows desktop. The employees will be able to connect to terminal server to run programs and use
network resources on that server. Windows Terminal Services have the ability to meet with many of
the criteria for applications for remote officers. Terminal services with Windows NT the server
hardware was hard pressed to support multiple server sessions. Additionally, 10 Mbps networks are
considered the standard for the terminal services and have the ability to be easily saturated by
network intensive applications. Also, Windows Server 2008 R2 with the terminal services allows
administrators of the networks to deploy a full virtual desktop infrastructure solution. This means
that the terminal server can be configured to host virtual desktop operating systems. For example, if
the user logs off, any changes they made are rolled back and the virtual hard drive is left in a more
pristine condition which is ready to use for the next user. With the terminal services the new
RemoteApp allows the user to virtualize individual applications instead of

Nt1310 Network File System
!
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM! !
Network File System was designed so that users could transparently and remotely access files on the
network in the same way as if the file was on the local disk. It can be easily ported to various
operating systems and architectures. Description of protocols in machines and systems is done in an
independent manner in NFS using the External Data Representation. Implementation of NFS takes
place on top of RPC so that implementation and maintenance of protocols is done in a simplified
way. ! !
The Network File System Interface is made of :!
1. Virtual File System (VFS )!
2. Virtual Node Interface (vnode)! !
The virtual file system states all the possible operations that can be performed on a file system.
On the other hand, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
!
NFS CLIENT SIDE:!
The client side runs using such an interface where files on the server can be easily and transparently
accessed by various applications. This is because of the combination of VFS and Vnode.
! !
The following diagram shows how NFS works. ! !!!!
!
! ! ! !!!
!i
SCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface)! ! iSCSI is a transport layer protocol. How SCSI
packets are transported over a TCP/IP network is decided by this protocol. This protocol can be used
to send data over various area networks like
LANs, WANs and on the internet, and provide data storage independent of the location. ! ! iSCSI
transmits block–level data between a iSCSI server and a iSCSI client located in a storage device.
The iSCSI protocol provides encapsulation to SCSI commands and rearranged packet to the TCP/IP
layer. These encapsulated packets are then sent over the internet on a P2P connection.
When these packets arrive at the destination, the protocol strips down the extra headers in such a
way that the SCSI commands are seen by the operating system as a local SCSI device that can be
formatted as usual. ! ! iSCSI is popular in small and medium businesses because of the way server

Understanding Computer Security Features
There are a lot of features on a computer system that people never stopped to look for. Many of the
features could mean the destruction of your computer or be important to the upkeep of your
computer. Also, some of these features could help in an investigation when a computer has to be
taken in for evidence. The computer I am using is an Intel Celeron processor 2995U @ 1.40 GHz. It
is a 64 bit operating system, with 4.0 of RAM, and 3.50 of MB. There is no specific Security
software set up, however there are many other protection factors located in the control panel of the
computer. According to the event log there have been 1,100 Administrative application events, 1,433
Administrative security events, 88 Operational setup events, 5,365 Administrative system events,
and no Forwarded events.
The form of security I did see that was active on this computer is Firewalls. I found this information
within the control panel. Firewalls can be let down temporarily by opening a port. The only problem
with opening a port is that once it is open it stays open. If someone finds themselves engrossed in
other activities while using this computer, viruses would have an easy way in, if the port is no closed
immediately after it has served its purpose. The recommendation for this security threat is to only
make a port through a firewall when absolutely necessary, and to remember to close the port. Also, I
recommend that a person add a program only from a list of the allowed programs for

Data Storage And Retrieval Of Data On A Storage Medium
A file system (sometimes written filesystem) is the method used to control the storage and retrieval
of data on a storage medium. (4) It determines the way in which 'files' are named and how they are
logically organised on a disk or partition. (5) Without a file system, data held on a storage medium
would be one large block, with no method of determining the location of specific pieces of
information. By separating the data into identifiable blocks, the information can be easily located.
(1) Each grouping of data, which takes its name from the method of organising paper–based
information, is referred to as a "file". The file system is comprised of two specific parts: a collection
of files and a directory structure, which provides data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some programs will operate directly on sectors of a disk or partition, so they could desolate or
seriously corrupt any current filesystem. However, most programs operate at the filesystem level,
and subsequently will not operate correctly on a disk or partition that either does not contain a
filesystem, or contains the wrong type. (1) In order for a disk or partition to be used as a filesystem
it first must be 'initialised', this is where the bookkeeping data structures are written to the disk. This
process is referred to as 'making a filesystem'.
Initialising or Making a filesystem involves the grouping together of multiple sectors into 'blocks' to
optimize storage addressing. Generally, modern file systems use block sizes ranging from 1 up to
128 sectors (512–65536 bytes). (2) Each individual file is stored in 'unused' sectors of the disk or
partition. From there the file can be located by its known position and size. {1} However, how can
we know what sectors on the disk have been used and which haven't? Where is the metadata for
each of these files stored? These answers provide us with the file system. (2)
To comply with diverse requirements, many different types of file systems have been defined. Each
supporting completely different logic, structure, speed of data access, level of efficiency, security,
block size and more. Some have even been designed for a very specific purpose or application; for
example the file system designed specifically to make

Operating System and Max File/volume Size Essays
Compare HFS+, Ext3fs, and NTFS. Choose the most reliable file system and justify your answers.
(SLO 15)
HFS+ Ext3fs NTFS
Introduced in 1998 Introduced in 1999 Introduced in 1993
Apple Linux Microsoft
Unlimited characters No limit defined 32,767 Unicode characters with each path component
(directory or filename) commonly up to 255 characters long
HFS+ is file system developed by apple to replace their Hierarchical file system as the primary file
system used in Mac computers It is also used by IPod and it is referred to as Mac OS extended.
Ext3fs or third extended file system is a journaled file system that is commonly used by the Linux
Kernel. It is the default file system for many Linux distributions. NTFS is a Windows op and file ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do these numbers seem excessive? (SLO 22 & 23)
It does seem a bit excessive, but I would still do it, better safe than sorry I would say. Many people
are under the impression that hard drives need to be wiped with multiple passes to prevent recovery
of data. This is simply untrue with modern hard drives. According to the National Institute for
Standards and Technology, "Studies have shown that most of today's media can be effectively
cleared by one overwrite" (Max, 2009).
Reference
Max. (2009). Disk Wiping One Pass is Enough.
Retrieved from, https://www.anti–forensics.com/disk–wiping–one–pass–is–enough/
Discuss whether steganography is a good solution for image and movie piracy. Discuss how
steganography can relate to digital rights management (DRM) solutions. (SLO 22)
Steganography in the context of digital content piracy serves primarily as a method to track where
digital assets are moving or who is receiving them. It can be a good solution for distribution of a
small number of copies but becomes less effective when distributing on a wide basis. In order for it
to be effective a content provider needs to recover the content by means of the unauthorized channel
and examine the indicator marked on the copy. This is cumbersome for wide distribution but can be
used on a broad basis such as by region. Region coding is used with many DVD releases for
example but can also be considered a type of DRM (Andrew,

Computers Have Become An Integrated Part Of Our Everyday...
Computers have become an integrated part of our everyday lives and are essential to succeeding,
both academically and professionally. Because there will always be a demand for computers, I have
thrown together a few ways to help you save money on your next computer purchase. Before we get
into deciding which approach you want to take to save you lots of money on your next computer
investment, I suggest you figure out how you will be using your computer. Are you a gamer, a
casual web surfer, an editor, or do you run your own online business? If you are the type of person
that likes to casually browse the web then you really should avoid looking at computers that are
labeled high performance machines. On the other hand, if you do a lot of editing, gaming, or
multitasking, your ideal purchase would be a high–performance computer with high–end hardware.
I understand this is common sense for some, but for others that are buying a computer for the first
time the process of identifying what kind of computer you want is the first step in saving money on
your next computer. Luckily, retailers tend to split up their computers into different categories based
on intended usage. The first thing you can do to save money on your next computer is to buy
refurbished. Computers that have been damaged aesthetically or internally are sent back to the
manufacturer to be repaired, or refurbished. When the manufacturer fixes the damaged unit, it is
then resold at a large discounted price. This

Partition Boot Sector Research Paper
Partition Boot Sector
The first piece of information on the partition is the boot sector. The partition boot sector contains
information, which the file system uses to access the volume. The boot sector is up to 8KB in
length. Partition Boot Sector consists of two different primary structures:
BIOS parameter block – This has information about the partition and about the volume name, size
and location of metafiles.
Volume Boot Code – This is a small block of program code that instructs the system on how to load
the operating system
Master File Table (MFT)
The NTFS file system contains a file called the master file table, or MFT. There is at least one entry
in the MFT for every file on an NTFS volume, including the MFT itself. All information

Nt1330 Unit 1 Study Guide
Lets Support.... http://www2.isupportyou.net Q. What is an operating system? A. Operating system
works as an interpreter between computer Hardware and application. Operation system works as a
user interface. Q. Types of Operating systems? A. There are two types of operating systems 1. SOS:
Simple Operating System as for example– Windows 95,98, ME 2. NOS: Network Operating System
as for example– Windows NT, 2000, 2003. Q. What is server? A. Server are computer that provides
the services. As for Example:1. DNS Server 2. WINS Server 3. DHCP Server 4. RAS Server 5. VPN
Server Q. What is RAS Server? A. RAS stands for Remote Access Server. It is basically use for
mobile user in the network. This server provides the access connectivity for ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Q. What is tree? A. A group of domain is called tree and sharing a contiguous Name Space. Q. What
is forest? A. A group of tree is called forest and does not sharing a contiguous name space but
sharing a common configuration (Schema). Q. Difference between D.C. and A.D.C.? A. D.C. stands
for Domain Controller and A.D.C. stands for Additional Domain Controller. A.D.C. is a backup of
D.C. Only one different is available between D.C. and A.D.C. i.e. – Operation master Role. On D.C.
all of five Operation Master Roles are available1. Schema Master 2. Domain Naming Master 3. RID
Master 4. PDC Emulator 5. Infrastructure Master But on A.D.C. only Three Operation Master Role
are Available: 1. RID Master 2. PDC Emulator 3. Infrastructure Master Q. What is the benefit of
Child Domain? A. There are many benefits of Child Domain Such As: 1. Security Boundary 2.
Administrative Overhead Low 3. Network Traffic Low Q. What is Group? A. Group is a collection
of user account. It provides the simplified administration in the network. Q. What is OU? A. OU
stands for Organizational Unit. On OU we define group Policy in the network. Group policy is
basically assigned on active directory container i.e. Site, domain, OU. When ever we want some
users then we put that user in the OU and assign the appropriate Group Policy on that OU. Q. What
is Group Policy? A. Group Policy provides the stream line access to all of the users in the

Computer Networking
Chad Nash
Advantages and Disadvantages of Windows XP Windows XP was introduced as a significant
upgrade to Windows 98 and Windows Millennium. After Microsoft brought out MS–DOS in the
1980's it developed its futuristic operating system – Windows. Newer versions of this OS were
developed over the years, including the out bringing of Windows NT (New Technology) which was
aimed at business users and computer servers. After numerous incarnations of the Windows
operating system, including Windows 95, 98 and the much criticized Windows Millennium, the XP
system was released October 25, 2001.Windows XP has much in common with the singularities and
also engineering of Windows 2000. In fundamentals XP was created to"bridge the two architectures
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You work on one PC but control images across two or more screens." (DOMINICQUICK2004)
There is also considerably more support for mobile uses and IT personnel.. For example, the Remote
Desktop Connection which has been based on the Terminal Services in Windows NT and 2000
servers allows any computer with Windows XP to control another computer over a landline or the
internet. The Sharing of Internet connections has also been improved. For example, "...a Network
Bridge feature eases the task of combining separate network technologies such as Ethernet, Home
PNA, and wireless. In fact, Windows XP includes code to connect to 802.11b wireless networks.
"On a more technical level, XP shows substantial improvements in performance when compared to
previous incorporation of the operating system, as well as in the usage of system resources. This is
an important advantage of the new operating system as earlier versions of Windows have been
exceptionally lacking in this department. This contrastingly factor in other versions was broadly due
the need for backward unity with the early version of Windows. "Consumption of free System
Resources has been an important and frustrating issue in Windows 9x, at least for a vast users, due
to an design that was well needed for the backwards compatibility that has been so important in
Windows 9x." This is also an important issue in terms of current computer

Questions On Operating Systems Structure
Critical Comparison
NTFS & ZFS
COURSEWORK ONE REPORT
Mohamed Mahamud | W1442717 | Operating Systems Structure
Introduction
File systems is a method of sorting data structure in the operating systems and means to keep track
of the virtual data in the operating systems without a file system information stored would be a large
body of data with no way of knowing where a piece of data is stored begins and ends. File systems
is also referred to as partition or disk which is uses files or the type the file systems. A file system on
a disk or partition is a way to organize, navigate, hierarchical data can be accessed, stored and
retrieved in a form of folders or files. When files system is referred to as a partition it means that the
hierarchy of directories also known as the directory tree. It is used to organize files on a computer
system, the hierarchy of directories is locked on a single partition or disk it can also be spread over
multiple disks even disks on a different computer at a different location.
When a file system is referred to as type of file system it is the way the stored data are organized on
computer disk for example a file or folder that is that is stored on a hard disk or a partition on the
hard disk. It is generally a piece of code in the kernel module which maintenance the logical data
structures located in the storage. The main functions that every file system should have are efficient
organization of data quick storage and retrieval

Questions On Http And Ftp
Q).HTTP and FTP?
HTTP :–
HTTP is short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and includes the basic rules for displaying a web
page on the screen of a computer, smart phone, tablet, or any mobile device.
FTP :–
FTP is short for File Transport Protocol a program that allows users and computers to send and
receive large portions of data through a private or public network. It can also be used to send
configuration files to network devices, such as switches and routers.
File Transport Protocol, or FTP, is an open protocol standard that is widely used to transport and
receive large files. FTP can be used to send and receive large files. FTP can also be used to send
configuration files and software updates for network switches and routers. It uses ports for
communications and also uses encryption to protect the information being received and sent.
Differences between HTTP and FTP :–
The difference between the two is that
HTTP is a protocol used by the World Wide Web that allows the transfer of files from a web server
to a user's web browser for viewing web pages on the Internet, while the FTP protocol is used to
transfer files from a computer to and from an FTP server. FTP facilitates the transfer of files from
one computer to another.
HTTP transfers only web page content to the browser so as to view it. The transferred file is not
saved in the memory space. FTP, on the other hand, transfers the whole file to the another computer,
and the file is saved in memory.
HTTP does not

Description Of A Network Administrator

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