This document contains a list of probable questions related to operating systems, file systems, networking, Windows commands, and troubleshooting. Some of the topics covered include types of operating systems, differences between FAT and NTFS file systems, Active Directory, firewall types, OSI model layers, and RAID levels. The list provides definitions and explanations for many common computer and networking concepts.
Improving data confidentiality in personal computer environment using on line...Damir Delija
The document describes a crypto-disk online encryption system that aims to improve data secrecy for PC users. The system uses a device driver to encrypt and decrypt data in the background as it is written to and read from virtual encrypted disks, redirecting the encrypted data to a file on a host disk. The encryption is transparent to applications and uses the symmetric-key IDEA algorithm. The system is designed to provide encryption with reasonable performance overhead and easy use for improving data privacy on personal computers.
The document discusses secure and efficient data deduplication techniques for endpoint protection. It explains that traditional deduplication processes can compromise data security when used with encrypted data. However, EVault's secure deduplication process works with encrypted data by deduplicating data after encryption, using encryption keys based on data scope, and processing data completely on the client side. This allows it to provide the bandwidth and storage benefits of deduplication without exposing data or weakening security.
A firewall is a network security device that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules. It protects internal networks from unauthorized external access. There are three main types of firewalls: network layer firewalls that filter traffic at the IP level, application layer firewalls that filter traffic by application, and proxy firewalls that intercept traffic and act as an intermediary. Firewalls use packet filtering, proxy services, or stateful inspection to screen traffic and enforce the security policy of an organization. They help control access between networks with different trust levels, such as between the highly trusted internal network and the less trusted internet.
SecurusVault Swiss Data Backup overviewsecurusvault
SecurusVault is a Swiss data backup and file sharing tool available globally through www.securusvault.ch . Among other features, the Personnal Information Storage acts as a digital safe for all personal notes not stored on files. The application is compliant with the most stringent security requirements and is a NON USA PATRIOT Act software as it does not store anything in a US based server. GlobeX Data S.A. is the sole developer and owner of the application. An Arabic version is coming by year end and an iPhone iPad application is coming by November 2010.
IRJET- Distributed Decentralized Data Storage using IPFSIRJET Journal
This document describes a distributed decentralized data storage system that uses the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) protocol. The system allows users to encrypt files locally before uploading them, where they are broken into pieces and stored across multiple devices on the network with 51% redundancy to prevent data loss. Hashes are used to track the pieces and access the files. The system aims to provide privacy, security, and reliability through decentralization without a single point of failure. Files are encrypted, distributed, and accessed through a peer-to-peer network where each participating node contributes storage and acts as both a server and storage provider.
The document discusses distributed systems and provides examples including the Internet, intranets, and mobile computing networks. It characterizes distributed systems as having concurrency, no global clock, and independent failures. Key aspects of distributed systems are sharing resources across networks, with examples given of the World Wide Web and its use of HTML, URLs, and HTTP to share documents and other resources between clients and servers.
This document provides an overview of distributed systems and distributed computing. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system. It discusses the advantages and goals of distributed systems, including connecting users and resources, transparency, openness and scalability. It also covers hardware concepts like multi-processor systems with shared or non-shared memory, and multi-computer systems that can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
This document provides definitions and examples of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appears as a single system to users. Key characteristics include transparency, fault tolerance, scalability, and concurrency. Middleware hides distribution and heterogeneity between systems. Examples discussed include search engines like Google with hundreds of thousands of servers, online games like World of Warcraft run across many servers, and social networks like Twitter that process billions of tweets daily across large distributed infrastructures. The document also briefly describes grid computing networks like the European Grid Infrastructure.
Improving data confidentiality in personal computer environment using on line...Damir Delija
The document describes a crypto-disk online encryption system that aims to improve data secrecy for PC users. The system uses a device driver to encrypt and decrypt data in the background as it is written to and read from virtual encrypted disks, redirecting the encrypted data to a file on a host disk. The encryption is transparent to applications and uses the symmetric-key IDEA algorithm. The system is designed to provide encryption with reasonable performance overhead and easy use for improving data privacy on personal computers.
The document discusses secure and efficient data deduplication techniques for endpoint protection. It explains that traditional deduplication processes can compromise data security when used with encrypted data. However, EVault's secure deduplication process works with encrypted data by deduplicating data after encryption, using encryption keys based on data scope, and processing data completely on the client side. This allows it to provide the bandwidth and storage benefits of deduplication without exposing data or weakening security.
A firewall is a network security device that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules. It protects internal networks from unauthorized external access. There are three main types of firewalls: network layer firewalls that filter traffic at the IP level, application layer firewalls that filter traffic by application, and proxy firewalls that intercept traffic and act as an intermediary. Firewalls use packet filtering, proxy services, or stateful inspection to screen traffic and enforce the security policy of an organization. They help control access between networks with different trust levels, such as between the highly trusted internal network and the less trusted internet.
SecurusVault Swiss Data Backup overviewsecurusvault
SecurusVault is a Swiss data backup and file sharing tool available globally through www.securusvault.ch . Among other features, the Personnal Information Storage acts as a digital safe for all personal notes not stored on files. The application is compliant with the most stringent security requirements and is a NON USA PATRIOT Act software as it does not store anything in a US based server. GlobeX Data S.A. is the sole developer and owner of the application. An Arabic version is coming by year end and an iPhone iPad application is coming by November 2010.
IRJET- Distributed Decentralized Data Storage using IPFSIRJET Journal
This document describes a distributed decentralized data storage system that uses the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) protocol. The system allows users to encrypt files locally before uploading them, where they are broken into pieces and stored across multiple devices on the network with 51% redundancy to prevent data loss. Hashes are used to track the pieces and access the files. The system aims to provide privacy, security, and reliability through decentralization without a single point of failure. Files are encrypted, distributed, and accessed through a peer-to-peer network where each participating node contributes storage and acts as both a server and storage provider.
The document discusses distributed systems and provides examples including the Internet, intranets, and mobile computing networks. It characterizes distributed systems as having concurrency, no global clock, and independent failures. Key aspects of distributed systems are sharing resources across networks, with examples given of the World Wide Web and its use of HTML, URLs, and HTTP to share documents and other resources between clients and servers.
This document provides an overview of distributed systems and distributed computing. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system. It discusses the advantages and goals of distributed systems, including connecting users and resources, transparency, openness and scalability. It also covers hardware concepts like multi-processor systems with shared or non-shared memory, and multi-computer systems that can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
This document provides definitions and examples of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appears as a single system to users. Key characteristics include transparency, fault tolerance, scalability, and concurrency. Middleware hides distribution and heterogeneity between systems. Examples discussed include search engines like Google with hundreds of thousands of servers, online games like World of Warcraft run across many servers, and social networks like Twitter that process billions of tweets daily across large distributed infrastructures. The document also briefly describes grid computing networks like the European Grid Infrastructure.
International Journal of Computer Science and Security Volume (4) Issue (1)CSCJournals
This paper discusses cache coherency in distributed file systems. Maintaining cache consistency is challenging due to shared files being present on multiple client caches. Synchronization techniques are used to ensure file consistency. The paper proposes a cache coherency model that reduces miss penalty during remote file writes and allows write sharing in a local area network. It divides the system into hierarchical domains and gives file ownerships to writers to maintain consistency across caches.
Implementation of data security used in this research using metarouter as its method. Metarouter is a virtual network device that connects computers as if in a network. Metarouter is made to make it easier to monitor network activity simultaneously. This study aims to develop data security management on metarouter. Testing conducted by Denial of Service attacks based on DOS flooding metarouter aimed at port 80 and port 22. To recognize Denial of Service attacks it is necessary to monitor the network by performing log analysis stored on mikrotik.The benefits of log analysis are expected to facilitate in data monitoring and network management.
Securely Data Forwarding and Maintaining Reliability of Data in Cloud ComputingIJERA Editor
Cloud works as an online storage servers and provides long term storage services over the internet. It is like a third party in whom we can store a data so they need data confidentiality, robustness and functionality. Encryption and encoding methods are used to solve such problems. After that divide proxy re-encryption scheme and integrating it with a decentralized erasure code such that a secure distributed storage system is formulated. The distributed storage system not only supports secure, robust data storage and retrieval but also lets the user forward his data to another user without retrieving the data. A concept of backup in same server allows users to retrieve failure data successfully in the storage server and also forward to another user without retrieving the data back. This is an attempt to provide light-weight approach which protects data access in distributed storage servers. User can implement all important concept i.e. Confidentiality for security, Robustness for healthy data, Reliability for flexible data, Availability for compulsory data will be achieved to another user which is store in cloud and easily overcome problem of “Securely data forwarding and maintaining, reliability of data in cloud computing “using different type of Methodology and Technology.
The document discusses various topics related to system administration including system administrator responsibilities, file systems like NTFS and FAT, networking concepts like VOIP and proxy servers, Windows servers, DHCP, DNS, Active Directory and Group Policy. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics through questions and answers.
The document contains answers to 11 questions related to system and network administration. Key points addressed include:
- Integrated multiple operating systems allow installing multiple OSes on a single PC and choosing between them at boot.
- A network administrator's responsibilities include installing, configuring, and supporting an organization's networks and responding to outages.
- The /etc/shadow file contains password policies like expiry for each user.
- Fragmentation in storage occurs when space is used inefficiently, reducing capacity and performance.
- Tips for system administration include using a trouble ticket system, managing quick requests, adopting time-saving policies, and starting hosts in a known state.
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. It provides advantages like cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, and flexibility but introduces challenges in achieving transparency, dependability, performance, and flexibility due to its distributed nature. A true distributed system that solves all these challenges perfectly is difficult to achieve due to limitations like network complexity and security issues.
The document proposes a CloudDrop technique for securely storing files in the cloud. It divides files into fragments that are duplicated across multiple cloud nodes. This makes it difficult for attackers to retrieve meaningful data even if one node is compromised, improving security. The method also considers factors like node selection and access time to enhance performance during file retrieval from the cloud.
Psdot 12 a secure erasure code-based cloud storageZTech Proje
The document proposes a secure cloud storage system that uses a threshold proxy re-encryption scheme integrated with a decentralized erasure code. This allows the system to securely store and retrieve data, as well as securely forward data from one user to another without retrieving it directly. The system addresses limitations of traditional encryption for cloud storage by distributing keys and enabling storage servers to directly forward encrypted data between users.
A honeynet framework to promote enterprise network securityIAEME Publication
This document describes a honeynet framework to promote enterprise network security. The framework consists of two high-interaction honeypot servers connected by a switch to a monitoring station. The honeypots provide real operating systems and services to attract attackers. When an attacker attempts to access a honeypot, its data is captured by a packet sniffer and stored in a database. This data is then sent securely to the monitoring station using web services. The monitoring station analyzes the data, generates an alert report, and provides a GUI to monitor extracted information. The goal is to identify attack traffic and profile attackers to improve network defense.
Distributed computing system is a collection of interconnected computers that appear as a single system. There are two types of computer architectures for distributed systems - tightly coupled and loosely coupled. In tightly coupled systems, processors share a single memory while in loosely coupled systems, processors have their own local memory and communicate through message passing. Distributed systems provide advantages like better price-performance ratio, resource sharing, reliability, and scalability but also introduce challenges around transparency, communication, performance, heterogeneity, and fault tolerance.
The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all.
CSI-503 - 11.Distributed Operating Systemghayour abbas
A distributed operating system connects multiple computers via a single communication channel. It allows for the distribution of computing resources and I/O files across several central processors to serve multiple users and real-time applications simultaneously. Distributed operating systems come in various types, including client-server systems, peer-to-peer systems, middleware, three-tier, and n-tier architectures. Their key features are openness, scalability, resource sharing, flexibility, transparency, and heterogeneity. Examples include Solaris, OSF/1, Micros, and DYNIX. Distributed operating systems find applications in network applications, telecommunication networks, parallel computation, and real-time process control.
Massively Distributed Systems: Design Issues and ChallengeDarcyzz
1) Massively distributed systems will interconnect billions of nodes to support applications at a massive scale.
2) These systems will be driven by the rise of ubiquitous embedded systems and will require offloading computational tasks.
3) Massively distributed systems will be engineered as distributed utilities to support industries like energy, transportation, and media delivery through sensor networks, transportation systems, and control algorithms.
This document discusses distributed systems and their key characteristics. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single computer to users. Examples provided include web search engines, massively multiplayer online games, financial trading systems, and social networks. Advantages over personal and centralized systems are described, such as increased speed, reliability, flexibility, and economics. Design issues and communication methods like message passing and remote procedure calls are also outlined.
This document provides a template for taking notes on readings with sections for identifying conflicts, recording plot details and page numbers, and analyzing the subtext and why events happen. The template separates what happens in the text from analyzing the meaning and implications, and suggests using the plot section for notes taken at home and the analysis section for notes taken during class discussions.
John Lewis gave a speech at the 1963 March on Washington where he noted that many could not attend due to lack of jobs and poverty, highlighting ongoing economic issues. The March on Washington saw 250,000 people, most African American, gather in the nation's capital to protest for civil rights and jobs. It began at the Washington Monument and ended at the Lincoln Memorial, and was a pivotal moment in the successful Civil Rights movement in American history.
Mangakahia Area School had three environmental education projects:
1) A Maori medicinal garden to plant medicinal and culinary plants, maintain the garden for education.
2) A native grove to clear an area, plant native shrubs, trees and grasses, and use it for maintenance and education.
3) A mural project to clean walls, apply sealant and paint designed murals on primary and secondary walls involving students.
El documento habla sobre las relaciones entre Jennifer, Jacqueline y sus padres. Menciona el amor verdadero entre Jennifer y Jacqueline y sus cumpleaños. Finaliza diciendo las iniciales J & J.
International Journal of Computer Science and Security Volume (4) Issue (1)CSCJournals
This paper discusses cache coherency in distributed file systems. Maintaining cache consistency is challenging due to shared files being present on multiple client caches. Synchronization techniques are used to ensure file consistency. The paper proposes a cache coherency model that reduces miss penalty during remote file writes and allows write sharing in a local area network. It divides the system into hierarchical domains and gives file ownerships to writers to maintain consistency across caches.
Implementation of data security used in this research using metarouter as its method. Metarouter is a virtual network device that connects computers as if in a network. Metarouter is made to make it easier to monitor network activity simultaneously. This study aims to develop data security management on metarouter. Testing conducted by Denial of Service attacks based on DOS flooding metarouter aimed at port 80 and port 22. To recognize Denial of Service attacks it is necessary to monitor the network by performing log analysis stored on mikrotik.The benefits of log analysis are expected to facilitate in data monitoring and network management.
Securely Data Forwarding and Maintaining Reliability of Data in Cloud ComputingIJERA Editor
Cloud works as an online storage servers and provides long term storage services over the internet. It is like a third party in whom we can store a data so they need data confidentiality, robustness and functionality. Encryption and encoding methods are used to solve such problems. After that divide proxy re-encryption scheme and integrating it with a decentralized erasure code such that a secure distributed storage system is formulated. The distributed storage system not only supports secure, robust data storage and retrieval but also lets the user forward his data to another user without retrieving the data. A concept of backup in same server allows users to retrieve failure data successfully in the storage server and also forward to another user without retrieving the data back. This is an attempt to provide light-weight approach which protects data access in distributed storage servers. User can implement all important concept i.e. Confidentiality for security, Robustness for healthy data, Reliability for flexible data, Availability for compulsory data will be achieved to another user which is store in cloud and easily overcome problem of “Securely data forwarding and maintaining, reliability of data in cloud computing “using different type of Methodology and Technology.
The document discusses various topics related to system administration including system administrator responsibilities, file systems like NTFS and FAT, networking concepts like VOIP and proxy servers, Windows servers, DHCP, DNS, Active Directory and Group Policy. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics through questions and answers.
The document contains answers to 11 questions related to system and network administration. Key points addressed include:
- Integrated multiple operating systems allow installing multiple OSes on a single PC and choosing between them at boot.
- A network administrator's responsibilities include installing, configuring, and supporting an organization's networks and responding to outages.
- The /etc/shadow file contains password policies like expiry for each user.
- Fragmentation in storage occurs when space is used inefficiently, reducing capacity and performance.
- Tips for system administration include using a trouble ticket system, managing quick requests, adopting time-saving policies, and starting hosts in a known state.
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears as a single coherent system to users. It provides advantages like cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, and flexibility but introduces challenges in achieving transparency, dependability, performance, and flexibility due to its distributed nature. A true distributed system that solves all these challenges perfectly is difficult to achieve due to limitations like network complexity and security issues.
The document proposes a CloudDrop technique for securely storing files in the cloud. It divides files into fragments that are duplicated across multiple cloud nodes. This makes it difficult for attackers to retrieve meaningful data even if one node is compromised, improving security. The method also considers factors like node selection and access time to enhance performance during file retrieval from the cloud.
Psdot 12 a secure erasure code-based cloud storageZTech Proje
The document proposes a secure cloud storage system that uses a threshold proxy re-encryption scheme integrated with a decentralized erasure code. This allows the system to securely store and retrieve data, as well as securely forward data from one user to another without retrieving it directly. The system addresses limitations of traditional encryption for cloud storage by distributing keys and enabling storage servers to directly forward encrypted data between users.
A honeynet framework to promote enterprise network securityIAEME Publication
This document describes a honeynet framework to promote enterprise network security. The framework consists of two high-interaction honeypot servers connected by a switch to a monitoring station. The honeypots provide real operating systems and services to attract attackers. When an attacker attempts to access a honeypot, its data is captured by a packet sniffer and stored in a database. This data is then sent securely to the monitoring station using web services. The monitoring station analyzes the data, generates an alert report, and provides a GUI to monitor extracted information. The goal is to identify attack traffic and profile attackers to improve network defense.
Distributed computing system is a collection of interconnected computers that appear as a single system. There are two types of computer architectures for distributed systems - tightly coupled and loosely coupled. In tightly coupled systems, processors share a single memory while in loosely coupled systems, processors have their own local memory and communicate through message passing. Distributed systems provide advantages like better price-performance ratio, resource sharing, reliability, and scalability but also introduce challenges around transparency, communication, performance, heterogeneity, and fault tolerance.
The operating system (OS) is the program which starts up when you turn on your computer and runs underneath all other programs - without it nothing would happen at all.
CSI-503 - 11.Distributed Operating Systemghayour abbas
A distributed operating system connects multiple computers via a single communication channel. It allows for the distribution of computing resources and I/O files across several central processors to serve multiple users and real-time applications simultaneously. Distributed operating systems come in various types, including client-server systems, peer-to-peer systems, middleware, three-tier, and n-tier architectures. Their key features are openness, scalability, resource sharing, flexibility, transparency, and heterogeneity. Examples include Solaris, OSF/1, Micros, and DYNIX. Distributed operating systems find applications in network applications, telecommunication networks, parallel computation, and real-time process control.
Massively Distributed Systems: Design Issues and ChallengeDarcyzz
1) Massively distributed systems will interconnect billions of nodes to support applications at a massive scale.
2) These systems will be driven by the rise of ubiquitous embedded systems and will require offloading computational tasks.
3) Massively distributed systems will be engineered as distributed utilities to support industries like energy, transportation, and media delivery through sensor networks, transportation systems, and control algorithms.
This document discusses distributed systems and their key characteristics. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single computer to users. Examples provided include web search engines, massively multiplayer online games, financial trading systems, and social networks. Advantages over personal and centralized systems are described, such as increased speed, reliability, flexibility, and economics. Design issues and communication methods like message passing and remote procedure calls are also outlined.
This document provides a template for taking notes on readings with sections for identifying conflicts, recording plot details and page numbers, and analyzing the subtext and why events happen. The template separates what happens in the text from analyzing the meaning and implications, and suggests using the plot section for notes taken at home and the analysis section for notes taken during class discussions.
John Lewis gave a speech at the 1963 March on Washington where he noted that many could not attend due to lack of jobs and poverty, highlighting ongoing economic issues. The March on Washington saw 250,000 people, most African American, gather in the nation's capital to protest for civil rights and jobs. It began at the Washington Monument and ended at the Lincoln Memorial, and was a pivotal moment in the successful Civil Rights movement in American history.
Mangakahia Area School had three environmental education projects:
1) A Maori medicinal garden to plant medicinal and culinary plants, maintain the garden for education.
2) A native grove to clear an area, plant native shrubs, trees and grasses, and use it for maintenance and education.
3) A mural project to clean walls, apply sealant and paint designed murals on primary and secondary walls involving students.
El documento habla sobre las relaciones entre Jennifer, Jacqueline y sus padres. Menciona el amor verdadero entre Jennifer y Jacqueline y sus cumpleaños. Finaliza diciendo las iniciales J & J.
The document discusses various business events and programs offered by Staffordshire University to engage with employers including talks from entrepreneurs, student showcases, and innovation events. It also provides information on knowledge transfer partnerships between businesses and the university, European research funding opportunities, and the university's careers center services for employer recruitment.
Mobile devices can cooperate by sharing resources like bandwidth, processing power, and backup storage. This allows for applications like cooperative web browsing where devices collaborate to download pages faster. Challenges include limited connectivity, reliability, power consumption, and cost. Game theory can model the cooperative behavior and analyze constraints for stability. Prisoner's Dilemma and monitoring stages model cooperation. Equilibrium points depend on strategies like always cooperate, verify then cooperate, or defect. Incentives and billing models are needed for wide adoption. Cooperation enables new applications and gains for users and providers.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document provides questions for students to ask their partner about their name, where they live, their job, and languages they speak. It also includes vocabulary like ways to say things in English and phrases to use for clarification or taking turns speaking. Occupations are matched with their translations in English.
The document outlines a social media integration plan for the Drury University bookstore. It lists the bookstore's current social media accounts and how to distribute content like RSS feeds, blog posts, images, and videos across different social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, and a blog. The plan is to import and cross-post content across the channels to expand the bookstore's online presence and engagement.
This document provides an overview of RightNow's Web Experience Solution for providing self-service customer support through a branded online portal. It discusses challenges with customer support over phone and email, and how the RightNow solution allows companies to provide support through their website using features like FAQs, search, links to live support channels, and a customizable interface. Case studies are presented showing how various companies were able to improve customer satisfaction, reduce costs, and increase sales through implementing RightNow's web self-service solution.
Informal Justice in Post-Oslo PalestineJamil Salem
This document provides an introduction and overview of a research project on informal justice systems in Palestine. The research was conducted by the Institute of Law at Birzeit University and aimed to study how informal dispute resolution interacts with and relates to the formal Palestinian justice system. The summary discusses the background and rationale for the research, including Palestine's developing legal system and plurality of legal authorities. It also outlines some of the key findings from fieldwork, such as reasons why Palestinians resort to informal justice and tensions that can arise with principles of rule of law. The research ultimately sought to provide policy recommendations for how Palestine can approach the relationship between its formal and informal justice systems.
The document provides information on several temporary restrictions and changes at the airports of Porto Alegre/Salgado Filho, RS (SBPA) and Florianópolis/Hercílio Luz, SC (SBFL) between 2014-2016. These include runway, taxiway and parking area closures due to construction works; modified instrument approach procedures; cancelled navigation aids; and preferential routes for aircraft departing these airports. Meteorological and air traffic control services are also affected. All changes are described along with their effective dates and reference documents.
This document discusses key factors for successful direct mail campaigns, including having realistic expectations, relevant communications, correct timing, testing, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the target profile and segment. Choosing the right database is also important - focusing on psychographic and lifestyle factors rather than just income. Living well with list owners involves sharing objectives, expectations, budgets and methods to measure success. Overall direct mail requires in-depth knowledge of the chosen segment and ongoing testing and relationship building.
The document discusses the formation of the OpenStack Foundation, including:
1) The road to establishing the Foundation from 2011-2012, including drafting bylaws and legal documents.
2) The mission of the Foundation to protect, empower and promote the OpenStack community and software.
3) Details on the Foundation's governance structure including a Board of Directors, Technical Committee, and three classes of members.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The OS acts as an intermediary between programs and computer hardware. There are several types of operating systems including single-tasking/multi-tasking, single-user/multi-user, distributed, embedded, real-time, and library operating systems. Popular components of an OS include the kernel, program execution, memory management, virtual memory, multitasking, disk access/file systems, device drivers, networking, security, and user interface. Common operating systems include Windows, MacOS, Android, iOS, and various Linux distributions which dominate different market sectors.
Application Of An Operating System SecurityAmber Wheeler
The document discusses the Flask operating system architecture prototype created by the NSA and University of Utah researchers to address the need for flexibility in controlling access rights policies. The Flask prototype was found to be practical and flexible to operate, with the ability to cleanly separate security policy logic from enforcement mechanisms. It was shown to meet the needs of a system requiring policy flexibility through a security policy server capable of making access determinations and revoking prior access rights.
Protecting location privacy in sensor networks against a global eavesdropperShakas Technologies
The document discusses techniques for providing location privacy in sensor networks against a global eavesdropper. It proposes four techniques - periodic collection, source simulation, sink simulation, and backbone flooding - to provide location privacy for monitored objects (source location privacy) and data sinks (sink location privacy). These techniques provide trade-offs between privacy, communication cost, and latency. Analysis and simulation demonstrate that the proposed techniques are efficient and effective for providing source and sink location privacy in sensor networks.
The document discusses data security and access control. It emphasizes that data security is important for both individuals and organizations to protect data stored in databases. As technology advances, data becomes more vulnerable to security breaches. Effective data security requires confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Access control systems are important to ensure data secrecy by checking user privileges and authorizations. Additional security measures like encryption can further enhance data protection. The paper focuses on access control and privacy requirements to examine how to guarantee data security.
Resist Dictionary Attacks Using Password Based Protocols For Authenticated Ke...IJERA Editor
A parallel file system is a type of distributed file system that distributes file data across multiple servers and
provides for concurrent access by multiple tasks of a parallel application. In many to many communications or
multiple tasks, key establishments are a major problem in parallel file system. So we propose a variety of
authenticated key exchange protocols that are designed to address the above issue. In this paper, we also study
the password-based protocols for authenticated key exchange (AKE) to resist dictionary attacks. Password-based
protocols for authenticated key exchange (AKE) are designed to work to resist the use of passwords drawn from
a space so small that attacker might well specify, off line, all possible passwords. While many such protocols
have been suggested, the elemental theory has been lagging. We commence by interpreting a model for this
problem, to approach password guessing, forward secrecy, server compromise, and loss of session keys.
Distributed Semantic Search System (DSSS)Isuru Vincent
The document describes a distributed computing project to develop a distributed semantic search system. It lists the team members and identifies key challenges including billing users for downloads and providing confidentiality of downloaded files. It then describes several detected problems in existing systems like searching, availability, reliability, concurrency, performance, caching and security. Proposed solutions are provided for each problem such as using middleware for indexing, replication for availability, authentication and encryption for security. The document also discusses management, scalability and prioritization among users.
This document discusses different types of firewalls and their functions. It begins by explaining why computers need protection and why firewalls are needed. There are three main types of firewalls: packet filtering, application-level, and circuit-level. Packet filtering firewalls control protocols, IP addresses, and port numbers using rulesets. Application-level firewalls allow or block specific application traffic using mechanisms for each desired application. Circuit-level firewalls relay TCP connections by copying bytes between an external host and internal resource. In summary, firewalls provide network security by controlling access and filtering unauthorized traffic between internal and external networks.
The document discusses computer and network security threats at both the individual and corporate level. At the individual level, basic threats include theft of passwords, email-based threats, and launching of malicious programs. Password threats can impact home security, document safety, and operating system login protection. At the corporate level, threats include web defacement, website forgery, corporate espionage, launching malicious code on websites, exchange of criminal ideas and tools. The document emphasizes the importance of security across multiple domains.
A firewall is a network security system that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules. It establishes a barrier between an internal trusted network and an external untrusted network like the Internet. Firewalls exist as both software and hardware. Hardware firewalls are standalone devices that provide network-level protection, while software firewalls install on individual devices. Common firewall techniques include packet filtering, application gateways, proxy servers, and network address translation. Firewalls are customizable and can filter traffic based on IP addresses, domains, protocols, ports, and specific words. They provide security against threats like remote access, backdoors, denial of service attacks, viruses, and spam.
Characteristics of a network operating systemRon McGary
A network operating system (NOS) controls software and hardware on a network, allowing computers to communicate and share resources. Key characteristics of a NOS include supporting multiple processors and devices, managing security through user authentication and authorization, setting up user accounts and access permissions, providing print and file services, and managing email services. Common NOS software includes Microsoft Windows Server, Mac OS X, and UNIX/Linux.
1) Firewalls act as barriers to protect networks and computers from threats on the internet. They control incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing data packets and determining if they should be allowed or blocked based on rules.
2) There are different types of firewalls including software-based, hardware-based, network layer, and application layer. Network layer firewalls include packet filters and circuit level filters. Application layer firewalls can understand applications and protocols.
3) Techniques used by firewalls include packet filtering, stateful packet inspection, and application proxies. Choosing a firewall depends on ensuring security of ports, monitoring systems, and not slowing performance. Users can check if their firewall is working by performing a port scan
proposed solution to resource sharing and security against unauthorize.docxtodd921
proposed solution to resource sharing and security against unauthorized resource access that you view as the ideal balance between sharing, protection, and complexity of implementing users and groups in an operating system of your choice. Provide an instance that comes close to your ideal balance between resource sharing and protection against unauthorized resource access.
Describe any security issues or benefits that you envision with the proposed solution.
Describe any file access issues that may exist with the proposed solution.
Solution
Shared resources, also known as network resources, refer to computer data, information, or hardware devices that can be easily accessed from a remote computer through a local area network (LAN) or enterprise intranet. Successful shared resource access allows users to operate as if the shared resource were on their own computer. The most frequently used shared network environment objects are files, data, multimedia and hardware resources like printers, fax machines and scanners.
Operating systems have to balance the conflicting goals of convenient resource sharing and protection against unauthorized resource access. Windows offers a variety of mechanisms such as user and group permissions, shares, and access control lists with inheritance. On the other hand, Linux has a much simpler implementation of users and groups.
Following methods are adopted to achieve resoure security: 1) using global user identifiers to replace traditional user identifiers; 2) implanting global user identifiers into kernel entities such as processes and files; 3) adopting an access control mechanism based on global user identifiers. The most important feature of our approach is that we implement it by introducing innovative elements into operating system kernels. Compared with middleware approaches, our method can provide better security, performance and compatibility.
A file management system is a type of software that manages data files in a computer system. It has limited capabilities and is designed to manage individual or group files, such as special office documents and records. It may display report details, like owner, creation date, state of completion and similar features useful in an office environment.
A file management system is also known as a file manager.
Problems addressed by modern file systems:
Issues to consider:
Contiguous allocation (also called \"extent-based\"): allocate files like segmented memory (contiguous run of sectors). Keep a free list of unused areas of the disk. When creating a file, make the user specify its length, allocate all the space at once. Descriptor contains location and size. Example: IBM OS/360.
.
The document proposes a cloud environment for backup and data storage using remote servers that can be accessed through the Internet. It involves using the disks of cluster nodes as a global storage system with PVFS2 parallel file system for improved performance. The proposed system aims to increase data availability and reduce information loss by storing data on a private cloud using PVFS2 and developing a multiplatform client application for fast data transfer. It allows reuse of existing infrastructure to reduce costs and gives users experience of managing a private cloud.
A firewall is a system or set of rules designed to permit or deny computer applications access to networks based on a set of rules. Firewalls can be implemented through software or hardware and work by examining network packets and blocking or allowing passage based on the packet's contents. There are several types of firewalls including network layer, application layer, circuit layer, and stateful multi-layer inspection firewalls. Firewalls help secure private networks from unauthorized access from other networks like the internet.
A firewall is a network security device that controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of security rules. It protects internal networks from unauthorized external access. There are three main types of firewalls: network layer firewalls that filter traffic at the IP level, application layer firewalls that filter traffic by application, and proxy firewalls that intercept traffic and act as an intermediary. Firewalls use packet filtering, proxy services, or stateful inspection to screen traffic and enforce the security policy of an organization. They help control access between networks with different trust levels, such as between the highly trusted internal network and the less trusted internet.
Study notes for CompTIA Certified Advanced Security Practitioner (ver2)David Sweigert
The document provides information on various topics for the CompTIA CASP exam, including:
1. Virtual Trusted Platform Modules (vTPM) which provide secure storage and cryptographic functions to virtual machines.
2. SELinux which added Mandatory Access Control to the Linux kernel to control access between subjects and objects.
3. Differences between common storage protocols like iSCSI, Fibre Channel over Ethernet, and NFS vs CIFS.
It also covers topics like dynamic disk pools vs RAID, Microsoft Group Policies, and differences between network attached storage and storage area networks.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 days
Desktop support qua
1. List of Probable questions
1. What are the types of Operating System ?
Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized
scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The
main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to
events. They either have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven
system switches between tasks based of their priorities while time-sharing operating
systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type
allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system
can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a
computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a
multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have
multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user
system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like
operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of
the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is
allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in
case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is
classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types
namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating
system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like
operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the
other processes in a defined manner. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to support
cooperative multitasking.
Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a
distributed operating system. The development of networked computers that could be
linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing.
Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers
in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.
Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded
computer systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to
operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with
2. a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by
design. Windows CE, FreeBSD and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating
systems.
2. Difference between FAT and NTFS.
NTFS
1)allows access local to w2k w2k3 XP win NT4 with SP4 & later may get access for somefile.
2)Maximum size of partition is 2 Terabytes & more.
3)Maximum File size is upto 16TB.
4)File & folder Encryption is possible only in NTFS.
FAT 32
1)Fat 32 Allows access to win 95 98 win millenium win2k xp on local partition.
2)Maximum size of partition is upto 2 TB.
3)Maximum File size is upto 4 GB.
4)File & folder Encryption is not possible.
3. Enhancements in Windows 2003 from Windows 2000
4. Enhancements in Windows 2003 from Windows NT
5. What is Active Directory ?
An active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and
servers to store information and data about networks and domains. It is primarily used for
online information and was originally created in 1996. It was first used with Windows 2000.
An active directory (sometimes referred to as an AD) does a variety of functions including
the ability to provide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval
and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to
set security up for the directory.
6. Types of Firewall
Network-Level Firewalls
The first generation of firewalls (c. 1988) worked at the network level by inspecting packet
headers and filtering traffic based on the IP address of the source and the destination, the
3. port and the service. Some of these primeval security applications could also filter packets
based on protocols, the domain name of the source and a few other attributes.
Network-level firewalls are fast, and today you'll find them built into most network
appliances, particularly routers. These firewalls, however, don't support sophisticated rule-
based models. They don’t understand languages like HTML and XML, and they are capable
of decoding SSL-encrypted packets to examine their content. As a result, they can’t validate
user inputs or detect maliciously modified parameters in an URL request. This leaves your
network vulnerable to a number of serious threats.
Circuit-Level Firewalls
These applications, which represent the second-generation of firewall technology, monitor
TCP handshaking between packets to make sure a session is legitimate. Traffic is filtered
based on specified session rules and may be restricted to recognized computers only.
Circuit-level firewalls hide the network itself from the outside, which is useful for denying
access to intruders. But they don't filter individual packets.
Application-Level Firewalls
Recently, application-level firewalls (sometimes called proxies) have been looking more
deeply into the application data going through their filters. By considering the context of
client requests and application responses, these firewalls attempt to enforce correct
application behavior, block malicious activity and help organizations ensure the safety of
sensitive information and systems. They can log user activity too. Application-level filtering
may include protection against spam and viruses as well, and be able to block undesirable
Web sites based on content rather than just their IP address.
If that sounds too good to be true, it is. The downside to deep packet inspection is that the
more closely a firewall examines network data flow, the longer it takes, and the heavier hit
your network performance will sustain. This is why the highest-end security appliances
include lots of RAM to speed packet processing. And of course you'll pay for the added
chips.
Stateful Multi-level Firewalls - SML vendors claim that their products deploy the best
features of the other three firewall types. They filter packets at the network level and they
recognize and process application-level data, but since they don't employ proxies, they
deliver reasonably good performance in spite of the deep packet analysis. On the downside,
they are not cheap, and they can be difficult to configure and administer.
7. Difference between Hardware and Software Firewall.
Hardware Firewalls
You can buy a hardware firewall as a stand-alone product, but more recently hardware
firewalls are typically found in broadband routers, and should be considered an important
part of your system and network set-up, especially for anyone on a broadband connection.
Hardware firewalls can be effective with little or no configuration, and they can protect
every machine on a local network. Most hardware firewalls will have a minimum of four
4. network ports to connect other computers, but for larger networks, business networking
firewall solutions are available.
A hardware firewall examines data packet to determine their source and destination. It
compares this information to a set of predefined or user-created rules that determine
whether the packet should be routed to its destination or blocked and dropped.
A person with general computer knowledge can plug in a firewall, adjust a few settings and
have it work. To ensure that your firewall is configured for optimal security and protect
however, you should learn its specific features, how to use them, and how to test the
firewall to make sure it's protecting your network.
Not all firewalls are created equal, and it's important to read the manual and
documentation. Additionally the manufacturer's Web site usually provides a knowledgebase
or FAQ to help you get started. If the terminology is a too tech-oriented, you can also use
the Webopedia search to help you get a better understanding of some of the computer
terms you will encounter while setting up your hardware firewall.
To test your hardware firewall security, you can purchase third-party test software or search
the Internet for a free online-based firewall testing service. Firewall testing is an important
part of maintenance to ensure your system is always configured for optimal protection.
Software Firewalls
Most people prefer a software firewall. You install a software firewall on individual
computers (just like any software), and you can customize its function and protection
features. A software firewall protects your computer from outside attempts to control or
gain access your computer, and, depending on which firewall you choose, it could also
provide protection against the most common Trojan programs or e-mail worms.
Many software firewalls have user-defined controls for setting up safe file and printer
sharing and to block unsafe applications from running on your system. Additionally,
software firewalls may also incorporate privacy controls, Web filtering (i.e., making certain
types of sites – adult content, gambling, shopping, for example -- inaccessible) and more.
The downside to software firewalls is that they only protect the computer they are installed
on, not a network, so each individual computer needs to have a software firewall installed
on it.
Like hardware firewalls, there is a vast number of software firewalls from which to choose.
To get started you may wish to read reviews of software firewalls and search out the
product Web site to glean some information first. Because your software firewall will always
5. be running on your computer, you should make note of the system resources it requires and
any incompatibilities with your operating system. A good software firewall will run in the
background on your system and use only a small amount of system resources. It's
important to monitor a software firewall once installed and to download any updates
available from the developer.
The best way to protect your computer and network is to use both types of firewalls, as
each offers different but much-needed security features and benefits. Updating your firewall
and your operating system is essential to maintaining optimal protection, as is testing your
firewall to ensure it is connected and working correctly.
8. Name the seven layers of OSI model.
Layer 7:Application Layer
Defines interface to user processes for communication and data transfer in network
Provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations
Layer 6:Presentation Layer
Masks the differences of data formats between dissimilar systems
Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format
Encodes and decodes data; Encrypts and decrypts data; Compresses and decompresses
data
Layer 5:Session Layer
Manages user sessions and dialogues
Controls establishment and termination of logic links between users
Reports upper layer errors
Layer 4:Transport Layer
Manages end-to-end message delivery in network
Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control
mechanisms
Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery
Layer 3:Network Layer
Determines how data are transferred between network devices
6. Routes packets according to unique network device addresses
Provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion
Layer 2:Data Link Layer
Defines procedures for operating the communication links
Frames packets
Detects and corrects packets transmit errors
Layer 1:Physical Layer
Defines physical means of sending data over network devices
Interfaces between network medium and devices
9. How to enable Firewall in Windows XP.
A. Click Start, Control Panel, double–click Network Connections, right-click the
desired connection, Properties, Advanced tab, Under Internet Connection Firewall,
uncheck or check the Protect my computer and network by limiting or
preventing access to this computer from the Internet check box.
10. How to Disable Firewall in Windows XP
11. Minimum System requirement of Windows XP, Vista, 2003 and 2008
12. Explain ping command.
Ping is a basic Internet program that allows a user to verify that a particular IP address
exists and can accept requests.
Ping is used diagnostically to ensure that a host computer the user is trying to reach is
actually operating. Ping works by sending an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo
Request to a specified interface on the network and waiting for a reply. Ping can be used for
troubleshooting to test connectivity and determine response time.
13. pst file location
Win xp – c:doc & setting user name Local SettingsApplication DataMicrosoftOutlook
14. What is a port number ?
a port number is part of the addressing information used to identify the senders and receivers
of messages. Port numbers are most commonly used with TCP/IP connections
15. Where is the HOSTS file located
C: windows system32driversetc
7. 16. Lan cable code –
Straight – 1. White orange
2. Orange
3. White green
4. Blue
5. White blue
6. Green
7. White brawn
8. Brawn
Cross - 1–3
2-6
3–1
4–4
5–5
6–2
7–7
8 – 8.
17. type of backup –
Normal. - When an administrator chooses to use a normal backup, all selected files and folders
are backed up and the archive attribute of all files are cleared. A normal backup does not use the
archive attribute to determine which files to back up. A normal backup is used as the first step of any
backup plan
Copy. - Copy backup is a backup that copies all selected files but does not mark each file as
having been backed up. In other words, the archive attribute is not cleared. Copying can be
8. carried out between normal and incremental backups because copying does not affect these
other backup operations.
Incremental. - A backup of those files which have changed since the last backup of any type.
An incremental backup is the fastest backup and requires the least storage space on the
backup media. However, incremental backups also require the longest time and many tapes
to restore.
Differential - A backup of those files which have changes since the last full backup. Should be
performed at regular intervals.
Daily. - Daily backup refers to making daily copies of data so that these additional copies
may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. Daily backups can also be
combined with weekly or monthly full backups, according to the backup scenario used
18. command to create domain – dcpramo.
The Active Directory Database is Stored in %SYSTEM ROOT%NDTS folder. the active
directory uses the sysvol folder as well
The file is called as ntds.dit. Along with this file there are other files also present in this folder.
The files are created when you run dcpromo.
What is DNS?
Domain Name System (DNS) is a database system that translates a computer's fully qualified
domain name into an IP address.
9. 19.
20. Explain different RAID levels
21. Explain APIPA, IP address and Subnet mask
22. Difference between IP v4 and IP v6
23. How to remove virus from a computer
24. How to make a computer run faster
25. What is attrib command ?
26. What is edit command ?
27. How to copy a file or folder using copy command
28. How to format the hard disk using command line utilities
29. Explain Cookies
30.
31. How to boot the computer in Safe mode
32. What is Disk clean up, Disk Defragmentation, Device manager and System Restore
33. USB port Vs Firewire port
34. How to install a printer in Windows XP
35.
36. Explain mkdir, rmdir and chdir commands
37. Types of hard disk
38. Difference between primary and secondary partition
39. Types of back in Window OS
40. Differential Backup Vs Incremental Backup Vs Copy backup
41. What is remote desktop.
42. Recovery Console Vs Automated System Recovery
43. What is NTLDR file
44. How to tackle "missing NTLDR file" error
45. How many bytes are there in MAC address
46. Range of Class A IP address
47. Range of Class B IP address
48. Range of Class C IP address
49. Default subnet mask of Class A, Class B and Class C IP address
50. What is BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) and how to overcome it
51. Difference between Preferred DNS and Alternate DNS server
52. Transmission speed of T1 carrier