A content management system (CMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and modification of digital content. A CMS provides tools for multiple contributors to create, edit, and publish content stored in a database. It also manages permissions, versions, organization, and deployment of content. Common types of CMSs include web content management systems, enterprise content management systems, digital asset management systems, and learning management systems used in education. Effective management of servers, users, groups, backups, security, and other IT resources is important for organizations.

1. System Administrator
Administrative Activities

2. Content Management
 A content management system (CMS) is an application
that is used to manage web content, allowing multiple
contributors to create, edit and publish. Content in a CMS
is typically stored in a database and displayed in a
presentation layer based on a set of templates.
 A content management system (CMS) is a software
package that provides some level of automation for the
tasks required to effectively manage content.
 A CMS is usually server-based, multiuser software that
interacts with content stored in a repository. This
repository might be located on the same server, as part of
the same software package, or in a separate storage
facility entirely.
 A CMS allows editors to create new content, edit existing
content, perform editorial processes on content, and
ultimately make that content available to other people to

3. Types of Content Management
Systems
 Web content management (WCM)
◦ The management of content primarily intended for mass
delivery via a website. WCM excels at separating content from
presentation and publishing to multiple channels.
 Enterprise content management (ECM)
◦ The management of general business content, not necessarily
intended for mass delivery or consumption (e.g., employee
resumes, incident reports, memos, etc.). This flavor was more
traditionally known as “document management,” but the label
has been generalized over the years. ECM excels in
collaboration, access control, and file management.
 Digital asset management (DAM)
◦ The management and manipulation of rich digital assets such
as images, audio, and video for usage in other media. DAM
excels at metadata and renditioning.

4.  Records management (RM)
◦ The management of transactional information and other
records that are created as a byproduct of business
operations (e.g., sales records, access records, contracts,
etc.). RM excels at retention and access control.
 Component content management systems (CCMSs)
◦ Used for management of extremely fine-grained content (paragraphs,
sentences, and even individual words), often to assemble documentation or
highly technical content.
 Learning management systems (LMSs)
◦ Used for management of learning resources and student interaction; most
colleges and universities manage syllabi and the learning process via an
LMS.
 PortalsUsed for management, presentation, and aggregation of
multiple streams of information into a unified system.

5. What a CMS Does
 A CMS allows us to get control of our content,
which is something you’ll understand well if your
content is out of control. A CMS keeps track of
content. It “knows” where our content is, what
condition it’s in, who can access it, and how it
relates to other content. Furthermore, it seeks to
prevent bad things from happening to our
content.
 Specifically, a CMS provides core control
functions, such as:
◦ Permission
◦ State management and workflow
◦ Versioning
◦ Dependency management
◦ Search and organization

6. Content Deployment Strategies
 A file system is a process of managing how and
where data on a storage disk, which is also
referred to as file management or FS. It is a
logical disk component that compresses files
separated into groups, which is known as
directories.
 Examples of file systems
◦ FAT is a type of file system, which is developed for
hard drives. It stands for file allocation table and
was first introduced in 1977, which is used for 12 or
16 bits for each and every cluster access into the
file allocation table (FAT).
◦ GFS is a file system, which stands for Global File
System. It has the ability to make enable multiple
computers to act as an integrated machine, which is
first developed at the University of Minnesota.

7. ◦ HFS (Hierarchical file system) is the file
system that is used on a Macintosh
computer for creating a directory at the time
a hard disk is formatted.
◦ NTFS is the file system, which stands for
NT file system and stores and retrieves files
on Windows NT operating system and other
versions of Windows like Windows 2000,
Windows XP, Windows 7, and Windows 10.
◦ A UDF is a file system, stands for Universal
Disk Format and used first developed by
OSTA (Optical Storage Technology
Association) in 1995 for ensuring
consistency among data written to several
optical media.

8. Types of file Systems
 Disk file systems - On the disk storage
medium, a disk file system has the ability to
randomly address data within a few amounts
of time. Also, it includes the anticipation that
led to the speed of accessing data.
 Flash file systems - A flash file system is
responsible for restrictions, performance, and
special abilities of flash memory.
 Tape file system – Use to hold files on the
tape as it is a tape format and file system. As
compared to disks, magnetic tapes are more
powerful to access data for a long time, which
are the challenges for a general-purpose file
system in terms of creation and efficient
management.

9.  Database-based file system - another method for file
management. Files are recognized by their characteristics
(like a type of file, author, topic, etc.) rather than
hierarchical structured management.
 Transactional file systems - Some programs require one
or more changes to fail for any reason or need several file
systems changes but do not make any changes. For
instance, a program may write configuration files or
libraries mand executable at the time of installing or
updating the software.
 Network File System - offers access to files on a server. In
remote network-connected computers, with the help of
local interfaces, programs are able to transparently create,
manage and access hierarchical files and directories.
 Shared-disk File System - allows the same external disk
subsystem to be accessed by multiple machines, but
when the number of machines accesses the same
external disk subsystem, there may be occurred collisions
in this condition; so, to prevent the collision, the file

10.  Minimal file system - In the 1970s, for
some initial microcomputer users, disk
and digital tape devices were much
expensive. A few cheaper basic data
storage systems used common audio
cassette tape was designed. On the
cassette recorder, the user was
informed about pressing "RECORD"
when there was required to write data
by system.
 Flat file systems - The subdirectories
are not available in the flat system. It
contains the only directory, and all files
are held in a single directory.

11. File System Planning and
Structure
 Active Directory (AD) is a directory service
that runs on Microsoft Windows Server.
The main function of Active Directory is to
enable administrators to manage
permissions and control access to
network resources.
Windows Server 2003 file systems
 Windows Server 2003 allows for the
deployment of different file systems. The
file systems available are FAT, FAT32 and
NTFS.
◦ File Allocation Table (FAT): Rarely used. It's
used mostly in cases (older technology and
ideas) where you want to put a small partition
on your disk next to NTFS so that you can

12.  File Allocation Table 32 (FAT32): Rarely
used on a Windows Server 2003 system,
especially one that is deploying Active
Directory. Support for FAT and FAT32 are
mainly included in Windows Server 2003
for backward compatibility and multiple
boot partitions, especially when using
other Windows operating systems, such as
configuring a single computer to boot into
both Windows 98 SE and Windows Server
2003.
 Windows New Technology File System 5
(NTFS 5): Not to be confused with the
original Windows New Technology File
System (NTFS), NTFS 5 is more robust
and the one you want to deploy whenever
planning for Active Directory.

13. What Is Server Management and
Administration?
 Server management is the process of
monitoring and maintaining servers to
operate at peak performance. Server
management also encompasses the
management of hardware, software,
security, and backups. The primary goals
of an effective server management
strategy are to:
◦ Minimize—and hopefully eliminate—server
slowdowns and downtime
◦ Build secure server environments
◦ Ensure servers continue to meet the needs
of an organization as it evolves

14. What Is a Virtual Server?
 Virtualization is a major trend in today’s
server environments. While a traditional,
physical server is typically a single server
running on a single machine, a virtual
server can allow multiple servers to be
hosted on one piece of hardware.
 Virtual servers—also known as virtual
machines—can help increase efficiency by
enabling more to be done with less
hardware.
 Server management basics include
management of hardware, software,
security, and backups.

16. What is User and Group
Management
 User management describes the ability for
administrators to manage user access to
various IT resources like systems, devices,
applications, storage systems, networks, SaaS
services, and more.
 User management enables admins to control
user access and on-board and off-board users
to and from IT resources.
 Groups are administrative structures that
organize assets so that you can locate an asset
quickly or perform operations on all assets of
the same type.
 Groups can contain any number of assets, and
assets can be members of more than one

17. Backup Management
 A backup manager is an application that
schedules, manages and operates data
backup processes on a computer,
server or network device. It is an
integrated application that works on
client/server architecture for extracting
backup data copies from a source
computer or IT environment to a remote
storage facility.

18. FIVE KINDS OF BACKUP
MANAGEMENT
 The full backup: This kind of backup saves all your data.
It requires the most storage space and takes longest to
save.
 The incremental backup: Only new and edited data is
saved, and added to the full backup. This saves a lot of
time when you are working. But when it comes to
recovery, all of the updates have to be there and they
have to work.
 The differential backup: Again, only the new and
modified files are saved following a full backup, but not in
a series. The files are saved individually. This backup
solution needs more storage space, but is more reliable
when restoring.
 The mirrored backup: Mirrored backups are exact clones
of the data. They need a lot of storage space, but they are
the fastest to restore in certain critical situations when
quick recovery is essential.
 The virtual backup: The virtual method is the only one
which can provide almost uninterrupted access to data

19. Security Management
 An information security management system (ISMS) is a
framework of policies and controls that manage security and
risks systematically and across your entire enterprise—
information security. These security controls can follow common
security standards or be more focused on your industry.
 Penetration Tests: Penetration tests (also known as pen tests)
are designed to identify exploitable vulnerabilities in a
company’s computer network. After conducting a pen test, the
testers report their findings to the company’s security manager
so solutions and patches can be developed.
 Vulnerability Management: Network vulnerabilities allow
threats such as spyware and malware to gain entry into a
company’s network. The more applications a company deploys,
the more vulnerabilities it creates for itself. Security
management professionals must identify a company’s primary
threat vectors so that they can be addressed.

20.  Endpoint Security: Endpoint security
involves protecting an organization’s
computer network by protecting the
remote devices that are bridged to it,
such as laptops, smartphones and
tablets. Security managers must help an
organization understand the need to
engineer proper security for wireless
technologies.
 Phishing and Identity Theft: Phishing
is a tactic used by criminals to steal
someone’s identity. The most common
phishing campaigns involve convincing
fraudulent emails in which the sender
purports to be a legitimate company.

21.  Disaster recovery is an organization’s
method of regaining access and
functionality to its IT infrastructure after
events like a natural disaster, cyber
attack, or even business disruptions
related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A
variety of disaster recovery (DR)
methods can be part of a disaster
recovery plan.

22. 5 top elements of an effective
disaster recovery plan
 Disaster recovery team: This assigned group of specialists will
be responsible for creating, implementing and managing the
disaster recovery plan.
 Risk evaluation: Assess potential hazards that put your
organization at risk. Depending on the type of event, strategize
what measures and resources will be needed to resume
business.
 Business-critical asset identification: A good disaster
recovery plan includes documentation of which systems,
applications, data, and other resources are most critical for
business continuity, as well as the necessary steps to recover
data.
 Backups: Determine what needs backup (or to be relocated),
who should perform backups, and how backups will be
implemented.
 Testing and optimization: The recovery team should

23. Types of disaster recovery?
 Back-up: This is the simplest type of disaster recovery and
entails storing data off site or on a removable drive.
 Cold Site: In this type of disaster recovery, an organization sets
up a basic infrastructure in a second, rarely used facility that
provides a place for employees to work after a natural disaster
or fire.
 Hot Site: A hot site maintains up-to-date copies of data at all
times. Hot sites are time-consuming to set up and more
expensive than cold sites, but they dramatically reduce down
time.
 Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS): In the event of a
disaster or ransom ware attack, a DRaaS provider moves an
organization’s computer processing to its own cloud
infrastructure, allowing a business to continue operations
seamlessly from the vendor’s location, even if an organization’s
servers are down.

24.  Datacenter disaster recovery: The physical
elements of a data center can protect data and
contribute to faster disaster recovery in certain
types of disasters.
 Virtualization: Organizations can back up certain
operations and data or even a working replica of an
organization’s entire computing environment on off-
site virtual machines that are unaffected by
physical disasters.
 Point-in-time copies: Point-in-time copies, also
known as point-in-time snapshots, make a copy of
the entire database at a given time. Data can be
restored from this back-up, but only if the copy is
stored off site or on a virtual machine that is
unaffected by the disaster.
 Instant recovery: Instant recovery is similar to
point-in-time copies, except that instead of copying
a database, instant recovery takes a snapshot of
an entire virtual machine.

25. What is Resource
Management?
 Resource management is acquiring,
allocating and managing the resources,
such as individuals and their skills,
finances, technology, materials,
machinery and natural resources
required for a project.
 Resource management ensures that
internal and external resources are
used effectively on time and to budget.
Resources may be obtained internally
from the host organisation or procured
from external sources.

26. The best ways to manage resources
effectively is to follow the three step process
set out below:
 Allocation involves identifying what
resources are needed to complete the
work, ie. the quantity required or the
amount of effort required.
 Aggregation of resources on a daily,
weekly or monthly basis shows the total
amount consumed at any point in time.
 Resource scheduling is used to
calculate the resources required to
deliver the work and when they will be
required.

27. Automation Management
 Automation is the creation and application of technologies
to produce and deliver goods and services with minimal
human intervention. The implementation of automation
technologies, techniques and processes improve the
efficiency, reliability, and/or speed of many tasks that were
previously performed by humans.
 Types of automation
◦ Home automation - uses a combination of hardware and
software technologies that enable control and management
over appliances and devices within a home.
◦ Network automation - the process of automating the
configuration, management and operations of a computer
network.
◦ Office automation - involves using computers and software to
digitize, store, process and communicate most routine tasks
and processes in a standard office.
◦ Automated website testing - streamlines and standardizes
website testing parameters for configuration changes that
occur during the development phase.

28. ◦ Data center automation - enables the bulk
of the data center operations to be
performed by software programs.
Includes automated system operations, also
known as lights-out operations.
◦ Test automation - software code goes
through quality assurance (QA) testing
automatically by scripts and other
automation tools.
◦ Basic automation takes simple,
rudimentary tasks and automates them.
This level of automation is about digitizing
work by using tools to streamline and
centralize routine tasks, such as using a
shared messaging system instead of having
information in disconnected silos.

29.  Process automation manages business
processes for uniformity and
transparency. It is typically handled by
dedicated software and business apps.
 Integration automation is where
machines can mimic human tasks and
repeat the actions once humans define
the machine rules.
 The most complex level of automation
is artificial intelligence (AI) automation.
The addition of AI means that machines
can “learn” and make decisions based
on past situations they have
encountered and analyzed.

30. What is System Support?
 System support software is software that
supports, or facilitates the smooth and efficient
execution of various programs and operations
of a computer.
 Types of Support System
 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Transaction processing systems are used to
record day to day business transactions of the
organization. They are used by users at the
operational management level.
 Management Information Systems (MIS) are
used by tactical managers to monitor the
organization’s current performance status. The
output from a transaction processing system is
used as input to a management information
system.

31.  Decision support systems are used by
senior management to make non-
routine decisions. Decision support
systems use input from internal systems
(transaction processing systems and
management information systems) and
external systems.
 Artificial intelligence systems mimic
human expertise to identify patterns in
large data sets. Companies such as
Amazon, Facebook, and Google, etc.
use artificial intelligence techniques to
identify data that is most relevant to

32. User Support Services
 User Support Services is responsible
for providing desktop maintenance
support for personal computer (PC)
users throughout the district, utilizing
district personnel and contracted
services.