The “Demand” for a commodity, at a given price, is the quantity of it which will be bought per unit of time at that price.
In economics, demand refers to the buying behavior of a household. When desire is backed by willingness and ability to pay for a good or service then it becomes Demand for the good or service.
Economics, Law of Demand, Determinants of Demand, increase and Decrease in Demand, Extension and Contraction in Demand, Exception of Demand, Assumptions of Demand
Economics, Law of Demand, Determinants of Demand, increase and Decrease in Demand, Extension and Contraction in Demand, Exception of Demand, Assumptions of Demand
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
It shows the relationship between consumer demand for goods and services and their prices. Demand theory forms the basis for the demand curve, which relates consumer desire to the amount of goods available.
Determinants of demand
The demand for a product is influenced by a number of factors. Determinants of demand (also called factors affecting demand) are the factors which cause the demand curve to shift.
Studying of Economics often seems hard. It is only because of the vocabulary used in defining the economic concepts, here are a set of terms which are frequently used in economics along with definitions..
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
It shows the relationship between consumer demand for goods and services and their prices. Demand theory forms the basis for the demand curve, which relates consumer desire to the amount of goods available.
Determinants of demand
The demand for a product is influenced by a number of factors. Determinants of demand (also called factors affecting demand) are the factors which cause the demand curve to shift.
Studying of Economics often seems hard. It is only because of the vocabulary used in defining the economic concepts, here are a set of terms which are frequently used in economics along with definitions..
Consumer Behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions. The study of Consumer Behaviour assumes that the consumers are actors in the marketplace.
Participated in project to retool website content for the Thomas Scattergood Behavioral Health Foundation. Assisted in the creation of a design challenge for website. Ultimate goal was for dialogue and opportunities generated from design challenge to foster innovative and sustainable advancements by consumers, practitioners, and policymakers in behavioral health system. Utilized components of the design thinking methodology – human-centered design – for development of design challenge question. Components included collection and analysis of qualitative data derived from local community stakeholders who completed key informant interviews. Utilized interview data as inspiration for design challenge question. In addition, conducted literature review exploring historical evolution of United States behavioral health care system as well as the creation and implementation of modern social innovations through design thinking tools including human-centered design.
Promotion is the entire set of activities which communicate the product, Brand, Service so on to the user. The Idea is to make people aware, attract and induce to buy the product, in preference over others
The activity of seeking wealth is as old as Human
Civilization. Human beings either as individuals or as groups
or as large kingdoms and empires have always been engaged
in acquiring and increasing the material wealth.
However, a discipline study of the wealth producing
activities was commenced about 230 years back when Adam
Smith, the father of Economics, published “The Nature and
Causes of Wealth of Nations”. Economics, as a discipline,
constitute the most important subject to analyze activities
related to wealth creation and distribution. The dimensions of
the subject of Economics are truly vast and encompasses all
aspects of our lives.
There are plenty of office etiquette lessons every employee should be cognizant of. From spreading too much gossip to talking too loudly around other co-workers, there are a host of mistakes that do nothing more than slow down everyone's day. See which mistakes made the list and what you can do to keep them from happening at your company.
The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 defines partnership as
“the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profit of the business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all.”
In 1944, the United States and Britain held a conference (Bretton Woods) that established:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Economics comes from the Greek word oikonomia which means household chores. Economics is considered a field of social science. Economics is relevant because it is part of everybody’s life. As a science, Economics is related to other sciences.
In economics, the cycle of poverty is the “Set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention“. The poverty cycle can be called the “Development trap" when it is applied to countries.
The Reserve Bank of India is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
The FEMA (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)
FEMA came into act on the 1st day of June,2000
49 sections in the Act.
This theory relies on the market behaviour of the consumer to know about his preferences with regard to the various combinations for the two reactions and responses of the consumer.
Economic welfare is the level of prosperity and standard of living of either an individual or a group of persons. In the field of economics, it specifically refers to utility gained through the achievement of material goods and services.
Isoquants, MRTS, Concept of Total Product, Average & Marginal Product, Short Run and Long Run analysis of production, The Law of Variable proportion, Returns to scale,
Production Cost – Concept of Cost, Classification of Short run cost – Long run cost,
Trade policy governs exports from and imports into a country.
Guided by the Export-Import (EXIM) Policy of the Government of India which is Regulated by the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992
It contains various policy with respect to imports and exports i.e. export promotional measures, policies and procedures related thereof. Policy was prepared and announced by the Central Government (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) for every 5 years of span.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6
Contents
Introduction and Definitions
Determinants of Demand
Demand Function
Law of Demand
Shifts in Demand Curve
Elasticity of Demand
3. Introduction
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Utility analysis and “LAW OF DEMAND” are the who concepts that we have to
study in connection with each other, which are part and parcel of life.
But before we analyze them, it is essential to understand the nature of the
term “Demand” in economics.
The “Demand” for a commodity, at a given price, is the quantity of it
which will be bought per unit of time at that price.
In economics, demand refers to the buying behavior of a household. What does
this mean?
Part 6
Basically, economists try answering the following
three phenomenon
1. Why people buy what they buy
2. How much they're willing to pay
3. How much they want to buy
4. Introduction
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Thus, demand for a commodity or service is dependent upon
a. Its utility to satisfy want or desire
b. Willingness to pay
c. Capability of the prospective consumer to pay for the good or
service.
In nutshell therefore we can state that -
When desire is backed by willingness and ability to pay for a good or
service then it becomes Demand for the good or service.
Conceptually, demand is nothing but consumer’s readiness or ability
to satisfy desire by paying for goods or services. A desire accompanied by
ability and willingness to pay makes a real or effective demand.Part 6
5. Definitions
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
"The various quantities of goods that would be purchased
per time period at different prices in a given market."
– Prof. Hibdon
Part 6
The demand for anything, at a given price, is the amount of
it, which will be bought per unit of time at that price”. The
term has no significance unless a price is stated or implied.
– Prof. Lee Benham, Washington University
"Demand in Economics means demand backed by
enough money to pay for the goods demanded."
– Prof. Dauglaus Hague, Manchester Business School.
6. Determinants of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Other factors such as
Class, Group, Education,
marital status, consumer’s
expectations with regards to
future price and weather
conditions, also play an
important role in influencing
household demand.
Part 6
Priceof the
commodity
Priceof
related
commodity
Tastes and
preferences
of
consumers
Level of
incomeof
the
household
Size,
Composition
& income
of the
population
Demand
Part 1
7. Demand function
Part 4
Part 5
The theory of consumption deals with concepts and functions.
A function expresses the relationship between two or more variables,
such as, prices and the physical quantities demanded.
In a given market, in a given period of time, the demand function for a
commodity is the relation between the various quantities of the
commodity that might be bought and the determinants of those
quantities.
D= f (P, Y, Pr, T, A, U)
Where,
D= demand P = price
Y= income Pr= prices of related goods
T= tastes and preferences A= advertisements
U= unknown factorsPart 6
Part 1
Part 3
Part 2
8. Law of demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 1
Part 5
The Law of demand is also known as the “FIRST LAW OF
PURCHASE”.
It indicates the relationship between the price of the commodity
and the quantity demanded in the market. This law is directly
deduced from the law of diminishing marginal utility, as the
demand side of the price is governed by the utility of the
commodity to the consumer. The law of demand is widely used and
it is a common concept while purchasing a commodity in the
market. This law is inversely related to price and the quantity
demanded. The people everywhere would purchases more quantity
of a commodity at lower price and less quantity at higher price.
The founder of this law is Prof. Alfred Marshall.Part 6
Part 4
9. Law of demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 1
Part 5
Part 6
Part 4
Assumptions:
1. People’s income being unchanged
2. People’s tastes remain unchanged
3. Prices of other related goods remain the sam
4. No substitutes for the commodity
5.No expectations of further changes in the
price of the commodity
10. Demand Schedule
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
QuantitydemandedinUnits
Price per Unit
Demand Schedule
A demand schedule is a list of various quantities of a commodity demanded at
different prices. Demand schedule may be the ‘Individual demand schedule or a
Market demand schedule. The graphical representation of the demand schedule is
known as a demand curve.
According to the demand
schedule and graph
More units are demanded
at lower prices and less
units at higher price.
Thus, this demand
schedule shows an inverse
relation between the price
and quantity demanded.
Part 1
Part 4
11. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
1. Price demand: The
various quantities of a
commodity that
consumers demand per
unit of time at different
prices, assuming that
their incomes, tastes,
fashions and prices of
related commodities
remain unchanged. X
0
Price Demand
Quantity demandedPrice
Y
D
D
10
8
6
4
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Part 1
Part 4
12. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
2. Income demand: The different quantities of a
commodity which consumers will buy at different
levels of income, while other things such as tastes
and preferences, remaining the same. The income-
demand curve represents the income-quantity
relationship in the same manner in which the price-
demand curve shows the price- quantity
relationship.
As the consumer’s income increases, they buy
greater quantity of the commodity and vice-versa.
Part 1
Part 4
13. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
X
0
Quantity demanded
Income
Income Demand
(Demand for Inferior Good)
R1
R
M1 M
Y
D
D
Part 1
Part 4
2. Income demand
a. Giffen goods or Inferior
goods: Consumer tend to buy
these in large quantity when their
income is less whereas small
quantity when their income is
more. It has negative slope. for
example, more demand for plastic
when income is less and when
there is an increase in income,
demand shifts towards
Tupperware rather than plastic.
14. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
2. Income demand
b. Normal or Superior
goods: It has positive slope.
Demand increases
proportional as there is a rise
in income, Stating income
elasticity of demand is always
greater than one. Superior
goods are always expensive,
and often are relatively scarce
or harder to come by.
X
0
Quantity demanded
Income
Income Demand
(Demand for Superior Good)
R1
R
M M1
D
D
Y
Part 1
Part 4
15. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
3. Cross demand: The different quantities of a commodity
that consumers purchase per unit of time at different prices
of a related commodity, while tastes and preferences remain
the same. The correlation between the demand of one
commodity and the price of another may be positive or
negative according to the manner in which the two
commodities are related to each other. Commodities may
either be
1) Substitutes or 2) ComplementsPart 6
Part 1
Part 4
16. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
3. Cross demand:
a) Substitutes have positive
slope where complements have
negative slope.
A product or service that satisfies
the need of a consumer, that
another product or service fulfils. A
substitute can be perfect or
imperfect depending on whether the
substitute completely or partially
satisfies the consumer.
Ex: A consumer might consider Tea
to be a perfect substitute for Coffee.
X
0
Quantity demanded of Coffee
PriceofTea
Cross Demand
(Demand for Substitute Good)
P1
P
Q Q1
D
D
Y
Part 1
Part 4
17. Types of Demand
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Part 6
3. Cross demand:
b) Complement good can be
considered a complement when it
shares a beneficial relationship
with another product offering. In
an economic sense, when the
price of a good rises, the demand
for its complement will fall
because consumers don't want to
use the complement alone.
Ex: coffee with sugar, Bread with
Butter, DVD player with DVD
Part 1
Part 4
X
0
Quantity demanded of Butter
PriceofBread
Cross Demand
(Demand for Complement Good)
P1
P
Q1 Q
Y
D
D
20. Elasticity of Demand
Part 2
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Part 5
The concept of elasticity of demand is generally associated with the
name of Alfred Marshall.
The quantity demanded for some commodities are more responsive
to a given change in price than the quantity demanded of other
goods.
In other words, the demand for certain goods are more elastic than
demands of other goods.
“The elasticity of demand in a market is great or small according as
the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in the price
and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price”. – Prof. Alfred
Marshall
Today, we have concepts of price elasticity, income elasticity, cross
elasticity and substitution elasticity.
Part 1
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22. Part 2
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Numerical measure Description Terminology
Zero
Quantity demanded does not change as
price changes
Perfectly
inelastic
Greater than Zero,
but less than one
Quantity demanded changes by a smaller
percentage than low price
Inelastic
One
Quantity demanded changed by exactly the
same percentage as low price
Unit elastic
Greater than one but
less than infinity
Quantity demanded changes by a larger
percentage than low price
Elastic
Infinity
Purchases are prepared to buy all they can
obtain at some price and none at all an
even slightly higher price.
Perfectly elastic
Classification of Price elasticity of Demand
Part 1
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23. Part 2
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2. Income elasticity:
Elasticity of demand is a general concept.
It determines the relationship between two variables.
Income elasticity of demand shows the extent to which a
consumer’s
demand for that commodity changes as a result of changes in his
income.
The ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of the
commodity to a given proportionate change in the income of the
consumer.
Elasticity of Demand
1
/
*
/
n
i
dQ Q dQ Y
Ey
dy Y dY Q
% Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Commodity
Income Elasticity
% Change in the Level of Income of a Consumer
% Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Commod
Income Elasticity
% Change in the Level of Income of a Consume
% Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Commodity
Income Elasticity
% Change in the Level of Income of a Consumer
Part 1
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25. Part 2
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The relationship between income elasticity for a good and
proportion of income spent on it is described in the following three
propositions:
1. If the proportion of income spent on good remains the same
as income increases, then income elasticity for the good is
equal to one.
2. If the proportion of income spent on good increases as
income increases, then income elasticity for the good is
greater than one.
3. If the proportion of income spent on good decreases as
income increases, then income elasticity for the good is less
than one.
Elasticity of Demand
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26. Part 2
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Numerical measure Description Terminology
Zero The quantity bought of the commodity remains
constant with increase in consumer’s income Ei=0
Negative
Increase in the consumer’s money-income by fall
in the quantity demanded of the commodity;
Inferior goods.
Ei<0
Unitary
The consumer’s income spent on the commodity
is exactly same both before and after the increase
in income.
Ei=1
Greater than
unity
Consumer spends a greater proportion of his
money-income on the commodity; Luxury goods. Ei>1
Less than unity Consumer spends a smaller proportion of his
money-income on the commodity; Necessities. Ei<1
Classification of Income elasticity of Demand
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27. Part 2
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3. Cross elasticity: The two goods can either be substitutes of each
other, or complementary to each other, or completely independent
of each other.
The ratio of proportionate change in the quantity demanded of a
commodity to a given proportionate change in the price of the
related commodity.
Percentage Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Commodi
Cross Elasticity
Proportionate Change in the Price of Related Comodity
1 2
*
2 1
Q P
Ec
P Q
Percentage Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Co
Cross Elasticity
Proportionate Change in the Price of Related Com
1 2
*
2 1
Q P
Ec
P Q
Elasticity of Demand
Part 1
Part 6
Q1 P2
*
P2 Q1
Ec
% Change in the Quantity Demanded of a Commodity
% Change in the Price of Related Comodity