Here is a program to count in binary using LEDs on pins D11, D12 and D13: ``` int ledPins[] = {11, 12, 13}; void setup() { for(int i=0; i<3; i++) { pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT); } } void loop() { for(int i=0; i<8; i++) { for(int j=0; j<3; j++) { digitalWrite(ledPins[j], bitRead(i,j)); } delay(1000); } } ``` This program: -

1. R-tist I Sky -
& Technolo
gies

4. Input Embeded Output
system Devices
Devices

5.  It is an open source hardware.
 The arduino program done on arduino IDE
board.
 Crystal oscillation is of 16 MHz follow the
path of minimum error with acurate maxi.
Efficiency.
 Microcontroller need only squar wave form
that that is why we need capacitor with
crystal oscillator. It also reduce noise.

6. Hardware Software
 The Arduino or  The Arduino IDE.
other clone boards
 Based on win AVR
 Based on the Atmel (C compiler for AVR
AVR series Microcontrollers)
Controllers

7.  Swarms of robots are effective:
◦ They can perform tasks that one expensive robot
cannot.
 Swarms are robust:
◦ Even if some robots fail, the swarm can still achieve
the task.

8. Scenario: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Cooperate To Detect Targets

9.  Inter-Integrated Circuit( generically referred to as
"two-wire interface“) is a multi-
master serial single-ended computer
bus invented by Philips that is used to attach
low-speed peripherals to
a motherboard, embedded system,
or cellphone or other electronics.
 I²C uses only two bidirectional open-drain lines,
Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock
(SCL), pulled up with resistors. Typical voltages
used are +5 V or +3.3 V although systems with
other voltages are permitted.

10. The interintegrated circuit (I 2 C) bus is designed for short-range
communication between chips in the same system using a software
addressing system. It requires only two signal wires and operates
like a simplified local area network.
The I 2 C slave chips are attached to a two-wire bus, which is
pulled up to logic 1 when idle. Passive slave devices have their
register or location addresses determined by a combination of
external input address code pins and fixed internal decoding. If
several memory devices are connected to the bus, they can be
mapped into a continuous address space. The master sends
data in 8-bit blocks, with a synchronous clock pulse alongside
each bit. As for SPI, the clock is derived from the instruction
clock, up to 5 MHz at the maximum clock rate of 20 MHz.
To send a data byte, the master first sends a control code to set
up the transfer, then the 8-bit or 10-bit address code, and
finally the data. Each byte has a start and acknowledge
bit, and each byte must be acknowledged before the next is
sent, to improve reliability.

11. master Slave 1 Slave 2
5 volt
scl
sda

13. How to use arduino IDE
Select Board Tool
Select serial
port

14. cotrol panel -> device manager -> unknown
serial port->right click on unknown serial
port->update dreiver from computer ->
Give the path of pin drive then next-> see your
port no is showing or not if not repeat the
process.

18. Q-: Make a program using pin
D11, D12 and D13 blink LED
in the manner of aeroplane
light you see in night.

19.  int sen1=11;  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
int sen2=12; digitalWrite(13, LOW);
int sen13=13; digitalWrite(11,LOW);
delay(1000);
void setup() { digitalWrite(11, LOW);
// initialize the digital pin as an digitalWrite(12, LOW);
output. digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on delay(1000);
most Arduino boards: digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); delay(1000);
} digitalWrite(11, LOW);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
void loop() { digitalWrite(13, LOW);
digitalWrite(11, HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, LOW);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(1000); }

20.  Make a program using bit D11,D12 and D13
to show binary counting by blinking led.