This document provides an introduction to database design and applications (DBDA). It discusses the differences between file systems and database management systems (DBMS)/relational database management systems (RDBMS). It also covers the three schema architecture of a DBMS, including the conceptual, internal, and external schemas. Additionally, it discusses data independence and the advantages of using a DBMS compared to a file system. The document provides a brief history of DBMS and describes some popular DBMS software. It also outlines the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of using a DBMS.

1. DBDA
(Database Design and Applications)
CH1
By: Prof. Ganesh Ingle

2. Session objective
INTRODUCTION
FILE SYSTEM VS DBMS/RDBMS
THREE SCHEMA ARCHITECURE OF DBMS
DATA INDEPENDANCE
DBMS ARCHITECTURE

3. Introduction

4. Introduction

5. Introduction

6. Introduction

7. Introduction

8. Introduction (File system vs DBMS)
DBMS Flat File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access
Design to fulfill the need for small and large
businesses
It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term Total Cost of
Ownership is cheap
It's cheaper
Easy to implement complicated transactions No support for complicated transactions

9. History of DBMS
Here, are the important landmarks from the history:
1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system
1970 - Codd introduced IBM'S Information Management System (IMS)
1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also
know as the ER model
1980 - Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
1985- Object-oriented DBMS develops.
1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all
other personal DBMS products.
1995: First Internet database applications
1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to
integrate XML into DBMS products.

10. Characteristics of DBMS
•Provides security and removes redundancy
•Self-describing nature of a database system
•Insulation between programs and data abstraction
•Support of multiple views of the data
•Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
•DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form
tables.
•It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, and Durability).
•DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users
to access and manipulate data in parallel.

11. Characteristics of DBMS
•Provides security and removes redundancy
•Self-describing nature of a database system
•Insulation between programs and data abstraction
•Support of multiple views of the data
Sharing of dPopular DBMS Software
Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:
 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 dBASE
 FoxPro
 SQLite
 IBM DB2
 LibreOffice Base
 MariaDB
 Microsoft SQL Server etc.

12. DBMS Advantages
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages
 DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data
 DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using
the same data
 Uniform administration procedures for data
 Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
 A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
 Offers Data Integrity and Security
 The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against prohibited
access to data.
 A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user can
access the same data at a time
 Reduced Application Development Time

13. DBMS Disadvantages
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-
 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of
your organization.
 Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for users
to use the DBMS is required.
 In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be
damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
 Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some
data.
 DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but,
it has certain flaws-
 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of
your organization.
 Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for users
to use the DBMS is required.
 In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be
damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
 Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some
data.
 DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations

14. DBMS Users
Component Name Task
Application Programmers The Application programmers write programs in
various programming languages to interact with
databases.
Database Administrators Database Admin is responsible for managing the
entire DBMS system. He/She is called Database
admin or DBA.
End-Users The end users are the people who interact with
the database management system. They conduct
various operations on database like retrieving,
updating, deleting, etc.

15. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

16. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

17. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

18. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

19. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

20. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

21. DBMS Three Schema Architecture

22. Data Independence

23. Data Independence

24. Data Independence

25. Session objective
Quick look of previous Session
EER Concepts and notations
Modelling class hierarchies
Tutorial 1: EER modelling
Relational model concepts
Relational data model constraints
Mapping ER Constructs to relations

26. DATA Association(ER Model)

27. Participation constraint
How an entity participate in a relationship???
Total: If every entity in E participates in t=atleast one
relationship in R
Eg. Student elective subjects at least register for a course.
Partial: Some entities in E participates in in relationship R
Eg. Student and CR relation( not all the students are
participated for being CR)

28. ER ASSIGNMENT
Draw an ER diagram with following constraint
Design a database for film
There are no actors in this database that have been in no movies.
b. There are some actors who have acted in more than ten movies.
c. Some actors have done a lead role in multiple movies.
d. A movie can have only a maximum of two lead actors.
e. Every director has been an actor in some movie.
f. No producer has ever been an actor.
g. A producer cannot be an actor in some other movie.
h. There are movies with more than a dozen actors.
i. Some producers have been a director as well.
j. Most movies have one director and one producer.
k. Some movies have one director but several producers.
l. There are some actors who have done a lead role, directed a movie,
and produced some movie.
m. No movie has a director who also acted in that movie.

29. ER ASSIGNMENT

30. ER ASSIGNMENT

31. EER features
1)Generalization: Abstracting process of viewing sets of objects as a
single general class. Bottom up approach.
2) Specialization: Introducing new characteristics to an existing class of
objects to create new class .Top down approach.
3)Aggregation :Compiling information on an object ,thereby abstracting
higher level object.
Sub class
Super class
Inheritance and types WRT to DBMS

32. Specialization

33. Generalization

34.  ER diagram to set of Table conversion i.e. converting ER model to
relational data model .
 In relational data model we represent real model in to collection of
relations.
 Relation=table
 Domain???
 Tuple/record/row
 Attribute/column/
Relational model concepts

35. Relational model concepts

36. Relational data model constraints Knowing all key concepts
PRN SName PPNo Lisc-no DOB Fname
201519TW700
DHAYREEKAR
SOHAM
RAJENDRA
J8369854 AQ1254 14/02/199
4
Rajendra
dhayrikar
201519TW721
SUTAR VISHAL
VIVEK
B8369859 AW2568 12/02/199
4
Vivek sutar
201437tp10
1
Karneet
singh
H9369860 PQR124
5
10/02/199
4
Jaspreet
singh
201537tp14
5
Sheetal Anil
Bhokare
Patil
M9369950 ABC143 18/12/198
7
Anil Bhokare
Patil

37. Relational data model constraints Key in Relation
A key allows to identify a set of attributes to distinguish
entities from each other.
Key attribute set KAS
Key attribute KA
Types of key:
Superkey: Set of one or more attributes that allows to
identify an entity uniquely.(It may contain extra
attributes)eg. {Std_Id,Std_Name,Mobile_no,EmailId}
Candidate key: It is minimal set of super key which can
uniquely identify an entity. eg. {Std_Id} not id and name
both.
New definition: SK for which no subset is a superkey.

38. Relational data model constraints Key in Relation
Note : More than one CK is possible in relation
Suppose we have 5 CK
Primary key: vvimp
Chosen by DBA very important to identify the entity and the record.
Eg.???
Alternate Key/s:
CK-PK=AK ,5-1=4 . All 4 can become PK but not chosen by DBA.
Secondary Key:
Used for data retrieval. Eg.Emp_id(PK) ,Dept(Secondary key)
I want to find the employee wrt to dept then Dept is secondary key.
Many time in a Group by clause we use Secondary key.
Foreign Key: PK of one related to another entity id FK
Composite Key: Combination od two or more columns in a table that
uniquely identify the tuple/record/row.
Eg.CutomerId,OrderID,SalesDetail

39. Key in Relation
 Let R(A B C D) HOW MANY SUPER KEYS ARE POSSIBLE
PROVIDED CK=A

40.  Let R(A B C D) HOW MANY SUPER KEYS ARE POSSIBLE
PROVIDED CK1=A,CK2=B
Key in Relation

41.  Let R(A B C D) HOW MANY SUPER KEYS ARE POSSIBLE
PROVIDED CK1=A,CK2=B,CK3=C
Key in Relation

42.  Let R(A1.A2,A3,……An) HOW MANY SUPER KEYS ARE
POSSIBLE PROVIDED
 With only CK A1= 2n-1
 With only CK A1,A2= 2n- 2n-1
 With only CK A1A2,A3A4= 2n-2+2n-2- 2n-4
 With only CK A1A2,A2A3=2n-1- 2n-3
Key in Relation

43. THANK YOU