Entity Integrity Constraint:
It states that in a relation no attribute of a primary key (K) can have a null value. If a K consists of a single attribute, this constraint obviously applies on this attribute, so it cannot have the Null value. However, if a K consists of multiple attributes, then none of the attributes of this K can have the Null value in any of the instances.
Referential Integrity Constraint :
This constraint is applied to foreign keys. Foreign key is an attribute or attribute combination of a relation that is the primary key of another relation. This constraint states that if a foreign key exists in a relation, either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its home relation or the foreign key value must be completely null.
It is a semantic data model that is used for the graphical representation of the conceptual database design. The semantic data models provide more constructs that is why a database design in a semantic data model can contain/represent more details. With a semantic data model, it becomes easier to design the database, at the first place, and secondly it is easier to understand later. We also know that conceptual database is our first comprehensive design. It is independent of any particular implementation of the database, that is, the conceptual database design expressed in E-R data model can be implemented using any DBMS. For that we will have to transform the conceptual database design from E-R data model to the data model of the particular DBMS. There is no DBMS based on the E-R data model, so we have to transform the conceptual database design anyway.
Entity Integrity Constraint:
It states that in a relation no attribute of a primary key (K) can have a null value. If a K consists of a single attribute, this constraint obviously applies on this attribute, so it cannot have the Null value. However, if a K consists of multiple attributes, then none of the attributes of this K can have the Null value in any of the instances.
Referential Integrity Constraint :
This constraint is applied to foreign keys. Foreign key is an attribute or attribute combination of a relation that is the primary key of another relation. This constraint states that if a foreign key exists in a relation, either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its home relation or the foreign key value must be completely null.
It is a semantic data model that is used for the graphical representation of the conceptual database design. The semantic data models provide more constructs that is why a database design in a semantic data model can contain/represent more details. With a semantic data model, it becomes easier to design the database, at the first place, and secondly it is easier to understand later. We also know that conceptual database is our first comprehensive design. It is independent of any particular implementation of the database, that is, the conceptual database design expressed in E-R data model can be implemented using any DBMS. For that we will have to transform the conceptual database design from E-R data model to the data model of the particular DBMS. There is no DBMS based on the E-R data model, so we have to transform the conceptual database design anyway.
Dynamic multi level indexing Using B-Trees And B+ TreesPooja Dixit
B-TREE, Properties of B-Tree, B-Tree of minimum degree 3, Drawbacks of B-Tree, B+ tree, B+ tree, Structure of the internal nodes of a B+ tree , structure of the leaf nodes of a B+ tree , Example of B+ tree
Entity relationship model, Components of ER model, Mapping E-R model to Relational schema, Network and Object-Oriented Data models, Storage Strategies: Detailed Storage Architecture, Storing Data, Magnetic Disk, RAID, Other Disks, Magnetic Tape, Storage Access, File & Record Organization, File Organizations & Indexes, Order Indices, B+ Tree Index Files, Hashing Data Dictionary
In this you will learn about
1. Definitions
2. Introduction to Data Structures
3. Classification of Data structures
a. Primitive Data structures
i. int
ii. Float
iii. char
iv. Double
b. Non- Primitive Data structures
i. Linear Data structures
1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Stack
4. Queue
ii. Non Linear Data structures
1. Trees
2. Graphs
A presentation on a special category of databases called Deductive Databases. It is an attempt to merge logic programming with relational database. Other types include Object-oriented databases, Graph databases, XML databases, Multi-model databases, etc.
The schemas as it has been defined already; is the repository used for storing definitions of the structures used in database, it can be anything from any entity to the whole organization. For this purpose the architecture defines different schemas stored at different levels for isolating the details one level from the other.
Different levels existing pat different levels of the database architecture pare expressed below with emphasis on the details of all the levels individually. Core of the database architecture is the internal level of schema which is discussed a bit before getting into the details of each level individually.
Dynamic multi level indexing Using B-Trees And B+ TreesPooja Dixit
B-TREE, Properties of B-Tree, B-Tree of minimum degree 3, Drawbacks of B-Tree, B+ tree, B+ tree, Structure of the internal nodes of a B+ tree , structure of the leaf nodes of a B+ tree , Example of B+ tree
Entity relationship model, Components of ER model, Mapping E-R model to Relational schema, Network and Object-Oriented Data models, Storage Strategies: Detailed Storage Architecture, Storing Data, Magnetic Disk, RAID, Other Disks, Magnetic Tape, Storage Access, File & Record Organization, File Organizations & Indexes, Order Indices, B+ Tree Index Files, Hashing Data Dictionary
In this you will learn about
1. Definitions
2. Introduction to Data Structures
3. Classification of Data structures
a. Primitive Data structures
i. int
ii. Float
iii. char
iv. Double
b. Non- Primitive Data structures
i. Linear Data structures
1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Stack
4. Queue
ii. Non Linear Data structures
1. Trees
2. Graphs
A presentation on a special category of databases called Deductive Databases. It is an attempt to merge logic programming with relational database. Other types include Object-oriented databases, Graph databases, XML databases, Multi-model databases, etc.
The schemas as it has been defined already; is the repository used for storing definitions of the structures used in database, it can be anything from any entity to the whole organization. For this purpose the architecture defines different schemas stored at different levels for isolating the details one level from the other.
Different levels existing pat different levels of the database architecture pare expressed below with emphasis on the details of all the levels individually. Core of the database architecture is the internal level of schema which is discussed a bit before getting into the details of each level individually.
Philly PHP: April '17 Elastic Search Introduction by Aditya BhamidpatiRobert Calcavecchia
Philly PHP April 2017 Meetup: Introduction to Elastic Search as presented by Aditya Bhamidpati on April 19, 2017.
These slides cover an introduction to using Elastic Search
INTRODUCTION
3NF and BCNF
Decomposition requirements
Lossless join decomposition
Dependency preserving decomposition
Disk pack features
Records and Files
Ordered and Unordered files
2NF,NF,3NF,BCNF
INTRODUCTION
Relational Query Languages
Formal Query Languages
Introduction to relational algebra
Set Operators Join operator
Aggregate functions, Grouping
Relational Calculus concepts
Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)
Features of SQL, DDL Statements
Database Systems
DBMS
Database System Environment
Traditional File Systems
Advantages of DBMS over File Systems
Disadvantages of DBMS
DBMS
Describing and Storing data in DBMS
Three Schema Architecture
Data Independence
Queries
Transactions
Structure of DBMS
Users of DBMS
Steps in database Design Process
ER Concepts and Notations
Class Hierarchies
1 Planning the Computer Program
2 Uses of Algorithm
3 Flow Charts
4 Pseudo code Applications: To produce an ordered sequence of steps, that describe solution of a problem.
1.History of C Language, Structure of a C program, Statements, Basic Data Types, Variables &Constants, Input & Output statements, Operators and Precedence, Expressions, Simple C programs.
Memory Hierarchy
RAM
Memory Chip Organization
ROM
Flash Memory
Types of Programming Languages
Compiler vs Interpreter vs Assembler
Types of programming languages
Compiler vs interpreter vs assembler
high level language vs assembly level language vs low level language
1.1Explain types of Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Pen, and Touch Screen Scanners, Output Devices (Monitor, printer, Speakers, Projectors) and of Storage Devices (Hard Disks, CD-ROMS, DVD-ROMS, USB Storage)[D] Operate computer and its peripherals
1.2 Booting the computer. Common start-up errors and their remedies.
Connecting peripherals – keyboard, mouse, monitor, power cables,
UPS to the computer and checking all connections. Demonstrate procedure for the installation of setting up a new computer along with other peripherals (keyboard, scanner, printer)[M]
1.3Demonstrate Keyboard layout and functions of different keys.[M]
1.4Demonstrate Proper shut down of PC, and explain precautions to avoid an improper shut down.[M]
1.5Identifying the different hardware parts in the PC.[M]
1.6Determining the configuration of the PC.[M]
1.7 Explain types of Central Processing Unit (Processors, RAM, ROM)[M]
1.8 Demonstrate procedure for installation /
replacement / maintenance procedures for hard disk and other peripherals.[D]
Introduction
Plotting basic 2-D plots.
The plot command
The fplot command
Plotting multiple graphs in the same plot
Formatting plots
USING THE plot() COMMAND TO PLOT
MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT
MATLAB PROGRAM TO PLOT VI CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIODE
SUMMARY
Arrays
Array Creation , Accessing Elements
Sub Arrays, Representation, Operations
Maximum and Minimum values in Matrix
Potential Energy-Spring Problem
SUMMARY
An introduction to AI,ML,DL
Working of AI System
Scope of AI ,Cyber Security and BCT in Marine
Marine Education Scope of AI and BCT
Changes Required in Curriculum
Cyber security in Marine field
Parametric Analysis
Skill Set Requirement
Introduction
Overview of Loop statement
For loop
While loop
Nested loop
While loop vs for loop
prime number using matlab
armstrong number using matlab
special number using matlab
magic number using matlab
perfect number using matlab
pattern display number using matlab
palindrome number using matlab
fibonnacci series using matlab
MS word complete tutorials,Topics to be covered :
1. Create and save documentation.
2. Open, find, and rename files and folders.
3. Use “Formatting Toolbar”.
4. Use spelling and grammar checks in the document.
5. Use “Headers and Footers”.
6. Insert symbols and pictures.
7. Create tables in MS-Word.
8. Use formulas in MS –WORD Mail merge, Embedding Excel to WORD. Applications : To create a professional grade document.
Guidelines for ER to Relational Mapping.
Mapping rules/ guidelines for mapping various ER constructs to Relational model with appropriate examples
Relational Query Languages Formal Query Languages
Introduction to Relational Algebra
Relational operators
Set operators
Join operators
Aggregate functions.
Grouping operator
Relational Calculus concepts
Relational algebra queries for data retrieval with sample relational schemas. relational algebra operations.
What is Relational model
Characteristics
Relational constraints
Representation of schemas
characteristics and Constraints of Relational model with proper examples.
Updates and dealing with constraint violations in Relational model
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
4. Introduction to Hashing
Hashing is a technique to directly search the location of desired data
on the disk without using index structure. Hashing method is used to
index and retrieve items in a database as it is faster to search that
specific item using the shorter hashed key instead of using its original
value.
For a huge database structure, it's tough to search all the index values
through all its level and then you need to reach the destination data
block to get the desired data.
Hashing method is used to index and retrieve items in a database as it
is faster to search that specific item using the shorter hashed key
instead of using its original value.
Hashing is an ideal method to calculate the direct location of a data
record on the disk without using index structure.
5. Introduction to Hashing
Here, are important terminologies which are used in Hashing:
Data bucket – Data buckets are memory locations where the records
are stored. It is also known as Unit Of Storage.
Key: A DBMS key is an attribute or set of an attribute which helps you
to identify a row(tuple) in a relation(table). This allows you to find the
relationship between two tables.
Hash function: A hash function, is a mapping function which maps
all the set of search keys to the address where actual records are
placed.
Linear Probing – Linear probing is a fixed interval between probes.
In this method, the next available data block is used to enter the new
record, instead of overwriting on the older record.
Quadratic probing- It helps you to determine the new bucket
address. It helps you to add Interval between probes by adding the
consecutive output of quadratic polynomial to starting value given by
the original computation.
6. Introduction to Hashing
Hash index – It is an address of the data block. A hash function
could be a simple mathematical function to even a complex
mathematical function.
Double Hashing –Double hashing is a computer programming
method used in hash tables to resolve the issues of has a collision.
Bucket Overflow: The condition of bucket-overflow is called
collision. This is a fatal stage for any static has to function.
There are mainly two types of SQL hashing methods:
Static Hashing
Dynamic Hashing
19. Introduction to Indexing
Indexing is a way to optimize the performance of a database by
minimizing the number of disk accesses required when a query is
processed. It is a data structure technique which is used to quickly
locate and access the data in a database.
20. Introduction to Indexing
Indexes are created using a few database columns.
The first column is the Search key that contains a copy of
the primary key or candidate key of the table. These
values are stored in sorted order so that the
corresponding data can be accessed quickly.
Note: The data may or may not be stored in sorted order.
The second column is the Data
Reference or Pointer which contains a set of pointers
holding the address of the disk block where that particular
key value can be found.
21. Introduction to Indexing
The indexing has various attributes:
Access Types: This refers to the type of access such as
value based search, range access, etc.
Access Time: It refers to the time needed to find
particular data element or set of elements.
Insertion Time: It refers to the time taken to find the
appropriate space and insert a new data.
Deletion Time: Time taken to find an item and delete it as
well as update the index structure.
Space Overhead: It refers to the additional space
required by the index.
23. Introduction to Indexing
Sequential File Organization or Ordered Index File: In this, the indices are
based on a sorted ordering of the values. These are generally fast and a more
traditional type of storing mechanism. These Ordered or Sequential file
organization might store the data in a dense or sparse format:
Dense Index:
• For every search key value in the data file, there is an index record.
• This record contains the search key and also a reference to the first data
record with that search key value.
Sparse Index:
• The index record appears only for a few items in the data file. Each item
points to a block as shown.
• To locate a record, we find the index record with the largest search key value
less than or equal to the search key value we are looking for.
• We start at that record pointed to by the index record, and proceed along with
the pointers in the file (that is, sequentially) until we find the desired record.
26. Introduction to Indexing
Clustered Indexing
When more than two records are stored in the same file these types of
storing known as cluster indexing. By using the cluster indexing we
can reduce the cost of searching reason being multiple records related
to the same thing are stored at one place and it also gives the frequent
joing of more than two tables(records).
Clustering index is defined on an ordered data file. The data file is
ordered on a non-key field. In some cases, the index is created on
non-primary key columns which may not be unique for each record. In
such cases, in order to identify the records faster, we will group two or
more columns together to get the unique values and create index out
of them. This method is known as the clustering index. Basically,
records with similar characteristics are grouped together and indexes
are created for these groups.
For example, students studying in each semester are grouped
together. i.e. 1st Semester students, 2nd semester students,
3rd semester students etc are grouped.
30. Introduction to Indexing
Non-clustered or Secondary Indexing
A non clustered index just tells us where the data lies, i.e. it gives us
a list of virtual pointers or references to the location where the data is
actually stored. Data is not physically stored in the order of the index.
Instead, data is present in leaf nodes. For eg. the contents page of a
book. Each entry gives us the page number or location of the
information stored. The actual data here(information on each page of
the book) is not organized but we have an ordered
reference(contents page) to where the data points actually lie. We
can have only dense ordering in the non-clustered index as sparse
ordering is not possible because data is not physically organized
It requires more time as compared to the clustered index because
some amount of extra work is done in order to extract the data by
further following the pointer. In the case of a clustered index, data is
directly present in front of the index.
34. Introduction to Indexing
Multilevel Indexing
With the growth of the size of the database, indices also grow.
As the index is stored in the main memory, a single-level index
might become too large a size to store with multiple disk
accesses. The multilevel indexing segregates the main block
into various smaller blocks so that the same can stored in a
single block. The outer blocks are divided into inner blocks which
in turn are pointed to the data blocks. This can be easily stored
in the main memory with fewer overheads.