This a lecture of data, statistics and spatial representation and understanding of data. This is important for planners and designers who need to understand social trends in space and how to communicate them to an audience. I typically teach this lecture in 50 minutes (I skip some slides). Feel free to use material here, but do the right thing: acknowledge the source.
Urban planning theories have evolved over time in response to changes in populations, economies, and technologies. Early theories focused on orderly city layouts with separate zones. Hippodamus proposed dividing cities into public and private areas with grids. Howard's Garden Cities aimed to blend urban and rural advantages. Geddes emphasized relationships between people and environments. Later, modernist planners like Le Corbusier proposed high-density "Radiant Cities." Burgess' concentric zone model depicted socio-economic groups arranged in circles. Perry's neighborhood unit promoted walkable communities. Today, multiple nuclei and sector theories recognize dispersed growth around transportation networks.
Homer Hoyt proposed the sector model as an update to the concentric zone model. The sector model accounts for major transportation routes radiating out from the central business district. Land uses, such as industrial, commercial, and residential zones, develop along these transportation corridors in wedge-shaped sectors. The model places low-income housing and industry closest to the central business district, with wealthier residential neighborhoods farther out. Examples of cities that generally follow the sector model include Chicago and Calgary.
Theories of Urban Growth Hierarchy and stages of Urban developmentSomesh Siddharth
This document provides an overview of theories of urban growth and development. It discusses natural growth patterns like concentric spread and ribbon development. It also covers the Burgess concentric zone model and Hoyt's sector model. The document contrasts suburban and urban areas based on characteristics like density, land use mix, transportation, and sense of community. It lists notable urban theorists and concepts like new urbanism, placemaking, and infrastructure. Finally, it provides learning objectives and references for further reading on urban morphology.
Problems and Issues with Indian UrbanisationRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses legislative, policy and financial problems and issues associated with Indian Urban Sector / Urbanisation.
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
Observe traffic count/ situation
Observe housing quality
Observe economic activity
Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
Structured questions are precise and one-way
Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on;
Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
Judging responses without bias
Recording interview
Avoiding errors
Cross-checking with other respondents
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions:
Developed
Under-developed
Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like;
Urbanizable zone
Industrial zone
Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication
Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
Population growth (natural, induced)
Population size (age-wise)
Population density
Population distribution
Gender ratio
Socio-Economic status
Religion
Marital status
Education ratio
School dropouts
Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
Mortality rate (age-wise)
Birth rate
Health rate (in some surveys)
Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys;
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling
There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
Decide the information required.
Define the target respondents.
Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
Decide on question content.
Develop simple & clear wording of questions
Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
Check the length of the questionnaire.
Pre-test the questionnaire
Develop the final survey form.
This document discusses different aspects of surveys for urban and regional planning. It covers the necessity of surveys, data collection techniques, types of surveys including regional, town, functional, social, territorial and vital surveys. It also describes surveying techniques like self-surveys, interviews and direct inspections. The document discusses sample selection, types of samples including simple random, systematic, stratified and clustered. Finally, it notes potential errors in surveying like bias, measurement errors and missing answers.
Urban planning theories have evolved over time in response to changes in populations, economies, and technologies. Early theories focused on orderly city layouts with separate zones. Hippodamus proposed dividing cities into public and private areas with grids. Howard's Garden Cities aimed to blend urban and rural advantages. Geddes emphasized relationships between people and environments. Later, modernist planners like Le Corbusier proposed high-density "Radiant Cities." Burgess' concentric zone model depicted socio-economic groups arranged in circles. Perry's neighborhood unit promoted walkable communities. Today, multiple nuclei and sector theories recognize dispersed growth around transportation networks.
Homer Hoyt proposed the sector model as an update to the concentric zone model. The sector model accounts for major transportation routes radiating out from the central business district. Land uses, such as industrial, commercial, and residential zones, develop along these transportation corridors in wedge-shaped sectors. The model places low-income housing and industry closest to the central business district, with wealthier residential neighborhoods farther out. Examples of cities that generally follow the sector model include Chicago and Calgary.
Theories of Urban Growth Hierarchy and stages of Urban developmentSomesh Siddharth
This document provides an overview of theories of urban growth and development. It discusses natural growth patterns like concentric spread and ribbon development. It also covers the Burgess concentric zone model and Hoyt's sector model. The document contrasts suburban and urban areas based on characteristics like density, land use mix, transportation, and sense of community. It lists notable urban theorists and concepts like new urbanism, placemaking, and infrastructure. Finally, it provides learning objectives and references for further reading on urban morphology.
Problems and Issues with Indian UrbanisationRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy discusses legislative, policy and financial problems and issues associated with Indian Urban Sector / Urbanisation.
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
Observe traffic count/ situation
Observe housing quality
Observe economic activity
Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
Structured questions are precise and one-way
Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on;
Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
Judging responses without bias
Recording interview
Avoiding errors
Cross-checking with other respondents
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions:
Developed
Under-developed
Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like;
Urbanizable zone
Industrial zone
Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication
Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
Population growth (natural, induced)
Population size (age-wise)
Population density
Population distribution
Gender ratio
Socio-Economic status
Religion
Marital status
Education ratio
School dropouts
Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
Mortality rate (age-wise)
Birth rate
Health rate (in some surveys)
Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys;
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling
There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
Decide the information required.
Define the target respondents.
Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
Decide on question content.
Develop simple & clear wording of questions
Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
Check the length of the questionnaire.
Pre-test the questionnaire
Develop the final survey form.
This document discusses different aspects of surveys for urban and regional planning. It covers the necessity of surveys, data collection techniques, types of surveys including regional, town, functional, social, territorial and vital surveys. It also describes surveying techniques like self-surveys, interviews and direct inspections. The document discusses sample selection, types of samples including simple random, systematic, stratified and clustered. Finally, it notes potential errors in surveying like bias, measurement errors and missing answers.
1) High rise buildings are located in city centers because land is most expensive in the central business district (CBD) and building vertically maximizes profits from limited land.
2) Early urban models show concentric zones of land use radiating from the CBD based on decreasing economic rent, with more complex factors like transport routes and topography adding complexity.
3) The sector model recognizes that transport lines influence land use patterns, forming wedges of similar uses radiating from roads rather than perfect circles.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
The document discusses several key theories and thinkers in post-war city planning, beginning with three main conceptions: 1) town planning as physical planning, 2) design as central to town planning, and 3) the production of "master" or "blueprint" plans. It then profiles several influential planners and their ideas, including Clarence Perry and the neighborhood unit, Lewis Mumford and the organic city, Kevin Lynch and the elements of urban form, Jane Jacobs and bottom-up community planning, Clarence Stein and the expansion of the neighborhood concept, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City decentralized plan.
Ebenezer Howard's 1898 work contrasted rural and urban life, proposing "Garden Cities" that incorporated the best of both, such as Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn Garden City (1920). While well-intentioned, garden cities often functioned merely as dormitories for larger cities and did not fully achieve their egalitarian vision. Bid rent theory shows how much different sectors are willing to pay for land in various locations, with retail highest in the city center and residential uses on the outskirts. Variations of this model account for factors like transportation intersections and suburban centers.
Regional planning deals with efficient placement of land uses like farmland, cities, infrastructure, and wilderness across a larger area than individual towns. A region requires various land uses to support protection of farmland, cities, industry, transportation, and other needs. Regional development addresses region-wide environmental, social and economic issues through efficient infrastructure placement and zoning to sustainably grow a region.
This document does not contain any text to summarize. It only contains the letters "EK", which provides no context or meaning on its own in only two characters. A proper summary requires substantive content to extract and convey the most important ideas, events, or topics in a concise yet informative way.
Lewis Mumford was an American historian, philosopher, sociologist and prominent writer and critic of the urban planning of the 20th century. He was born in 1895 in New York and studied at City College of New York. He wrote extensively about cities and technology and their impact on society. He received several honors including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and National Medal of Arts. Mumford was a critic of urban sprawl and advocated for organic urban planning. He opposed Robert Moses' highway plans in New York City. Mumford also criticized the World Trade Center and America's overreliance on automobiles.
Life and Career with works of Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis. Theory of Urban Design presentation - CA Doxiadis : Ekistics theory, Islamabad master plan, Aspra Spitia introduction, Name of books and journals with bibliography
Homer Hoyt developed the sector theory or sector model of urban land use in 1939 as an alternative to the concentric zone model. The sector model posits that a city develops in wedge-shaped sectors centered around major transportation routes rather than concentric circles. Land uses cluster around transportation routes, with industry locating near ports, railroads, or roads. Residential areas then develop, with lower income housing nearer the industrial areas and transportation. Middle and high-income housing is located further out. The model was applied to Chicago and found to accurately describe the city's development around railroad lines.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
The document discusses the history, theory, aspects, and practice of urban planning. It begins with definitions of urban planning and discusses its origins in ancient civilizations. It then covers influential urban planning theories and thinkers from Hippodamus to modernists like Howard and Le Corbusier. The document outlines aspects of urban planning like aesthetics, infrastructure, transportation and discusses sustainable practices. It also discusses new master-planned cities and different levels of urban planning from national to municipal. In the end, it discusses impacts of urban planning on happiness, education and criminality.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Transit Oriented Development (TOD). TOD aims to create walkable, mixed-use communities centered around high-quality transit like buses and trains. The presentation outlines TOD goals of reducing car dependency and increasing transit access. It reviews literature on the relationship between TOD and rail accessibility. Case studies of TOD implementations in Delhi, India are discussed, which aimed to better integrate land use and transportation through zoning around transit stations. The presentation concludes that TOD can reduce private vehicle use and provide more sustainable transportation options.
This document outlines Christaller's central place theory, which proposes that settlements develop in a hierarchical pattern to provide goods and services to surrounding areas. It describes the concepts of range, threshold, and sphere of influence. Christaller hypothesized that central places would be spatially distributed in a hexagonal arrangement to optimize access according to different principles (K values) of either marketing, transportation, or administration. However, the theory makes unrealistic assumptions and the predicted patterns are not always reflected in reality due to non-uniform population distributions and other factors.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city concept as a solution to problems in late 19th century cities. He envisioned self-sufficient towns of around 30,000 people, surrounded by greenbelts, that combined the benefits of town and country living without their drawbacks. Letchworth Garden City, built in 1903, was the first to implement Howard's ideas of concentric design and separation of housing, industry and agriculture. The garden city movement aimed to reform urban planning and integrate people more with nature.
The document provides an overview of the course "Introduction to Urban Planning" including the course objectives, content, and concepts covered. The course aims to equip students with theoretical, methodological and practical skills for urban planning. It will cover topics such as theories of urban form including group form, compositional form and megastructure. It will also cover urban analysis approaches like morphology, typology-morphology and urban tissues. Additionally, it will discuss regional planning concepts and the design of new urban entities.
Paper looks critically and objectively, the role and importance of Master Plans in Rationalising the development of cities, issues created and options to make it a better master plan
This document summarizes the key research questions and findings from a study on the nature and adaptability of suburbs over time. The study examines how suburban design contributes to success, how adaptability sustains suburbs, and the influence of social interactions and movement on economic vitality. It finds that suburbs have a long history and are dynamic places that function at multiple scales. Movement modeling shows some streets experience more through-traffic and are more accessible. Land use varies by location and scale, with some areas being local centers but relatively isolated at larger scales. The research uses mixed methods including space syntax, business ethnography, qualitative GIS, and urban history to understand suburban change and impact policy, analytics, and organizations.
This document discusses the network society and its implications for development in South Africa. It defines networks and describes how society is increasingly organized through various intersecting networks. It outlines how information networks are transforming interactions and driving global structural changes. It analyzes South Africa's position in the network society to date, including barriers to internet access and growth of social media. It envisions how networks and technologies like mobile, sensors, and big data could shape development by 2030 and 2040, with goals of universal internet access, job creation, improved public services, smart cities, and transitioning to sustainable networks and economies.
1) High rise buildings are located in city centers because land is most expensive in the central business district (CBD) and building vertically maximizes profits from limited land.
2) Early urban models show concentric zones of land use radiating from the CBD based on decreasing economic rent, with more complex factors like transport routes and topography adding complexity.
3) The sector model recognizes that transport lines influence land use patterns, forming wedges of similar uses radiating from roads rather than perfect circles.
The document discusses several theories and models of urban and town planning from ancient to modern times. It describes the earliest river valley civilizations and oldest continuously inhabited cities. It then covers concepts in modern town planning like segregating industries, high-rise buildings, and master plans. Various approaches to town planning like rational, incremental, and communicative are mentioned. Models of urban structure and land use are summarized, including central place theory, Ebenezer Howard's three magnets diagram, the garden city movement, concentric zone model, linear city, Radburn superblock, neighborhood unit design, core frame model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model.
The document discusses several key theories and thinkers in post-war city planning, beginning with three main conceptions: 1) town planning as physical planning, 2) design as central to town planning, and 3) the production of "master" or "blueprint" plans. It then profiles several influential planners and their ideas, including Clarence Perry and the neighborhood unit, Lewis Mumford and the organic city, Kevin Lynch and the elements of urban form, Jane Jacobs and bottom-up community planning, Clarence Stein and the expansion of the neighborhood concept, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City decentralized plan.
Ebenezer Howard's 1898 work contrasted rural and urban life, proposing "Garden Cities" that incorporated the best of both, such as Letchworth (1903) and Welwyn Garden City (1920). While well-intentioned, garden cities often functioned merely as dormitories for larger cities and did not fully achieve their egalitarian vision. Bid rent theory shows how much different sectors are willing to pay for land in various locations, with retail highest in the city center and residential uses on the outskirts. Variations of this model account for factors like transportation intersections and suburban centers.
Regional planning deals with efficient placement of land uses like farmland, cities, infrastructure, and wilderness across a larger area than individual towns. A region requires various land uses to support protection of farmland, cities, industry, transportation, and other needs. Regional development addresses region-wide environmental, social and economic issues through efficient infrastructure placement and zoning to sustainably grow a region.
This document does not contain any text to summarize. It only contains the letters "EK", which provides no context or meaning on its own in only two characters. A proper summary requires substantive content to extract and convey the most important ideas, events, or topics in a concise yet informative way.
Lewis Mumford was an American historian, philosopher, sociologist and prominent writer and critic of the urban planning of the 20th century. He was born in 1895 in New York and studied at City College of New York. He wrote extensively about cities and technology and their impact on society. He received several honors including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and National Medal of Arts. Mumford was a critic of urban sprawl and advocated for organic urban planning. He opposed Robert Moses' highway plans in New York City. Mumford also criticized the World Trade Center and America's overreliance on automobiles.
Life and Career with works of Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis. Theory of Urban Design presentation - CA Doxiadis : Ekistics theory, Islamabad master plan, Aspra Spitia introduction, Name of books and journals with bibliography
Homer Hoyt developed the sector theory or sector model of urban land use in 1939 as an alternative to the concentric zone model. The sector model posits that a city develops in wedge-shaped sectors centered around major transportation routes rather than concentric circles. Land uses cluster around transportation routes, with industry locating near ports, railroads, or roads. Residential areas then develop, with lower income housing nearer the industrial areas and transportation. Middle and high-income housing is located further out. The model was applied to Chicago and found to accurately describe the city's development around railroad lines.
The urban fringe is the transitional zone between urban and rural areas. It is becoming increasingly important as cities expand outwards. The urban fringe goes through several stages of transformation, starting as purely rural land and eventually becoming urbanized as the city grows. This process impacts land use, occupations, and development patterns in the fringe. Effective planning and management are needed to balance development with preservation of natural and cultural assets in the sensitive urban fringe environment.
The document discusses the history, theory, aspects, and practice of urban planning. It begins with definitions of urban planning and discusses its origins in ancient civilizations. It then covers influential urban planning theories and thinkers from Hippodamus to modernists like Howard and Le Corbusier. The document outlines aspects of urban planning like aesthetics, infrastructure, transportation and discusses sustainable practices. It also discusses new master-planned cities and different levels of urban planning from national to municipal. In the end, it discusses impacts of urban planning on happiness, education and criminality.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Transit Oriented Development (TOD). TOD aims to create walkable, mixed-use communities centered around high-quality transit like buses and trains. The presentation outlines TOD goals of reducing car dependency and increasing transit access. It reviews literature on the relationship between TOD and rail accessibility. Case studies of TOD implementations in Delhi, India are discussed, which aimed to better integrate land use and transportation through zoning around transit stations. The presentation concludes that TOD can reduce private vehicle use and provide more sustainable transportation options.
This document outlines Christaller's central place theory, which proposes that settlements develop in a hierarchical pattern to provide goods and services to surrounding areas. It describes the concepts of range, threshold, and sphere of influence. Christaller hypothesized that central places would be spatially distributed in a hexagonal arrangement to optimize access according to different principles (K values) of either marketing, transportation, or administration. However, the theory makes unrealistic assumptions and the predicted patterns are not always reflected in reality due to non-uniform population distributions and other factors.
Ebenezer Howard proposed the garden city concept as a solution to problems in late 19th century cities. He envisioned self-sufficient towns of around 30,000 people, surrounded by greenbelts, that combined the benefits of town and country living without their drawbacks. Letchworth Garden City, built in 1903, was the first to implement Howard's ideas of concentric design and separation of housing, industry and agriculture. The garden city movement aimed to reform urban planning and integrate people more with nature.
The document provides an overview of the course "Introduction to Urban Planning" including the course objectives, content, and concepts covered. The course aims to equip students with theoretical, methodological and practical skills for urban planning. It will cover topics such as theories of urban form including group form, compositional form and megastructure. It will also cover urban analysis approaches like morphology, typology-morphology and urban tissues. Additionally, it will discuss regional planning concepts and the design of new urban entities.
Paper looks critically and objectively, the role and importance of Master Plans in Rationalising the development of cities, issues created and options to make it a better master plan
This document summarizes the key research questions and findings from a study on the nature and adaptability of suburbs over time. The study examines how suburban design contributes to success, how adaptability sustains suburbs, and the influence of social interactions and movement on economic vitality. It finds that suburbs have a long history and are dynamic places that function at multiple scales. Movement modeling shows some streets experience more through-traffic and are more accessible. Land use varies by location and scale, with some areas being local centers but relatively isolated at larger scales. The research uses mixed methods including space syntax, business ethnography, qualitative GIS, and urban history to understand suburban change and impact policy, analytics, and organizations.
This document discusses the network society and its implications for development in South Africa. It defines networks and describes how society is increasingly organized through various intersecting networks. It outlines how information networks are transforming interactions and driving global structural changes. It analyzes South Africa's position in the network society to date, including barriers to internet access and growth of social media. It envisions how networks and technologies like mobile, sensors, and big data could shape development by 2030 and 2040, with goals of universal internet access, job creation, improved public services, smart cities, and transitioning to sustainable networks and economies.
The document summarizes four models of urban structure developed in the early-to-mid 20th century:
1) Burgess's Concentric Zone Model (1923) proposed that cities grow outward from the central business district (CBD) in concentric rings based on social class.
2) Hoyt's Sector Model (1939) argued that neighborhoods develop along transportation corridors rather than distance from the CBD.
3) Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) posited that urban growth occurs around multiple centers of activity rather than just the CBD.
4) Harris' Periphery Model described an urban area with an inner city surrounded by residential and business suburbs connected
Professor Sana Rehman, Assistant Professor, SCMS Pune talks all about GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA.
Contents:
1. Terminology
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Data
3. Continuous and Discrete Data
4. Primary and Secondary Data
5. Meaning of Statistics
6. Importance of the Organization of India
7. Arranging data in a sequence
8. Grouping and Tabulation of Data
9. Tally table
10. Histogram
11. Bar diagram or bar graph
12. Frequency Polygon
13. Cumulative Frequency Curve or Ogive
14.
The document provides a brief history of urban form from early settlements to modern times. It covers the key determinants and elements that shaped cities at different periods, including:
- Early settlements were shaped by natural features and trade routes, with organic growth structures.
- Medieval cities had defensive walls, marketplaces, and churches at their core.
- Renaissance and Baroque cities emphasized aesthetics, urban scenery, and aggrandizement of rulers through architectural projects.
- 19th century cities underwent grand renewals focused on hygiene, mobility, and speculation through plans like Haussmann's redesign of Paris.
- Early 20th century modernist planning prioritized zoning, standardization, and separating functions
William Playfair, a Scottish engineer and economist, is considered the principal inventor of statistical graphs. In 1786, he published the 'Commercial and Political Atlas' containing 44 charts, which introduced the line graph, bar graph, and pie chart. Graphical representations visually display data using plots and charts to quantify, sort, and present information in an understandable way for various audiences. Common types include bar graphs, line graphs, histograms, and pie charts, which each have specific rules for effectively displaying different types of data.
- Philadelphia lost over 300,000 residents between 1970-1980, a 13% reduction, with continued population declines each decade until a slight 1% increase in 2010.
- This 2010 population growth was attributed solely to an increase in the city's foreign-born residents, as the native-born population continued declining.
- Between 1970-2010, the proportion of Philadelphia's native-born residents who were born in-state declined steadily, while those born out-of-state grew slowly.
Utilizing geospatial analysis of U.S. Census data for studying the dynamics o...Toni Menninger
Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.
Keywords
Sprawl, Urban sprawl, City, Population Density, Population Weighted Density, Census, US Census, Census Geographies, Urbanization, Suburbanization, Urban flight, Reurbanization, Land Consumption, Land Use, Land Use Efficiency, LULC, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Analysis, GIS, Growth, Urban Growth, Spatial Distribution of Population, City Limits, Urban Extent, Built Environment, Urban Form, Areal Interpolation, Scale, Spatial Scale, Longitudinal Study, Dasymmetric Mapping, Ecological Fallacy, MAUP, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Metrics
Application of remote sensing,population identificationSATISH KUMAR
GIS
Remote Sensing
POPULATION IDENTIFICATION-REMOTE SENSING
Application of remote sensing
Statistical Modelling of Population
Dasymetric Mapping of Population
Cape cod example
Consideration of adjustments to density
The document discusses population studies and demography. It defines key terms like population, demography, and vital statistics. It explains that demography is the statistical study of populations and their characteristics. It also outlines various sources of population data, including censuses which count the entire population, vital registration systems which record births, deaths, marriages, and other events, and sample surveys. International organizations also collect and disseminate demographic and statistical data from countries.
Commentary: Ethno-demographic change in English local authorities, 1991-2011Rich Harris
A commentary on a graphic submitted to the journal Environment and Planning A as one of its featured graphics. That graphic aims to capture various dimensions of population change within English local authorities from 1991 to 2011: the proportional increase in the Asian population, the decrease in the White British population, generally decreasing Asian - White British segregation within authorities on average but with that average concealing some increases in spatial heterogeneity: increased differences between some neighbouring small areas (and also increased differences between local authorities). To see the graph, please visit http://www.social-statistics.org/?p=1064
Data Journalism lecture - Week 5: Storytelling with Data
Lecture date: 7 Oct 2015
MA in Journalism
National University of Ireland, Galway
Title slide image from The Data Journalism Handbook
This document provides an overview of key demographic concepts, measures, and techniques. It begins with introducing demography and its scope of studying population size, distribution, structure, and changes over time. It then discusses components of population change like fertility, mortality, and migration. It provides examples of various demographic rates and ratios used to measure these components. The document also discusses population dynamics, stages of demographic transition, and world population trends. Finally, it notes some economic, environmental, and socio-political implications of overpopulation.
This document outlines topics related to demography and population, including:
1) It provides an outline of chapters on population growth trends globally and theories of international migration and urbanization.
2) It discusses perspectives on urbanization and challenges facing global and US cities, as well as rural community issues in the US.
3) It poses an essay question about significant demographic trends altering the US population mix, asking to discuss 3 trends including their causes and social consequences.
This report provides demographic data and analysis for a 1.5 mile area around 3657 Rifle Range Rd in Winter Haven, Florida. It contains 12 sections ("Insites") analyzing trends related to population, households, age, race/ethnicity, education and more. The population of the area is currently around 7,600 and is projected to grow to over 8,200 in the next 5 years. The average age has been increasing and is projected to continue rising. The largest racial/ethnic groups are Hispanic/Latino and White (non-Hispanic), though the Hispanic/Latino percentage is projected to decline slightly.
1Running head ABBREVIATED TITLE OF PAPER (50 characters maxim.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE OF PAPER (50 characters maximum)
PAGE
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Annotated Bibliography
Engstrom, R., Hersh, J., & Newhouse, D. (2016). Poverty in HD: What Does High Resolution Satellite Imagery Reveal about Economic Welfare. Working paper.
This paper was a joint effort between researchers and seminar participants at the Boston University Development. The researchers got a financial support from the Strategic Research Program and World Bank Innovation. They selected areas for the sample, and they used some statistics of GN poverty and got some estimated from census of population to understand and prediction of the prevalence of poverty. They compared between the data which created spatial features from high resolution satellite imagery.
Moreover, the researchers made a classification for the objects such as of density and height of buildings, numbers of cars, type of roads and agriculture. The poverty has many correlates, some in urban areas and other in rural areas. Also, they used many indexes and indicators for modeling. They validated the poverty by using high resolution features and they explained the variation the extent of poverty. Finally, they concluded to many results, which indicated to a strong correlation between satellite indicators and predicted welfare. Also, the variables measuring were the strongest predictors of variation in poverty, Finally, they asserted the valuable of satellite imagery to help governments and stakeholders to elimination the poverty.
In sum, it is a useful paper, which has an explanation and analysis of how satellite images were used in poverty research, and what features can be extracted for analysis.
Engstrom, R. (2018). Linking pixels and poverty: Using satellite imagery to map poverty, Panel contribution to the population-environment research network cyber seminar,10516.
The author presented the importance of this topic and how many researchers in different disciplines have worked on poverty. The main goal for these researches is ending poverty in all its forms everywhere, that by defined its location. Recently, the researchers are starting to map the poverty. They performed mapping in traditional way by either using survey of household data or by combining them with census data. They faced many troubles in time, cost, and labors to collect data in many areas. Furthermore, the safety in the unstable areas. They avoided these problems by using satellite imagery. They started with images in night time lights to recognize the variations in poverty between countries. The researcher found "that areas with greater wealth have higher NTL light emissions and poorer areas have fewer light emissions." Since the results were limited to urban areas only. He focused on using high-resolution spatial images of less than 5 meters although they were expensive for researchers. Also, he used other approaches to map poverty areas including simple visual interpretation. He concluded to that the satelli.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses the Rank-Size Rule, which describes the relationship between the size and rank of cities. It was revealed that when cities are ranked by population size, the cumulative frequency of larger cities (over 20,000 people) follows a log-normal distribution when plotted against city size. General systems theory and concepts like stochastic growth and entropy have helped explain observed patterns in city size distributions, particularly the rank-size distribution. The document also examines factors that can affect a region's adherence to the Rank-Size Rule, such as transportation infrastructure and economic development. Criteria for optimal city size are discussed, including issues related to planning, health, safety, efficiency and more.
This document summarizes a research study on regional disparities in the aging process in Bangladesh. The study uses census and survey data to analyze indicators of population aging across Bangladesh's six divisions. The key findings are:
1) Barisal and Khulna divisions have the highest proportions of elderly people, while Rajshahi, Chittagong and Sylhet have the lowest.
2) Rural areas in each division show higher rates of aging than urban areas.
3) Male elderly populations are higher than females in all divisions, indicating a gender gap in aging rates.
4) Overall, the study finds significant regional, urban-rural, and male-female disparities in population aging across Bangladesh.
World population prospects the 2017 revisionjohneiver
This document summarizes key findings from the United Nations' 2017 Revision of World Population Prospects report. Some of the key points include:
- As of mid-2017, the world's population was nearly 7.6 billion, with 60% living in Asia and 17% in Africa. China and India remain the most populous countries.
- The global population is projected to increase to 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100 according to the medium-variant projection.
- Future population growth is expected to continue occurring primarily in Africa and Asia. Africa's population is projected to nearly quadruple by 2100, increasing from 1.3 billion
Prof. Melinda Laituri, Colorado State University | Open Data for Secondary Ci...Kathmandu Living Labs
State of the Map Asia (SotM-Asia) is the annual regional conference of OpenStreetMap (OSM) organized by OSM communities in Asia. First SotM-Asia was organized in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2015, and the second was organized in Manila, Philippines in 2016. This year’s conference, third in the series, was organized in Kathmandu, Nepal on September 23 – 24, 2017 at Park Village Resort, Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu, Nepal.
We brought nearly 200 Open Mapping enthusiasts from Asia and beyond to this year’s SotM-Asia. The event provided an opportunity to share knowledge and experience among mappers; expand their network; and generate ideas to expand map coverage and effective use of OSM data in Asian continent. We chose ‘from creation to use of OSM data’ as the theme of this year’s conference, emphasizing on the effective use of OSM data. We also brought together a government panel from four different countries in this year’s SotM-Asia. We believe this event will deepen the bond and enhance collaboration among OSM communities across Asia.
More information about the conference can be found on: http://stateofthemap.asia.
This document discusses various concepts of space that are relevant to human services planning, including physical, social, personal, temporal, virtual, psychological, philosophical, cartographic, and statistical spaces. It identifies issues with defining spaces and boundaries for planning purposes. These include conflicting definitions of space, problems with methodology like scale and data quality, and the complexity of allocating resources based on spaces and populations. Key challenges are the assumptions that administrative and statistical spaces are the same, data accuracy, and defining spaces and populations in a way that aligns with service needs.
Planning Liveable Cities With Big Social DataMatt Low
Big social data – data collected from online social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Foursquare and Yelp – can provide new insights into the dynamics of cities. Billions of data points can be harvested to understand how people move around the city and how they experience the urban environment. Deeper, real-time urban insights provide the evidence base for planning more liveable cities – building more responsive transport systems, developing unique neighbourhood identities, and designing more attractive places.
These new data sets are especially useful for addressing gaps within the urban planner’s
toolbox. Firstly, while the pace of change in cities accelerates, conventional data sets (such as Census data or surveys) are updated infrequently. Secondly, there is limited data about the invisible dimensions of cities – sentiment, movement, and social networks.
Similar to Spatial representation of data in Urban Planning and Design (20)
Urban Thinkers Campus TU Delft Report, World Urban Forum 9Roberto Rocco
Presentation given ay the World Urban Forum 9 in Kuala Lumpur on the results of the Urban Thinkers Campus held at TU Delft "EDUCATION FOR THE CITY WE NEED", sponsored by the World Urban Campaign, Arcadis and others.
Spatial Justice and the Right to the CityRoberto Rocco
Lecture prepared to the MADE course at AMS (Amsterdam Advanced Metropolitan Solutions course "Metropolitan Innovators" http://www.ams-institute.org/education/msc-made/
This is an improved (and abridged) version of my old presentation on VALUES FOR PLANNING, where I discuss ideas related to the main framework given to us by the Enlightenment. NOTICE that this presentation was designed in times of Trump, President Bannon, fake news and "alternative facts", so in a way, it is a response to all this.
This document outlines an exercise called "The Great Planning Game" where students are divided into groups and assigned hypothetical planning roles from a list of six typical roles. The roles include advocacy planner, communicative planner, manager planner, market planner, process planner, and strategic planner. Each group must choose a role, complete planning tasks like defining priorities and stakeholders, and debate their solutions with other groups. The exercise aims to describe different planner roles, discuss their values, and reflect on planning tools.
What happened in Quito: An account on UN Habitat 3Roberto Rocco
This is an account of the 3rd Un Habitat Conference in Quito and an analysis of the New Urban Agenda, made by Roberto Rocco and Ana Maria Fernandez-Maldonado (TU Delft)
The Myth of Participation, or how participation will deliver the Right to the...Roberto Rocco
Despiste the provocative title, this lecture delivers an account of how the idea of Active Citizenship has evolved in history and how this idea is related to the Right to the City. True citizen participation has the potential to deliver the right to the city. In this lecture, I explore a very old line of thought that goes from Aristotle and Plato, to Rousseau, Hannah Arendt, Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, all of whom affirm the power of active or engaged citizenship in shaping the city while simultaneously shaping us.
New Urban Challenges in Times of Financial CapitalismRoberto Rocco
This is a lecture originally prepared for the LANDac conference in Utrecht 2016. This is an adapted version for the ALUMNI DAY of the chair of Human Geography - International Development Studies at the University of Utrecht,
Intercultural awareness for architetural studentsRoberto Rocco
This is a presentation prepared for the introduction week at BOUWKUNDE, the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment of the TU Delft. In this presentation, I introduce MindMaps as a tool for intercultural awareness.
A New Urban Agenda in Times of Financial CapitalismRoberto Rocco
Keynote presentation by Roberto Rocco at the LANDAC Conference (Land Governance for Equitable and Sustainable Development), Muntgebouw, Utrecht, June 30 2016.
The 2016 LANDac Annual International Land Conference ‘Land governance in the context of urbanisation and climate change: Linking the rural and the urban’ will take place on Thursday 30 June and Friday 1 July in Utrecht, the Netherlands (Muntgebouw). The conference builds on the success of the 2015 International Conference in which LANDac brought together stakeholders from around the world, from a variety of backgrounds. The 2016 conference focuses on topics related to rural-urban land governance and climate change. For more information, visit http://www.landgovernance.org
In this presentation, I give an example of spatial strategy in which the Dutch Government seeks to strengthen the cohesion and consequently increase competitiveness of the Randstad (the networked city region in the West of the Netherlands, where the four main Dutch cities are located: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht).
The Political Meaning of Informal Urbanisation: exploring the meaning of posi...Roberto Rocco
This document discusses the political meaning and implications of informal urbanization. It begins by defining informal urbanization and distinguishing it from traditional urbanization. It then examines how informal urbanization is embedded within modernization processes and the rise of capitalism. Informal urbanization results from the need for cheap labor in countries where the rule of law is deficient and citizens lack civil rights. The document argues that informal settlements should be seen as instruments to achieve the right to the city, by providing hope, access to jobs and services, and affirming people's right to exist in the city. However, it also notes the enormous lack of access to positive rights and public goods in many informal settlements.
This is an exercise on unfolding especial dimensions of Urbanism. In this exercise, we explore SKILLS, TOOLS, VALUES, KNOWLEDGE and VALUES of the URBANIST, suing mind mapping techniques to discuss and expand our ideas.
SUMMER SCHOOL Regional Planning and Design with Water: Learning from Dutch Ci...Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation on the organisation of the Summer School "Regional Planning and Design with Water: Learning from Dutch Cities and Regions" by the Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy of the department of Urbanism of Delft University of Technology (2014)
Why discuss Spatial Justice in Urbanism studies?Roberto Rocco
Why discuss Spatial Justice in Urbanism studies?
In this text, I discuss why it is crucial to include justice as a parameter to evaluate plans, projects and designs and suggest some criteria.
This is a text I wrote for the ATLANTIS magazine, the magazine edited by the students of the Department of Urbanism of the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), where I work as an Assistant Professor at the Group of Spatial Planning and Strategy.
The whole magazine and other issues can be found at http://issuu.com/atlantismagazine
What is Urbanism at TU Delft ? (v. 2016)Roberto Rocco
This is a presentation where I introduce basic ideas on what is Urbanism at TU Delft and how it is taught. This presentation cannot be seen as the official view of the university on the subject. It is my interpretation of the course and reflects my understanding of the integration of the human sciences, the physical sciences and most particularly DESIGN in the course given at TU Delft. In this presentation, I take special care of explaining what are "objectives" of urbanism, so as to give prospective students a good notion of the tasks ahead.
Points of reflection for ethics in urbanism Roberto Rocco
This is a list of issues in Urbanism where ethical judgment plays a crucial role. We have elaborated this list with TU Delft students of Urbanism in mind. These are points students have asked us about, or points we’ve noticed students struggling with. This list does not tell you what to do. It invites you to reflect on issues where ethical judgment is necessary.
The TU Delft puts the highest importance on issues of ethics. And in fact, in order to form “good urbanists”, we need to provide them with knowledge and skills, but we also need to discuss ethical values. In fact, we recognize the importance of forming critical minds, which will be able to solve complex problems in the real world: minds that are able to investigate issues concerning the built environment and society, reflect upon them, communicate results clearly and articulate solutions among different stakeholders. These are activities that involve moral judgments and accountability towards the public.
Learning from Darwin: What can the man who wrote The Origin of Species teach ...Roberto Rocco
‘On the Origin of Species’ was published on 24 November 1859. It is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin, and it is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology. In this text, we read the INTRODUCTION to The Origin of Species and highlight aspects of the text that are relevant for us to understand a scientific attitude and how to translate this attitude into text. This exercise is intended to Urbanism students who are unsure about the tone and the kind of language they met adopt in scientific reports. The text we are about to analyse was written in the second half of the 19th century, but it is still incredibly modern and actual. Read the text carefully and reflect on the comments. What can you incorporate into your essays and reports?
Evaluation criteria for Urbanism based on Sustainability and Spatial JusticeRoberto Rocco
This document discusses evaluating projects and designs through the dimensions of sustainability and spatial justice. It provides an overview of key concepts related to sustainability, including the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. It also discusses the importance of considering the ethical dimension to ensure projects are both sustainable and fair. The document then explores the concept of spatial justice in more detail, relating it to ideas like the right to the city. It proposes using criteria derived from sustainability and spatial justice, like whether a project promotes redistribution and enhances prosperity, to evaluate projects and their alignment with these goals.
In this presentation, you will find the elements of a research project, as it is understood in the Master in Urbanism of the TU Delft. This is an adaptation of classical ways of organising a research project.
Issues of Governance in Spatial PlanningRoberto Rocco
This is an updated version of a lecture I have prepared on GOVERNANCE and arising issues connected to governance in Spatial Planning and Design. This particular version was presented at the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management of the University of Copenhagen, where I stayed I short while as research fellow.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Data, statistics
and how to
represent them
spatially!
3. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Data, statistics
and how to
represent them
spatially!
For a fact based
view of the
world
(Hans Rosling)
4. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The Science of Great Numbers
Statistics is a mathematical science
pertaining to the collection, analysis,
interpretation or explanation, and
presentation of data
Understanding Society
5. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Census X Statistics
Data collection only is not exactly
statistics.
Statistics is about understanding
trends and their evolution through
periods of time using data.
Measuring Society X Interpreting society
6. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Population measures
Population measures (birth and death
rates) were the major preoccupation
of early quantifiers of society.
Measuring Society
7. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The origin of the name: Statistik
Although census have been around since antiquity,
the science of understanding trends, foreseeing
outcomes and explaining societal movements
through numbers is relatively new.
8. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The origin of the name: Statistik
The study of ‘ social numbers’ needed a name. In
1749, the German scholar Gottfried Achenwall
suggested that since this science dealt with the
natural ‘states’ of society (rather than ‘laws’) , it
should be called Statistik.
9. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Modern sources for data
• The Census (CBS): several kinds of census
• Revenue (Belastingdienst)
• Commercial associations (KvK)
• Municipalities and ministries (former VROM,
Traffic, Housing, Green , Pollution, Water, etc)
• Internet is not a source: it is a means. Where in the
internet? (source = institution/publisher/author)
10. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The World Population in 2008
Source: CIA World Fact Book
In this example, we deal with the visualization of raw
numbers. No ‘trends’ are described.
6,707 973 4,054 732 577 337 34.3
World Africa Asia Europe
Latin
America
Northern
America Oceania
11. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Graphic representation
Immediate reading
Here, the same numbers are presented in a graphical, audience
friendly way. Explaining these numbers is made easier by dealing
with graphic representation. Excel is a good tool to achieve this.
0 2,000 4,000 6,000
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America*
Northern America*
Oceania
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America*
Northern America*
Oceania
12. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
World Population by Country
Source: CIA World Fact Book
Here, numbers are pegged to territorial units. These units
are too big to give us any idea about real densities, but this
map informs us about absolute numbers.
13. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Evolution of World Population
between 1750 and 2150
Source: World Bank, 2009. Here, the progression of world population is
shown. There is a possibility to understand this progression through
absolute numbers through TIME and therefore to identify possible
trends and ‘project’ numbers into the future (estimating).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Population 791 978 1262 1650 2521 5978 6707 8909 9746
Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2150
791 978
1262
1650
2521
5978
6707
8909
9746
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
What is the meaning of life?
It is all about correlations
The meaning
of life is 42.
Here, we show an example of uncorrelated data. The meaning of life is
14 in relation to what? But whose life are we talking about? The question
was not well formulated in the first place.
15. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The answer to the Ultimate Question
of Life, the Universe and
Everything
• The number 42 is in the novel ‘The Hitchhiker's Guide to the
Galaxy’ by Douglas Adams.
• The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe,
and Everything is calculated by an enormous supercomputer
over a period of 7.5 million years to be 42. Unfortunately no
one knows what the correlations are (42 what?)
16. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Population Growth Rates
Source: CIA World Fact Book
Trends and progressions can also be represented in spatial
units. Here we see which countries are growing in terms of
total population, which ones are stable and which are
shrinking.
17. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Change in city population in
Northern Europe 1985-1995
Source: Nordregio
18. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
NL population growth by municipality
2007-2025 (prognosis)
Source: CBS
19. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Population density per square mile (2.6 sq
km) Interactive
http://www.time.com/time/covers/20061030/where_we_live/
20. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Indian Population Growth Rate
GIS
This is a ‘classic’ example of GIS use. Here data on population growth is
pegged to Indian districts to show intensity of growth represented by colours.
The legenda is there to indicate units. Source: gisdevelopment.net
21. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The science of trends and
probabilities
The analysis of social data over
extended periods of time can give us
indications on trends and
probabilities, but never certainties.
Undersanding where society is going
It is possible to measure some social processes. The science of big large numbers
informs us about the behaviour of large numbers of people, but not about the
behaviour of individuals. It is also not an ‘exact’ science, in the sense that results
are inferred, but they are not mathematical certainties.
22. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Spatializing Data
One of the great ‘leaps forward’ in statistics was
the pegging of data to space, generally in the
form of maps.
Understanding society and space
23. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Spatializing Data
The correlation of space with social processes has
revealed behavioral patterns and social processes
that are simultaneously defining and defined by
space.
An iterative relationship
24. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
John Snow: The London Cholera
Epidemic of 1854
Published by C.F. Cheffins, Lith, Southhampton Buildings, London, England, 1854 in Snow, John. On the Mode of
Communication of Cholera, 2nd Ed, John Churchill, New Burlington Street, London, England, 1855.
Putting data in space and making conclusions
25. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Seoul Population Density per District (2000)
Source: So_Jeong Park, 2008 (Graduation Project TU Delft)
26. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Seoul: Residential Land Value (2006)
Source: So_Jeong Park, 2008 (Graduation Project TU Delft)
27. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Seoul: Residents on Social Welfare
Programs (1999)
28. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Correlation is not causality
Source: http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/
2007_probleemwijken_amsterdam.pdf
29. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Mapping clandestine settlements in Sao
Paulo
Data source: IBGE, Map: Roberto Rocco
30. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Mapping land value in Sao Paulo
Data source: Bolsa de Imoveis 2002, Map: Roberto Rocco
31. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Mapping average income in Sao Paulo
Data source: Prefeitura Sao Paulo, Map: Roberto Rocco
32. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Human Development Index
United Nations Human Development Forum
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index used to rank
countries by level of development of social indicators. This
may show us whether a country is developed, developing, or
underdeveloped. It combines three key indicators:
• Life expectancy at birth
• Knowledge and education, measured by the adult literacy
rate (2/3) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary
gross enrolment ratio (1/3).
• Gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity
(PPP).
33. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Human Development IndexThe
United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) rankings for 2008,
Source: UN
34. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
HDI in the USA (2010)
Source: The American Human Development Project (American Social Sciences
Research Council)
35. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
HDI in the USA (2010)
Source: The American Human Development Project (American Social Sciences
Research Council)
36. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Using the same methodology for a city
Here, smaller territorial units (districts) are used and the same
indicators are measured at a very local level. The social-make up of
the city is clearly outlined, though some nuances are not visible.
Source: IBGE. Map: Roberto Rocco
37. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Using the same methodology for a city
Here, very small units of analysis are used, based on postal code areas.
Remember that each postal code corresponds to a very small territorial
unit, and sometimes even to one building. This gives us a very precise
description of the social make-up at the very local level. Using GIS
(Geographical and Information Systems), data (numbers) can be
represented on geographic interface (a map)
38. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Racial/ ethnic self identification Chicago (2000)
Source: http://www.radicalcartography.net/index.html?chicagodots
39. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Annual household income in Chicago (2000?)
Source: http://www.radicalcartography.net/index.html?chicagodots
40. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
But why oh why do we need statistics and its
graphic representation in urbanism?
• Which country has the highest child mortality in the
following pairs?
• Sri Lanka or Turkey
• Poland or South Korea
• Malaysia or Russia
• Pakistan or Vietnam
• Thailand or South Africa
41. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Hans Rosling shows the best
stats you've ever seen at
TED Ideas worth spreading
• http://www.ted.com/talks/
hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html
42. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Visit Hans Rosling’s site
• http://www.gapminder.org/
• And watch the BBC4 documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo
43. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The Randstad
This map shows the
percentage of low
income households per
municipality. The
source is the
Ruimtelijke Plan Bureau
RPB, 2004.
Map by R. Rocco
44. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The Randstad
This map shows the
percentage of creative
jobs in the total
employment per
municipality. The
source is the
Ruimtelijke Plan Bureau
RPB, 2004.
Map by R. Rocco
45. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
The South Wing
This map was extracted from the work “Looping the archipelago” . This
work is the graduation work of the EMU European Masters of Urbanism
Studio Mobile Strategies (Remon Rooij and Roberto Rocco). This is a
conventional satellite view of the regional, but the water has been
‘enhanced’ in white. Some important info is missing, like the scale, the
north arrow,etc.
46. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
living / working in the southwing
source: Geographical Informa4onal System, Cluster Analysis
The South Wing
This GIS analysis was
extracted from the
work “Looping the
archipelago” . This
work is the graduation
work of the EMU
European Masters of
Urbanism Studio Mobile
Strategies (Remon
Rooij and Roberto
Rocco). This map
shows concentration of
dwellings versus
concentration of work
posts)
47. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
services / produc4on in the southwing
source: Geographical Informa4onal System, Cluster Analysis
The South Wing
This GIS analysis was
extracted from the
work “Looping the
archipelago” . This
work is the graduation
work of the EMU
European Masters of
Urbanism Studio Mobile
Strategies (Remon
Rooij and Roberto
Rocco). This map
shows concentration of
services versus
concentration of
industrial activity.
48. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
social clusters in the southwing
source: Geographical Informa4onal System, Cluster Analysis
The South Wing
This GIS analysis was
extracted from the
work “Looping the
archipelago” . This
work is the graduation
work of the EMU
European Masters of
Urbanism Studio Mobile
Strategies (Remon
Rooij and Roberto
Rocco). This map
shows concentration of
non-western non-native
immigrants versus
concentration of
western non-native
immigrants.
49. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
environmental balance car domina4on
71,6 % car, 14,3% public transport,
12,2% slower means of transport
modal split development 1960‐2000
car based system ...
traffic intensity (na4onal and provincial roads)
motorway oriented network
“unequal distribu4on of public
transport between main centers
and peripheries” source: ‘Ontwikkelingen in Verkeer en Vervoer 1990 – 2020’, AVV
source: The supply, use and quality of randstad holland’s transporta4on networks in compara4ve perspec4ve, Hilbers and Wilmink, 2002
55. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
MAPSCROLL
http://mapscroll.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.htm
Information is beautiful
http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/
Flowing Data
http://flowingdata.com/
Urban Data Visualization Lab University of Illinois
http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/udv/research.html
Design Reviver (for info graphics)
http://designreviver.com/inspiration/30‐of‐the‐best‐infographics‐that‐effectively‐
showcase‐data/
50 informative and well design graphics
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/50‐informative‐and‐well‐designed‐infographics/
Please, have a look at the Statistical Literacy Guides of the British government for
useful guides in English
http://www.parliament.uk/topics/Statistics‐policyArchive.htm
For more innovative and inventive use of statistics in
maps and graphic representation, go to
56. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
http://flowingdata.com/2010/11/29/statistics-vs-stories/
For an analysis on the differences between individual
stories and statistics go to
57. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Las Vegas from '73 to '92
Source: New York Times Report on Urban Growth
58. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Built area growth in the city of
São Paulo, Brazil
Source: MEYER, R., GROSTEIN, M. D. & BIDERMAN, C.
2004. Sao Paulo Metropole, Sao Paulo, EDUSP
59. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Built area growth in the city of
Sidney, Australia
Source: Government of Queensland, Australia.
60. Data, Statistics and Spatial Representation
Questions? Answers?
Please contact me at
Roberto Rocco
R.c.rocco@tudelft.nl