This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of the textbook Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. It discusses population distribution and density, factors that influence where people live such as physical geography and agricultural land. It then covers population growth and decline, describing the demographic transition from high birth and death rates to low rates. Population composition and age structure are discussed and represented using population pyramids. Health factors like life expectancy and disease prevalence are examined as influences on population dynamics in different places. Government policies on population are also summarized.