The greater part of the modern GNSS receiver are able to guarantee a fair positioning performance almost
everywhere. The aim is to investigate the effective potentialities of GNSS sensor such as GPS, GLONASS and
to make a statistical analysis of these receivers. The continuous increase of the number of GNSS multiconstellation
station will give a good opportunity to improve accuracy and precision levels. The system is
based on sensors, Arm cortex, and personal computer. Positioning data which includes both longitude and
latitude is extracted using NMEA protocol of the receiver. The extracted data will be displayed and saved on
personal computer and retrieved later. Each receiver sensor is analyzed, statistically characterized and its
error probabilities are obtained.
ANALYSIS OF GPS ERRORS DURING DIFFERENT TIMES IN A DAY IJORCS
This paper focuses on modeling the errors which normally degrade the accuracy of Global Poisoning System (GPS). The performance of the GPS is mainly affected by ionospheric errors. SiRF Star III single frequency receiver is used for collecting and projecting datum in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) co-ordinate form. To project the ellipsoidal model onto a map model, datum conversion from WGS-84 to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) form is needed. The conversion introduces errors in the datum. The variation in the errors can be observed from day to night, area to area and also due to the seasonal changes. The datum is collected from Ameerpet region of Hyderabad, which is a heavily populated area with heavy traffic and tall buildings. The variation in the datum has been observed from afternoon to evening.
ANALYSIS OF GPS ERRORS DURING DIFFERENT TIMES IN A DAY IJORCS
This paper focuses on modeling the errors which normally degrade the accuracy of Global Poisoning System (GPS). The performance of the GPS is mainly affected by ionospheric errors. SiRF Star III single frequency receiver is used for collecting and projecting datum in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) co-ordinate form. To project the ellipsoidal model onto a map model, datum conversion from WGS-84 to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) form is needed. The conversion introduces errors in the datum. The variation in the errors can be observed from day to night, area to area and also due to the seasonal changes. The datum is collected from Ameerpet region of Hyderabad, which is a heavily populated area with heavy traffic and tall buildings. The variation in the datum has been observed from afternoon to evening.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system today able to show one’s own position on the earth any time in any weather, anywhere. This paper addresses this satellite based navigation system at length. The different segments of GPS viz. space segment, control segment, user segment are discussed. In addition, how this amazing system GPS works, is clearly described. The various errors that degrade the performance of GPS are also included. DIFFERENTIAL GPS, which is used to improve the accuracy of measurements, is also studied. The need, working and implementation of DGPS are discussed at length. Finally, the paper ends with advanced application of GPS.
GPS Datum Conversion and Improvement in GPS Accuracyijsrd.com
GPS Positioning has numerous applications in the field of navigation and Geodesy.GPS positioning is mainly based on the different Geodetic Datum. This paper mainly discusses the improved datum conversion equations for the conversion of World Geodetic System (WGS-84) to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), vice versa and the reduction of errors introduced while datum conversion. By applying the different filters like Least Squares Algorithm (LSA), Kalman Filter (KF) and Modified Kalman Filter (MKF) a considerable improvement in consistency has been observed. Comparatively Modified Kalman Filter gives better accuracy in positioning.GPS coordinates data samples are collected in different environments like heavy traffic area, tall buildings area are taken to validate the results.
Global Positioning System for College SeminarShaeq Ahmad
Seminar on Global Positioning System
•GPS Segments
•Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)
•GPS Usage in Palm Jumeirah Archipelago Construction
Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only system today able to show one’s own position on the earth any time in any weather, anywhere. This paper addresses this satellite based navigation system at length. The different segments of GPS viz. space segment, control segment, user segment are discussed. In addition, how this amazing system GPS works, is clearly described. The various errors that degrade the performance of GPS are also included. DIFFERENTIAL GPS, which is used to improve the accuracy of measurements, is also studied. The need, working and implementation of DGPS are discussed at length. Finally, the paper ends with advanced application of GPS.
GPS Datum Conversion and Improvement in GPS Accuracyijsrd.com
GPS Positioning has numerous applications in the field of navigation and Geodesy.GPS positioning is mainly based on the different Geodetic Datum. This paper mainly discusses the improved datum conversion equations for the conversion of World Geodetic System (WGS-84) to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), vice versa and the reduction of errors introduced while datum conversion. By applying the different filters like Least Squares Algorithm (LSA), Kalman Filter (KF) and Modified Kalman Filter (MKF) a considerable improvement in consistency has been observed. Comparatively Modified Kalman Filter gives better accuracy in positioning.GPS coordinates data samples are collected in different environments like heavy traffic area, tall buildings area are taken to validate the results.
Global Positioning System for College SeminarShaeq Ahmad
Seminar on Global Positioning System
•GPS Segments
•Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)
•GPS Usage in Palm Jumeirah Archipelago Construction
Application of differential systems in global navigation satellite systemsAli N.Khojasteh
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) include different parts such as control and monitoring stations for the Earth and space settings. Timing, positioning, and control of navigation methods are the main outputs of GNSS. Based on Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), local and global Satellite Navigation Systems used for positioning and precision approach in aviation instead of present systems like Instrumental Landing Systems (ILS) and its future predict of ICAO. But these systems have errors in positioning and
velocity measurements. The differential corrections are determined by single or multiple reference stations. The single reference station concept is simple but the position accuracy is decreases. This article compares differential systems methods for correcting the errors.
Key points: basic concepts and system components of GPS positioning; basic GPS positioning principles.
Difficulties: The concepts and uses of absolute and relative GPS positioning, static and dynamic positioning in the classification of GPS positioning methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Location in ubiquitous computing, LOCATION SYSTEMSSalah Amean
This presentation is a simple effort to survey positioning systems which is part o
Introduction
Location system
Global Positioning System
Active Badge
Active Bat
Cricket
UbiSense
RADAR
Place Lab
PowerLine Positioning
ActiveFloor
Airbus and Tracking with Cameras
Credit:
1-the presentation follows the book of "Ubiquitous computing fundamentals by John Krumm " 2010 .
2- few videos are downloaded and integrated with the presentation. Most of the videos are important to explain about each topics they are placed in
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. 126 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Different GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Receiver’s combination and its Spatial
Information Analytics
system being developed by Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) which would be under the
total control of Indian government. The
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) satellite
regional time transfer system and enhancement
for GPS covering Japan.
The examination of errors figured when using
GNSS is essential to know how GNSS performs
function, and also to know how much error can be
acceptable. The GNSS modifies the recipient clock
mistakes and different impacts however some are
leftover that has to be rectified. They are climatic
error such as ionosphere obstruction and
multipath propagation impact, large DOP values,
ephemeris and clock error and disturbance that
occurs in receiver. The clocks present in GNSS are
very exact, but still float in little range.
Lamentably, little incorrectness in clock affects a
huge blunder in the position computed by the
recipient. For instance, 10 nanoseconds of
mistakes results in 2.5 meters of position
inaccuracy. Ionosphere layer is between 90 km to
650 km over the earth. This layer consists of ions.
These particles defer the signals of satellites and
thus bring lot of position mistake. Normally ±5
meters, yet can be additionally increases during
high ionosphere action. The troposphere layer is
nearest to the Earth. Delay occurs in this layer is
due to moistness, heat and barometrical weight.
Multipath propagation occurs while the signal
travels towards antenna. These error occurs due
large buildings, trees etc, which delays the signals
to reach particular antenna. Dilution of Precision
(DOP) is the additional impact on satellite position
determination. Large the DOP values more will be
the position error occurs.
A. Existing System
The United States Department of Defense (DoD)
has developed the Navstar GPS, which is an
all-weather, space based navigation system to
meet the needs of the USA military forces and
accurately determine their position, velocity, and
time in a common reference system, anywhere on
or near the Earth on a continuous basis. GPS has
made a considerable impact on almost all
positioning, navigation, timing and monitoring
applications. It provides particularly coded
satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS
receiver, allowing the receiver to estimate position,
velocity and time. The U.S. Department of Defense
strives to maintain the integrity and reliability of at
least twenty-four satellites in the GPS network.
Using GPS only, users will typically observe four to
eight GPS satellites at any one time, which is
adequate for determining a receiver’s position in
most obstruction-free environments. This cause
major error in the determination of position
accurately. Therefore combining GNSS receivers
will increase the accuracy. Some of the major
advantages of GNSS over existing GPS are
More satellites to track, which can increase
receiver accuracy and reliability
A shorter warm-up time (known as “time to first
fix”)
Reduced delay in recomposing a position if
satellite signals are temporarily blocked by
obstructions
The ability to compute a position in situations
that were previously too difficult for a
standalone GPS receiver operation—especially
near tree lines, buildings, large obstacles, etc.
II. METHODOLOGY USED TO EXTRACT GNSS DATA
Fig 2.1: GNSS receiver architecture
Signal in space (SIS) coming from the GNSS
satellite is received through antenna of the sensor
as shown in figure 2.1. Radio frequency is used
between 1 to 2GHZ. Data obtained will be in the
form of NMEA data. The National Marine
Electronics Association (NMEA) has developed a
specification that defines the interface between
various pieces of marine electronic equipment.
Most computer programs that provide real time
position information understand and expect data
to be in NMEA format. This data includes the
complete PVT (position, velocity, time) solution
computed by GNSS receiver. The idea of NMEA is
to send a line of data called a sentence that is
totally self contained and independent from other
sentences. All NMEA sentences is sequences of
ACSII symbols begins with a '$' and ends with a
carriage return/line feed sequence and can be no
longer than 80 characters of visible text (plus the
line terminators). Table 2.1 shows the
communication configuration specifications.
3. 127 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Volume: 2 | Issue: 04 | April 2016 | ISSN: 2455-3778IJMTST
Table 2.1: Configuration Specifications
Typical baud
rate
9600
Data bits 8
Parity None
Stop bit 1(or
more)
Handshaking None
III. METHODS FOR USING SPATIAL DATA
Statistical analysis requires a combination of
quantitative and qualitative analysis. Qualitative
analysis is fundamental, and a quantitative
analysis, which is the core of statistical analysis, is
based on the precision of the qualitative analysis.
According to different nature of statistical analysis
contents, there are kinds of methods can be used.
They are state analysis, factor analysis, link
analysis, trend analysis, decision analysis,
multi-level analysis.
State analysis can be subdivided into a number
of different types of properties: static analysis,
dynamic analysis, a state analysis of simple
totality, a state analysis of complex totality. Index
method can also be used for static analysis, such
as analysis of the degree of completion of the
project, which is a static analysis index. Factor
analysis is a quantitative analysis of the factors,
elements and the internal compositions that
determine the development conditions of things.
This is the most common analysis in statistical
analysis. Socio-economic phenomena are
interrelated. Causation, proportional, and
balanced relations are in the presence of these
associates. Correlation analysis uses the
interrelated socio-economic phenomenon to
analyze the numerical relations in order to study
the regularity. Methods of trend analysis include
both mathematical models, such as the trend line
method, and non-mathematical model, such as
the time expanding method and average moving
method cooperating with the trend line method.
Decision analysis is that people analyze,
investigate, and compare different things to find
optimization goals and actions to achieve program
objectives optimally under certain conditions.
Some problem is relatively simple, one or two
levels will be able to analyze the problem clearly.
Some issues are more complex, multi-level
analysis and layers of anatomy need to be used to
find the nature and law issues. For multi-level
analysis, each level must go through qualitative –
quantitative - qualitative analysis.
A. DOP (Dilution of Precision)
The main purpose of stating DOP is to know
about how errors may influence the last state
approximation. Thus it is expressed as
In a perfect world little changes in the deliberate
information won't bring about vast changes in
yield area, in that capacity an outcome would
demonstrate the arrangement is extremely
sensitive mistakes. If the satellite in view are far
apart DOP value will be high, if the satellite in view
are close together DOP will be low. Table 3.1
shows the DOP values explanations. DOP includes
HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision), VDOP
(Vertical Dilution of Precision), PDOP (Position
Dilution Of precision), TDOP (Time Dilution Of
Precision). The impact of satellite geometry in the
position blunder is known as geometric DOP. For
instance consider a pyramid structure formed by
joining satellites from the receiver end. Larger the
volume good DOP values will be getting, smaller
the volume worst DOP value will be obtained.
B. DOP Calculation
HDOP (Horizontal Geometric Dilution of
Precision), GDOP, PDOP and VDOP can be known
by geometry of the present satellites from the view
of receivers. DOP values will be worse by the
obstacle such as large buildings, vehicles etc. In
order to compute DOP values, consider x, y, z as
position of receiver and , , position of the
satellite i. Thus matrix Y is given by
The initial three components of the column of A
are the parts of a unit vector from the recipient to
the showed satellite. The components in the
fourth segment are c which means the speed of
light which is always one. If it is -1 then it should
be computed properly. Formulate matrix Q, as
Q=
Where Q is given by
4. 128 International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology
Different GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Receiver’s combination and its Spatial
Information Analytics
Thus PDOP, TDOP and GDOP can be calculated as
Table 3.1: DOP ranges explanation
C. HDOP versus VDOP
Large the number of satellites utilized as a part of
the arrangement, littler the DOP values and
subsequently littler the error. An accurate HDOP
values without error occurred will be between one
and two. VDOP contains the value higher than
HDOP. VDOP is more because the signal is
received above the receiver. This indicates that
position error occurs more due to VDOP. HDOP
performs less error because signals are received
from all the sides. If the earth were transparent to
radio waves, then vertical directions would have
same exactness as horizontal coordinates. VDOP
accuracy can also be progressed by using accurate
clock at the receiver. HDOP and VDOP values are
also affected by higher latitudes (north or south)
values. This is because number of satellites for
view in high region will be low. The main reason,
the satellite can incline only for 55 degrees that is,
it is not at all possible to get the satellite directly at
latitude north of 55 degrees north (or south of 55
degrees south). DOP values will still be more even
if the satellites are more in mid latitude, because
of heavy forest. This obstruction does not allow
tracking the signals.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
technology has become vital to many applications
that range from city planning engineering and
zoning to military applications. It has been widely
accepted globally by governments and
organizations. The impressive progress in wireless
communications and networks has played a great
role in increasing interest in GNSS and providing
enabling methodologies and mechanisms. Thus if
there is a necessary of accurate positioning,
combined receiver should be used than GPS or
GLONASS alone. The GNSS can be future
enhanced for indoor environment. This can be
done by impressive progress in wireless
communications and networks in increasing
interest in GNSS and providing enabling
methodologies and mechanisms.
REFERENCES
[1] BaburaoKodavati, V.K.Raju, S.SrinivasaRao,
A.V.Prabu, T.AppaRao, Dr.Y.V.Narayana, “GSM and
GPS based vehicle location and tracking system”,
International journal of engineering research and
applications 3,pp. 616-625, 2010.
[2] DaeHee won, Eunsung Lee,Moonbeomtteo,
Seung-woo Lee, Jiyon Lee, Jeongraekim,
Sangkyungsung and Young Jae Lee, “Selective
Integration of GNSS Vision Sensor and INS using
Weighted DOP under GNSS-Challenged
Environment”, IEEE Transaction on
Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 63,
No.9, September 2014.
[3] AnjaGrosch and BoubekerBelabbas,”Parametric
study of loosely coupled INS/GNSS integrity
performance”, institute of communication and
navigation, IEEE, 2012
[4] Gerhard Hejc, Jochenseitz, Thorsten Vaupel,
”Bayesian sensor fusion of wi-fi signal strengths and
GNSS code and carrier phases for positioning in
urban environment” Fraunhofer institute for
integrated sircuits IIS Nuremberg, IEEE 2014.
[5] Daniel Egea, Jose A.Lopez Salcedo, Gonzalo
Seco-Granados, ”Interference and multipath
sequential tests for signal integrity in multi-antenna
GNSS receivers” Department of telecommunications
and signal engineering, Universitat Autonoma de
Bareelona, IEEE 2014.
[6] “Global Positioning System for Object Tracking”,
international journal of computer application,
Volume 109-8, January 2015.
[7] Rahul Shankar, ”A Panacea For Defence Sector in
Global Navigation System; IRNSS, Journal of
electrical engineering and science(JEES).)