In the navigational applications, radar and satellite requires a device that is a radar altimeter. The
working frequency of this system is 4.2 to 4.3GHz and also requires less weight, low profile, and high gain
antennas. The above mentioned application is possible with microstrip antenna as also known as planar
antenna. In this paper, the microstrip antennas are designed at 4.3GHz (C-band) in rectangular and
circular shape patch antennas in single element and arrays with parasitic elements placed in H-plane
coupling. The performance of all these shapes is analyzed in terms of radiation pattern, half power points,
and gain and impedance bandwidth in MATLAB. This work extended here with designed in different shapes
like Rhombic, Pentagon, Octagon and Edges-12 etc. Further these parameters are simulated in ANSOFT-
HFSSTM V9.0 simulator.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Review: Dual Band Microstrip Antennas for Wireless ApplicationsIJAAS Team
In this manuscript, a review of dual band microstrip antennas for wireless communication is presented. This review manuscript discusses regarding the geometric structures, different methods of analysis for antenna characteristics, and different types of wireless applications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SAUSAGE MINKOWSKI SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATIONP singh
Square Patch Antennas find wide range in practical modern communication system. The novel idea employed in this paper is to use Sausage Minkowski of square patch antenna as a candidate for using in Global Positioning System (GPS) applications. The antenna has been designed to operate at frequency resonance of 1.575 GHz which is the upper GPS band (L1). The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using CST Studio suite version-2014. The proposed antenna has been simulated on substrate TMM4 of relative permittivity equals to 4.5 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The results are reported in terms of reflection coefficient, VSWR, directivity and gain. According to our results, the antenna at 2nd iteration has gain 4.61dB, VSWR is 1.2 and reduce in area of patch about 42.8% less than 0 iteration. The antenna is more efficient by applying fractal geometry.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
In the recent years the improvement in communication systems requires the development of low cost, minimal weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequency. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this paper, we designed a rectangular micro strip patch antenna at 3.8GHz and study the effect of antenna dimension Length (L), Width (W), substrate parameter relative dielectric constant (€r ) substrate thickness (h) and radiation pattern using Ansoft HFSS. It even describes the increasing effect of Gain and Directivity. The Proposed antenna also presents the detail steps of designing the micro strip antenna and the simulated result. The feeding technique used to feed the antenna is coaxial probe feeding technique. Micro strip patch antenna is used in many fields like Antenna and mobile communication, Filters, PCB board model and EMC and EMI. Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) substrate with a dielectric constant of approximately 2.2, is a feed and has a partial ground plane. The gain and directivity of the designed antenna is 7.7082 dB and 7.76882dB respectively.
Study of Compact and Wideband Microstrip U-Slot Patch Antenna with DGS for Sa...Rammohan Mudgal
Microstrip patch antennas are used in many wireless
communication applications. This paper proposes the use of a
patch antenna with U-shaped slot and ground with reduced
dimension having DGS(Defected Ground Structure.) to achieve
wideband application with very low return loss. The objective of
this paper is to design, construct and fabricate microstrip antennas
suitable for satellite application that centred at frequency 6.3GHz.
The antenna must operate within the band of 6.3GHz band. This
band is currently being used in military applications. The antenna
is proposed to be used as a transmitting as well as receiving
antenna in wireless network and the mentioned applications. A
thick substrate with finite ground dimensions broadens the
bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna reduced the
return loss as well as increases the bandwidth of the antenna
without increasing substrate height with the help of DGS.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design LTE Microstrip Antenna Rectangular Patch with Beetle-Shaped SlotTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, the microstrip antenna rectangular patch with beetle shaped slot is presented. The
characterization results of the proposed antenna obtained by changing the dimensions of the ground
plane. CST software is used to design and analyze this proposed antenna. The simulated results of
proposed antenna show that the antenna works at the frequency of 2.1 GHz while the return loss of -32.18
dB with the bandwidth reaches 155.19 MHz and the gain of 3.895 dBi.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
IJWEST CFP (9).pdfCALL FOR ARTICLES...! IS INDEXING JOURNAL...! Internationa...dannyijwest
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Email: ijwestjournal@airccse.org / ijwest@aircconline.com or through Submission System.
mportant Dates
Submission Deadline : June 01, 2024
Notification :July 01, 2024
Final Manuscript Due : July 08, 2024
Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
Here's where you can reach us : ijwestjournal@yahoo.com or ijwestjournal@airccse.org or ijwest@aircconline.com
More Related Content
Similar to Design of A Pentagon Microstrip Antenna for Radar Altimeter Application
SAUSAGE MINKOWSKI SQUARE PATCH ANTENNA FOR GPS APPLICATIONP singh
Square Patch Antennas find wide range in practical modern communication system. The novel idea employed in this paper is to use Sausage Minkowski of square patch antenna as a candidate for using in Global Positioning System (GPS) applications. The antenna has been designed to operate at frequency resonance of 1.575 GHz which is the upper GPS band (L1). The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using CST Studio suite version-2014. The proposed antenna has been simulated on substrate TMM4 of relative permittivity equals to 4.5 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The results are reported in terms of reflection coefficient, VSWR, directivity and gain. According to our results, the antenna at 2nd iteration has gain 4.61dB, VSWR is 1.2 and reduce in area of patch about 42.8% less than 0 iteration. The antenna is more efficient by applying fractal geometry.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
In the recent years the improvement in communication systems requires the development of low cost, minimal weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequency. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this paper, we designed a rectangular micro strip patch antenna at 3.8GHz and study the effect of antenna dimension Length (L), Width (W), substrate parameter relative dielectric constant (€r ) substrate thickness (h) and radiation pattern using Ansoft HFSS. It even describes the increasing effect of Gain and Directivity. The Proposed antenna also presents the detail steps of designing the micro strip antenna and the simulated result. The feeding technique used to feed the antenna is coaxial probe feeding technique. Micro strip patch antenna is used in many fields like Antenna and mobile communication, Filters, PCB board model and EMC and EMI. Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) substrate with a dielectric constant of approximately 2.2, is a feed and has a partial ground plane. The gain and directivity of the designed antenna is 7.7082 dB and 7.76882dB respectively.
Study of Compact and Wideband Microstrip U-Slot Patch Antenna with DGS for Sa...Rammohan Mudgal
Microstrip patch antennas are used in many wireless
communication applications. This paper proposes the use of a
patch antenna with U-shaped slot and ground with reduced
dimension having DGS(Defected Ground Structure.) to achieve
wideband application with very low return loss. The objective of
this paper is to design, construct and fabricate microstrip antennas
suitable for satellite application that centred at frequency 6.3GHz.
The antenna must operate within the band of 6.3GHz band. This
band is currently being used in military applications. The antenna
is proposed to be used as a transmitting as well as receiving
antenna in wireless network and the mentioned applications. A
thick substrate with finite ground dimensions broadens the
bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna reduced the
return loss as well as increases the bandwidth of the antenna
without increasing substrate height with the help of DGS.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design LTE Microstrip Antenna Rectangular Patch with Beetle-Shaped SlotTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, the microstrip antenna rectangular patch with beetle shaped slot is presented. The
characterization results of the proposed antenna obtained by changing the dimensions of the ground
plane. CST software is used to design and analyze this proposed antenna. The simulated results of
proposed antenna show that the antenna works at the frequency of 2.1 GHz while the return loss of -32.18
dB with the bandwidth reaches 155.19 MHz and the gain of 3.895 dBi.
A small H-shaped microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth is presented. The H-shaped antenna is first studied and then fully simulated by HFSS. A dual U slot H patch configuration is proposed to increase the narrow bandwidth, radiation efficiency and directivity. A novel H-shaped patch antenna suitable for wireless and satellite communications is presented. This paper presents the dual U slot H-shaped microstrip patch antenna feed by transmission line. The decrease in the prices of handheld devices and services has made available on the move internet and web services facility to the customers, small antennas requirement are increasing. In this paper H-shaped patch antenna is designed using FR4 substrate. The proposed modified H shaped antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS and caters to various wireless applications such as WiMAX, Wi-Fi, UMTS and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) e.g. T V, etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
IJWEST CFP (9).pdfCALL FOR ARTICLES...! IS INDEXING JOURNAL...! Internationa...dannyijwest
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Email: ijwestjournal@airccse.org / ijwest@aircconline.com or through Submission System.
mportant Dates
Submission Deadline : June 01, 2024
Notification :July 01, 2024
Final Manuscript Due : July 08, 2024
Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
Here's where you can reach us : ijwestjournal@yahoo.com or ijwestjournal@airccse.org or ijwest@aircconline.com
Cybercrimes in the Darknet and Their Detections: A Comprehensive Analysis and...dannyijwest
Although the Dark web was originally used for maintaining privacy-sensitive communication for business or intelligence services for defence, government and business organizations, fighting against censorship and blocked content, later, the advantage of technologies behind the Dark web were abused by criminals to conduct crimes which involve drug dealing to the contract of assassinations in a widespread manner. Since the communication remains secure and untraceable, criminals can easily use dark web service via The Onion Router (TOR), can hide their illegal motives and can conceal their criminal activities. This makes it very difficult to monitor and detect cybercrimes over the dark web. With the evolution of machine learning, natural language processing techniques, computational big data applications and hardware, there is a growing interest in exploiting dark web data to monitor and detect criminal activities. Due to the anonymity provided by the Dark Web, the rapid disappearance and the change of the uniform resource locators (URLs) of the resources, it is not as easy to crawl the Drak web and get the data as the usual surface web which limits the researchers and law enforcement agencies to analyse the data. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the technology behind the Dark web, its widespread abuse, its impact on society and the existing systems, to identify the sources of drug deal or terrorism activities. In this research, we analysed the predominant darker sides of the world wide web (WWW), their volumes, their contents and their ratios. We have performed the analysis of the larger malicious or hidden activities that occupy the major portions of the Dark net; tools and techniques used to identify cybercrimes which happen inside the dark web. We applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach on the resources where the actual dark net data have been used for research purposes in several areas. From this SLR, we identified the approaches (tools and algorithms) which have been applied to analyse the Dark net data, the key gaps as well as the key contributions of the existing works in the literature. In our study, we find the main challenges to crawl the dark web and collect forum data are: scalability of crawler, content selection trade off, and social obligation for TOR crawler and the limitations of techniques used in automatic sentiment analysis to understand criminals’ forums and thereby monitor the forums. From the comprehensive analysis of existing tools, our study summarizes the most tools. However the forum topics rapidly change as their sources changes; criminals inject noises to obfuscate the forum’s main topic and thus remain undetectable. Therefore supervised techniques fail to address the above challenges. Semi-supervised techniques would be an interesting research direction.
FFO: Forest Fire Ontology and Reasoning System for Enhanced Alert and Managem...dannyijwest
Forest fires or wildfires pose a serious threat to property, lives, and the environment. Early detection and mitigation of such emergencies, therefore, play an important role in reducing the severity of the impact caused by wildfire. Unfortunately, there is often an improper or delayed mechanism for forest fire detection which leads to destruction and losses. These anomalies in detection can be due to defects in sensors or a lack of proper information interoperability among the sensors deployed in forests. This paper presents a lightweight ontological framework to address these challenges. Interoperability issues are caused due to heterogeneity in technologies used and heterogeneous data created by different sensors. Therefore, through the proposed Forest Fire Detection and Management Ontology (FFO), we introduce a standardized model to share and reuse knowledge and data across different sensors. The proposed ontology is validated using semantic reasoning and query processing. The reasoning and querying processes are performed on real-time data gathered from experiments conducted in a forest and stored as RDF triples based on the design of the ontology. The outcomes of queries and inferences from reasoning demonstrate that FFO is feasible for the early detection of wildfire and facilitates efficient process management subsequent to detection.
Call For Papers-10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and ...dannyijwest
** Registration is currently open **
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AI 2024)
July 20 ~ 21, 2024, Toronto, Canada
https://csty2024.org/ai/index
Submission Deadline: May 11, 2024
Contact Us
Here's where you can reach us : ai@csty2024.org or ai.conference@yahoo.com
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CALL FOR ARTICLES...! IS INDEXING JOURNAL...! International Journal of Web &...dannyijwest
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Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Email: ijwest@aircconline.com or through Submission System. Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal.
Important Dates
• Submission Deadline: March 16, 2024
• Notification : April 13, 2024
• Final Manuscript Due : April 20, 2024
• Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
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ENHANCING WEB ACCESSIBILITY - NAVIGATING THE UPGRADE OF DESIGN SYSTEMS FROM W...dannyijwest
ENHANCING WEB ACCESSIBILITY - NAVIGATING THE UPGRADE OF DESIGN SYSTEMS FROM WCAG 2.0 TO WCAG 2.1
Hardik Shah
Department of Information Technology, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
ABSTRACT
In this research, we explore the vital transition of Design Systems from Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 to WCAG 2.1, emphasizing its role in enhancing web accessibility and inclusivity
in digital environments. The study outlines a comprehensive strategy for achieving WCAG 2.1 compliance,
encompassing assessment, strategic planning, implementation, and testing, with a focus on collaboration
and user involvement. It also addresses the challenges in using web accessibility tools, such as their
complexity and the dynamic nature of accessibility standards. The paper looks forward to the integration
of emerging technologies like AI, ML, NLP, VR, and AR in accessibility tools, advocating for universal
design and user-centered approaches. This research acts as a crucial guide for organizations aiming to
navigate the changing landscape of web accessibility, underscoring the importance of continuous learning
and adaptation to maintain and enhance accessibility in digital platforms.
KEYWORDS
Web accessibility, WCAG 2.1, Design Systems, Web accessibility tools, Artificial Intelligence
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Design of A Pentagon Microstrip Antenna for Radar Altimeter Application
1. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
DOI : 10.5121/ijwest.2012.3404 31
Design of A Pentagon Microstrip Antenna for
Radar Altimeter Application
K. RamaDevi1
, A. Mallikarjuna Prasad2
and A. Jhansi Rani3
1
ECE Dept., Pragati Engg. College, Kakinada, A.P., India
2
ECE Dept., JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada, A.P., India
3
ECE Dept., V.R. Siddhartha Engg. College, Vijayawada, A.P., India
{kolisettyramadevi, a_malli65}@yahoo.Com, Jhansi9rani@gmail.com
Abstract
In the navigational applications, radar and satellite requires a device that is a radar altimeter. The
working frequency of this system is 4.2 to 4.3GHz and also requires less weight, low profile, and high gain
antennas. The above mentioned application is possible with microstrip antenna as also known as planar
antenna. In this paper, the microstrip antennas are designed at 4.3GHz (C-band) in rectangular and
circular shape patch antennas in single element and arrays with parasitic elements placed in H-plane
coupling. The performance of all these shapes is analyzed in terms of radiation pattern, half power points,
and gain and impedance bandwidth in MATLAB. This work extended here with designed in different shapes
like Rhombic, Pentagon, Octagon and Edges-12 etc. Further these parameters are simulated in ANSOFT-
HFSSTM
V9.0 simulator.
Keywords
Rectangular patch, Circular Patch, Pentagon shape, impedance bandwidth, radio altimeter etc.
1. Introduction
A radio altimeter is a device, which is used to measure a low altitude or distance from an aircraft
or spacecraft to ground surface or to a sea level. This distance is calculated under the craft in
vertical direction. Radio altimeter is a part of radar. The working principle of radar is, it transmits
radio waves towards ground level or sea level and receives an echo signal after time duration.
This value of time is depending on speed of the vehicle and height between craft (air or space)
and ground. Here an antenna places a pivotal role to transmit the radio waves and receiving of
waves either at the same frequency or at a band of frequencies. The working principle of a radio
altimeter is shown in Fig1. Here two antennas are used, one for transmitting radio waves and
other for receiving an echo signal reflected by ground or surface of terrains. The receiving time is
a ratio of two times of altitude between craft and reflected region to light velocity in space.
Generally, frequency modulated continuous wave is preferred than simple continuous wave
technique [1]. Radio altimeter [1-9] is working in the band of 4.2GHz to 4.4GHz [2] and
receiving frequency is differed from transmitted signal at a rate of 40Hz per foot. The altimeters
are also used in both civil and military aircrafts. In civil applications these are used at low
visibility conditions and automatic landing systems. Civil applications altimeters give the
readings up to 2,500 feet and weather altimeters give up to 60,000feet above the ground level
(AGL). Military applicator altimeter is used to fly quite low over the land and the sea to avoid
2. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
32
radar detection and targeting by anti-aircraft guns or surface to air missiles.
Fig: 1 Basic Conceft of Radio Altimeter
The apt antenna for radio altimeter is a microstrip antenna and also called as patch antenna [10-
11]. They are also used in the millimeter-wave frequency range. Microstrip patch antenna
consists of a patch of metal that is on top of the grounded dielectric substrate of thickness h,
with relative permittivity and permeability εr and μr (=1) as shown in Fig.2a &2b. The
metallic patch may be of various shapes with rectangular, circular, and triangular etc.
The general single antennas offer low gain and low directivity. These values are not suitable for
various areas like cellular, mobile, satellite communication, navigation, biomedical etc. and these
parameters are to be improved. The most popular method is an array i.e., arrangement of similar
patches in different structures like linear, ring, cross etc. The scientists YAGI and UDA observed
and suggested the designing parameters like distance between different patches [10]. These
patches are named as reflector, driven and directors. Along with these parameters the patch size
can be changed for effective results. This well known method is named after these scientists as
Yagi-Uda array.
Antenna array has large number of elements and has several problems if microstrip antenna
elements are used. First, if each element is connected to a feed line, the resulting feeding network
will introduce unwanted radiations as a result the copper losses [10-11]. Second, for phase array,
each individual element will require a phase shifter in order for the beam to be steered, with result
that a great number of phase shifters are needed in large arrays; the cost of the phase shifters is
likely to be increased. K.F.Lee et.al[12] suggested that problem will be reduced if the array is
divided in to sub arrays and feeding is given to only one patch in each of the sub array [12] , with
3. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
33
several closely spaced parasitic patches (called Reflector, and Directors) around it. The element
that is directly fed is called driven element.
J.Huang [13] presented the work on rectangular patch yagi-array antenna. Parasitic patches are
arranged linearly as shown in Fig.2 .He designed an antenna at 6.9GHz (C-band) and 1.58 GHz
(L band), for linear polarization. In his observations the beam tilted towards end-fire direction. He
continued his work for circular polarization too. D.P.Gray, et al [17] studied on linearly polarized
yagi-array at L-band (1-2GHz) with 4-elements and also in S-band (2 - 4GHz) with six elements.
He extended his work with different substrate materials and heights. In the later years, researchers
continued the similar topic. Yang-Chang et al [14] continued their work on rectangular patch
linearly polarized yagi-array antenna at 38GHz and observed response with different sizes and
distance between elements. Chow Yen Desmond Sim et al [18] presented the work on Annular–
ring microstrip patch for circular polarization at S-band frequency range. Garima et al [16]
simulated the work on circular patch in C-band at 6GHz and observed low directivity with single
patch.
Krishna Kumar et.al[5], has done work on Octagonal microstrip antenna for Radar and Space-
Craft Applications. He had designed antenna in HFSS and observed results.
Before designing, the practical antenna can simulate using softwares like ANASOFT-HFSSTM
V9.0 [23] and MATLAB. By simulation antenna characteristics can be analyzed and synthesized.
These characteristics can be visualized in all dimensions Mr. M.Ben Ahmed et al., [19-24]
designed a patch antenna for multi applications like GSM/PCS/UMTS/HIPERLAN for Mobile
Cellular Phones in softwares. Later he tested practically and observed that both results are similar.
2. Design Procedure
In this paper Yagi antenna at 4.3GHz (C band) in linear structure with both rectangular and
circular patches (Fig. 3) having linear polarization [13] is designed. Further, work was extended
to different shapes [5] of patches like Square, Rhombic, Pentagon, Octagon and Edge-12 which is
nearer to circular structure. All these structures are designed in ansoft HFSS simulator [23]
which is working in finite discrete time domain(FDTD) and analyzed in terms of percentage
impedance bandwidth and gain in dB on both E-Plane and H-plane.
For Rectangular Patch Antenna:
Width of the patch W= [C/2*fr]*sqrt{2/(εr+1)} --- (1)
Where C is velocity of light in free space
fr is a resonant frequency or operating frequency
Length of the patch ‘L’ is generally λo/3 <L < λo/2
Circular Patch Antenna:
--- (2)
where
4. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
34
--- (3)
The percentage bandwidth [11] is calculated from return loss (S11) graph of antenna below
10dB.
%Impedance bandwidth = 200 ∗
( )
( )
----- (4)
Where fh and fl are upper and lower frequency values from return loss.
The array structure shown in Fig.3 is designed with RT-Duroid material as substrate and assumed
and calculated values are given in Table-1.
Table: 1
Relative Permittivity εr = 2.2
Height h=0.1588cm
Rectangular patch as driven element Width(w)=2.7578cm, Length(L)= 2.4296cm
Circular patch as driven element Radius ‘ a’= 1.2874cm
Reflector size Driven Element size increased by 0.3cm
Director size Driven Element size decreased by 0.1cm
Distance between reflector and
driven element
D1 0.2 λ
Distance between director1 and
driven element
D2 = 0.4λ
Distance between director2 and
director1
D3 = 0.8λ
Distance between director3 and
director2
D4 = 0.05λ
Distance between director3 and
director4
D5 = 0.05λ
5. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
35
3. Results
With the values obtained in section2, arrays with different combinations 2-directors (red line in
Fig.6), 3-directors (green line in Fig.6), and 4-directors (blue line in Fig.6) are designed and
simulated in MATLAB. The simulated values of single element are tabulated in Table-2 and
pattern on E-Plane and H-Plane is shown in Fig.4.
By keeping the distance between the elements constant and varying the frequency form 1GHz to
20GHz (includes L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band and K-band) responses are
calculated and tabulated in Table-3 . From the response with 2-directors, it is observed that
• Up to 8GHz no side lobes are presented.
• At 4.3GHz the response on E-Plane of a rectangular patch array is shown in Fig.5, H-Plane is
shown in Fig.7 and E-plane of circular patch array is shown in Fig.6.
• Here directivity is around 14.38dB and it is higher than single patch element and beam steered
is 32.650
in end-fire direction.
• As frequency increased, directivity also increased and from 8GHz onwards side lobes are
generated in circular patch array. Response at 15GHz is shown in Figs (8-9).
• By Keep frequency constant and vary the distances between elements and response tabulated in
Table-4.
• The directivity is decreased as permittivity (εr) is increased and tabulated in Table-5.
• The height (h) and permittivity (εr) both are simultaneously changed and response is tabulated
in Table-6.
• The rectangular patch array antenna at 4.3GHz is designed and simulated in ANSOFT-HFSS is
shown in Fig.10.
• The return loss (S11) is shown in Fig.11 represents, it resonates at two frequencies, one is at
3.93GHz with -10dB and second is at 7.17GHz with -33dB.
• The directivity of an array in dB (shown in Fig. 12) in φ = 0o
deg plane shows 12.27dB with
49.90
tilt towards end fire direction.
• Feed tuning in rectangular patch and array is difficult than other structures like circular, 5 edges
( pentagon) and more.
• Referring to the Fig.13 the radius of a pentagon is 1.377cm which is designed in ansoft HFSS .
• From Fig.14 the return loss that replicates is indicated with S11. It is tuned at the resonating
frequencies FR1=4.36GHz and FR2= 9.09GHz respectively and also called dual tuned
antenna. It is suitable for both radio altimeter application and space craft applications.
• Fig.15 implies that FR1 offers 100MHz bandwidth from 4.21GHz to 4.31GHz below -10dB as
represented in the S11 graph.
• It produces a gain of 7.44dB with main beam along 0 deg direction as shown in Fig.16.
• Fig.17 resembles FR2 that offers maximum gain of 6.57dB and main beam is tilted with
52deg towards end- fire .
• FR2 offers a bandwidth of 730MHz .The % impedance bandwidth corresponding to FR2 is 7.8
as tabulated in Table 7.
• Fig.18 resembles the current distribution of the pentagon patch which is referred in Fig.13.
• Fig. 19 shows the 3D representation at FR1.Similarily the 3D representation is in Fig.20.
• The above criterion are repeated for different shapes like Rhombic, Square, Octagon, Edge-12
etc and is shown in Table-7.
11. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
41
4. Conclusion
The design of rectangular patch Yagi antenna and circular patch Yagi antenna that operates at
linear polarization has been done using MATLAB, ANSOFT-HFSS software. Calculations show
that area of a circular patch is less than area of a rectangular patch. The antennas were simulated
in MATLAB and results are tabulated. Results (Table 2) shows the comparison that circular
patch Yagi antenna radiates electric field towards broadside than rectangular patch and it offers
high directivity for frequency above 15GHz, around 3dB even though it has side lobes. The effect
of different distances between reflector and driven element is almost negligible (from Table 3). In
both the arrays, the performance is degraded due to high values of relative permittivity εr (from
Table 4) and the effect of substrate on the result is very less at low relative permittivity εr (from
Table 5). Finally rectangular patch yagi-array designed in Anasoft HFSS and compared with
MATLAB results and observed 2dB difference. Referring to the Table 7 it is proved that both the
pentagon & circle shapes acts as a perfect choice in the design of radio altimeter . This design
offers dual resonant frequency band with is exactly not available with the rectangular structure.
With this innovative step there is an increase in the probability of utilization of the other
structures of radio altimeter. This work can be extended for different Yagi designs for circular
polarization at different frequencies for different applications.
5. References
1. Leo G. Maloratsky, “An Aircraft Single-antenna FM Radio Altimeter”, Microwave Journal, ISSN 0192-
6225, May 2003.
2. Merrill I. Skolnik, “Introduction to Radar Systems”, Tata McGRAW Hill , Second Edition, pp. 84-86.
12. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) Vol.3, No.4, October 2012
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3. Radio Altitude, “The Instrument of Choice” Cygnus Interactive.
4. J. L. Volakis, “Antenna Engineering Handbook”, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007.
5. Krishna Kumar, Er. Sukhdeep Kaur, “ Investigation on Octagonal microstrip antenna For Radar and
Space-Craft Applications”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Reasearch, Volume-2,
Issue11, (Nov-2011).
6. Baltsavias, E.P. “Airborne laser scanning: basic relations and formulas”, ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54, 199-214, 1999.
7. Bamber, J.L., Ekholm, S. and Krabill, W.B., “The accuracy of satellite radar altimeter data over the
Greenland ice sheet determined from airborne laser data”, Geophysical Research Letters., v. 25, p.
3177-3180,1998.
8. Ekholm, S. Bamber, J.L., and Krabill, W. B. ,“The use of airborne laser data to calibrate satellite radar
altimetry data over ice sheets”, Journal of Geodynamics. 34, 377-390, 2002.
9. Wehr, A. and Lohr, U., Airborne laser scanning – an introduction and overview. ISPRS Journal of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54, 68-82, 1999.
10. Balanis C.A, “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design”, 2nd
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.
11. Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, InderBh al, Apisak Ittipiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design HandBook”
, Artech House, Inc.,2001.
12. K. F. Lee, et al., "Micro strip Antenna Array with Parasitic Elements" IEEE AP-S Symposium Digest, ,
pp. 794-797, June 1987.
13. J. Huang, “Planar Microstrip Yagi Array Antenna”, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., pp. 894-897,
Feb.1989.
14. Yang-Chang et al., “Design of a 38 GHz Printed Yagi Antenna with Multiple Directors”, IEEE Trans.
on Antennas and Propag. pp. 606-609, Jan. 2001.
15. M. Haneishi, et al., “Beam-Shaping of Micro strip Antenna by Parasitic Elements having Coaxial Stub,"
Trans. IECE of Japan, vol. 69-B, pp. 1160-1161,1986.
16. Garima, et al.,”Broadband Circular Patch Microstrip antenna with Diamond Shape Slot for Space
Communication” International Conference on Emerging trends in Electronic and Photonic Devices &
Systems, pp. 332-335,
ELECTRO-2009.
17. D.P.Gray et al., “Xperimental Study of Parasitically Steered, Fixed Beam Microstrip Patch Arrays”,
IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., pp. 1276-1279, March1997.
18. Chow Yen Desmond Sim et al., () “Design of an annular Ring Microstrip Antenna for Circular
Polarization” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag. pp. 471-474, Aug.2004.
19. M.Ben Ahmed et al., “GSM/PCS/UMTS/HIPERLAN for Mobile Cellular Phones”, European Journal
of Scientific Research,Vol.32 No.2, pp.151-157, 2009.
20. T.Durga Prasad et al., “Comparisons of Circular and Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas”,
International Journal of Communication Engineering Applications,Vol 2, issue 4, pp.187-197, July
2011.
21. Shi-wei Qu et al,”High- Efficiency periodic sparse patch array based on Mutual coupling”, Antennas
and wireless propagation Letters, IEEE, pp.1317-1320, vol.10, 2011.
22. A. A. Eldek, A. Z. Elsherbeni, and C. E. Smith, “Microstrip-fed printed lotus antenna for wideband
wireless communication system,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 164–173, Dec. 2004.
23. Ansoft Corporations, Designer and High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) [Online]. Available:
www.ansoft.com
24. Sunil Kumar, Rajgopal and Satish Kumar Sharma,“Investigation on UWB Pentagon Shape Microstrip
Slot Antenna for Wireless Communications” IEEE Transactions on Antenna And Propagation, Vol. 57,
No.5,May 2009.