International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
Densities and Refractive Indices of solutions of
potassium bromate (KBrO3) have been studied in water and
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of
KCl with temperature in the range T = 298.15˚K- 313.15˚K. The
data obtained is utilized to determine Specific Refraction (RD)
and Molar Refraction (RM) of solutions. The values of Refractive
indices, Molar Refraction (RM) and Molar Polarisability (α)
constant are found to be decreased with decreasing concentration
of solute in solvent and these results are also interpreted in terms
of interaction in salt solution. It has been verified that Molar
Refraction is additive and constitutive property.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
CONVERSION OF DIMETHYL-NITROBENZENE TO DIMETHY L ANILINE, EFFECT OF SOME PROC...Berklin
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied
in the temperature range 343–403 K
o
, pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Pd/C
as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from
0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3
while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene.
Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, generated through the hydrogenation of the Nitro group of
dimethyl-nitrobenzene. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, dimethyl-nitrobenzene
concentration and temperature on the reaction conversion have been reported. Near first-order
dependence on dimethyl-nitrobenzene concentration and hydrogen pressure were observed for the initial
rate of dimethyl-nitrobenzene hydrogenation over the 5% Pd/C catalyst. Furthermore, an increase in the
catalytic activity as the reaction temperature, pressure and weight of catalysts was observed. Conventional
Arrhenius behavior was exhibited by catalyst, Pd/C showed activation energies of 614 J/mol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
Densities and Refractive Indices of solutions of
potassium bromate (KBrO3) have been studied in water and
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of
KCl with temperature in the range T = 298.15˚K- 313.15˚K. The
data obtained is utilized to determine Specific Refraction (RD)
and Molar Refraction (RM) of solutions. The values of Refractive
indices, Molar Refraction (RM) and Molar Polarisability (α)
constant are found to be decreased with decreasing concentration
of solute in solvent and these results are also interpreted in terms
of interaction in salt solution. It has been verified that Molar
Refraction is additive and constitutive property.
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
CONVERSION OF DIMETHYL-NITROBENZENE TO DIMETHY L ANILINE, EFFECT OF SOME PROC...Berklin
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied
in the temperature range 343–403 K
o
, pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Pd/C
as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from
0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3
while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene.
Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, generated through the hydrogenation of the Nitro group of
dimethyl-nitrobenzene. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, dimethyl-nitrobenzene
concentration and temperature on the reaction conversion have been reported. Near first-order
dependence on dimethyl-nitrobenzene concentration and hydrogen pressure were observed for the initial
rate of dimethyl-nitrobenzene hydrogenation over the 5% Pd/C catalyst. Furthermore, an increase in the
catalytic activity as the reaction temperature, pressure and weight of catalysts was observed. Conventional
Arrhenius behavior was exhibited by catalyst, Pd/C showed activation energies of 614 J/mol.
Effect of Grain Size and Reaction Time in Characterisation of Aggregates for ...IJERA Editor
Concrete can deteriorate as a result of alkali aggregate reaction, an interaction between alkalis present in
alkaline pore solution originating from the Portland cement and reactive minerals in certain types of aggregates.
Potential reactivity of aggregates with regard to alkalis present in concrete mix can be determined by Mortar Bar
method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis. Of these the chemical method though is quick and does
not require a large quantity of material for testing yet have its own inherent limitations. It does not ensure
completion of reaction as the observations are limited to 24hour only and also does not assess the effect of
varying the combination of coarse and fine aggregates. A study on chemical method by allowing the reaction for
a prolonged time up to 96 hours and also on different grain size ranged matrix was carried at Central Soil and
Materials Research Station, New Delhi. Simultaneously the test results of the modified method are compared to
the existing Mortar Bar method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis The outcome of the studies clearly
reflects that the grain size play an important role in the reaction, the reaction time has a demarked impact on
reactivity, in the cases having a high value of silica release the choice of reduction in alkalinity as an indicator
of degree of reaction is not reliable, instead measuring remaining Na2O concentration in Sodium hydroxide
solution after the reaction seems to be much more meaningful in justifying the silica release.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Dissociative adsorption of molecular deuterium on polycrystalline diamond fil...PROMETHEUS Energy
In this work we report on an investigation of thermally induced
dissociative adsorption of molecular deuterium onto hydrogenated
and bare polycrystalline diamond film surfaces studied by
high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HR-EELS).
Hydrogenated diamond films (grown from CH4 and H2 gases)
were heated at various temperatures in molecular D2 ambient at
5 106 Torr and then studied by HR-EELS. This study clearly
shows the formation of C–D bonding on hydrogenated
polycrystalline diamond surface and gradual disappearance
of C–H mode as a function of annealing temperature. The C–D
bonding configurations and thermal stability of adsorbed
deuterium resulting from dissociate adsorption were compared
to those occurring on deuterated diamond films (grown from
CD4 and D2 gases). We report and assign at least three
contributions to C–D stretching HR-EELS mode associated to
(111), (100) crystallographic orientations as well as grain
boundary associated vibrations in accordance with similar
vibrations of C–H stretching vibrations, reported previously.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
Inhibitory Effect of Some Carbazides on Corrosion of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
The dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of semicarbazide, thiosemicar- bazide and sym.dipheny1carbazide as corrosion inhibitors has been studied using thermometric, weight-loss and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of these compounds in acidic than in alkaline madia may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive.The adsorption of these compounds were found to obey Frurnkin adsorption isotherm. Cathodic polarization measurements showed that these com- pounds are cathodic inhibitors and their adsorption in the double layer does not change the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results are analysed in terms of both molecular and cationic adsorption.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Grain Size and Reaction Time in Characterisation of Aggregates for ...IJERA Editor
Concrete can deteriorate as a result of alkali aggregate reaction, an interaction between alkalis present in
alkaline pore solution originating from the Portland cement and reactive minerals in certain types of aggregates.
Potential reactivity of aggregates with regard to alkalis present in concrete mix can be determined by Mortar Bar
method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis. Of these the chemical method though is quick and does
not require a large quantity of material for testing yet have its own inherent limitations. It does not ensure
completion of reaction as the observations are limited to 24hour only and also does not assess the effect of
varying the combination of coarse and fine aggregates. A study on chemical method by allowing the reaction for
a prolonged time up to 96 hours and also on different grain size ranged matrix was carried at Central Soil and
Materials Research Station, New Delhi. Simultaneously the test results of the modified method are compared to
the existing Mortar Bar method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis The outcome of the studies clearly
reflects that the grain size play an important role in the reaction, the reaction time has a demarked impact on
reactivity, in the cases having a high value of silica release the choice of reduction in alkalinity as an indicator
of degree of reaction is not reliable, instead measuring remaining Na2O concentration in Sodium hydroxide
solution after the reaction seems to be much more meaningful in justifying the silica release.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Chloride and Sulfate SolutionsIJERA Editor
Corrosion is a major problem in industry and in infrastructure; a huge sum of expenditure every year is spent on
preventing, retarding, and repairing its damages. This work studies the engineering of an inhibitor for carbon
steel metal used in the cooling systems containing high concentration of chloride and sulfate ions. For this
purpose, the synergy between the dichromate, molybdate and nitrite inhibitors is examined and optimized to the
best results. Moreover, care was taken that the proposed inhibitor is compliant with the environmental laws and
regulations.
Dissociative adsorption of molecular deuterium on polycrystalline diamond fil...PROMETHEUS Energy
In this work we report on an investigation of thermally induced
dissociative adsorption of molecular deuterium onto hydrogenated
and bare polycrystalline diamond film surfaces studied by
high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HR-EELS).
Hydrogenated diamond films (grown from CH4 and H2 gases)
were heated at various temperatures in molecular D2 ambient at
5 106 Torr and then studied by HR-EELS. This study clearly
shows the formation of C–D bonding on hydrogenated
polycrystalline diamond surface and gradual disappearance
of C–H mode as a function of annealing temperature. The C–D
bonding configurations and thermal stability of adsorbed
deuterium resulting from dissociate adsorption were compared
to those occurring on deuterated diamond films (grown from
CD4 and D2 gases). We report and assign at least three
contributions to C–D stretching HR-EELS mode associated to
(111), (100) crystallographic orientations as well as grain
boundary associated vibrations in accordance with similar
vibrations of C–H stretching vibrations, reported previously.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
Corrosion behaviourof-sol-gel-derived-nano-alumina-filmVibhath k
In this paper, the effect of nano-alumina coating on the corrosion behavior of IS 2062 low carbon steel was investigated.The coating was achieved by sol-gel dip coating method.
Inhibitory Effect of Some Carbazides on Corrosion of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
The dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of semicarbazide, thiosemicar- bazide and sym.dipheny1carbazide as corrosion inhibitors has been studied using thermometric, weight-loss and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of these compounds in acidic than in alkaline madia may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive.The adsorption of these compounds were found to obey Frurnkin adsorption isotherm. Cathodic polarization measurements showed that these com- pounds are cathodic inhibitors and their adsorption in the double layer does not change the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results are analysed in terms of both molecular and cationic adsorption.
El rendimiento comparativo del ferrato de potasio (VI), sulfato férrico y sulfato de aluminio para la eliminación de turbidez, química
Se evaluó la demanda de oxígeno (DQO), el color (como Vis400-abs) y las bacterias en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Para la coagulación y desinfección de aguas residuales,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide: the first...Pawan Kumar
The first successful synthesis of DMC directly from methanol and carbon dioxide using a heterogenized
homogeneous graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst in the
presence of N,N0-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydrating agent is described. The presence of a
dehydrating agent was found to be vital and in its absence the yield of DMC was found to be decreased
significantly. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the maximum yield of DMC reaches up to 13.3%.
Although the homogeneous copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst provided a little higher
yield of DMC (14.2%), the facile recovery and recycling ability of the heterogeneous catalyst make the
developed method more attractive from environmental and economical viewpoints.
Study of the Influence of Nickel Content and Reaction Temperature on Glycerol...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: La2O3-SiO2-supported nickel catalysts were evaluated in glycerol steam reforming. The samples (30wt% La and 5, 10 and 15wt% of Ni on 70wt% commercial SiO2), prepared by the simultaneous impregnation method, were characterized by EDX, nitrogen physisorption, XRD, in-situ XRD, XANES and TPR. The analyses revealed NiO species weakly interact with the support and the different metallic surface areas of the catalysts. Catalytic tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor at 600oC and 15Ni catalyst, which showed the best performance, was also evaluated at 500oC and 700oC. According to the results, the Ni content on the catalyst surface interferes in the distribution of gaseous products H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The increase in the Ni content increases the carbon formation during reaction. The reaction temperature affected the catalytic performance and the best results were obtained with the 15Ni catalyst at 600oC, which was also tested for 20 hours for the analysis of its stability.
In this present work we studied the supramolecular interaction of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflurophosphate(HMIm)PF6with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using various physicochemical method and spectroscopic technique. The formation of inclusion complex of any ionic liquid inside the cyclodextrin affects the physicalchemical properties like solubility, conductivity, surface tension, etc. So from the discrepancy of physicochemical andspectral properties we can confirm the formation inclusion complex. The stoichiometry of host - guest of the inclusion complexes was evaluated from conductivity, surface tensionstudy and Job’s plot from UV-visible spectroscopy. We also calculated the association/binding constant from conductivity, surface tension measurements and Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The infra-red (IR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy also affirm the formation of inclusion complexes however the plausible mode of inclusion was described from 1H NMR and 2D ROESY NMR spectroscopies.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
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1. Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.72-77
www.ijera.com 72 | P a g e
Thermodynamic Parameters of Silica Gel In View of Its Different
Modifications
Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, KSA.
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
Abstract
In the present study silica gel was selected to investigate the influence of several surface modification and
coating techniques on the thermodynamic parameters of such material. These materials have relative high
stability potential and can be synthesized from inexpensive starting materials. Moreover, it can be easily
modified by different techniques such as calcinations, silylation, alkali metal treatment, hydrothermal treatment
and special chemical treatments. Also, it can be coated and bonded using thin film of polyethylene glycol. All
this modification decrease the interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbent reflecting the decrease in the
activity of silica surfaces. The negative ΔH values increase in the sequence methylcyclohexane < n-heptane <
toluene on all studied silica samples, the more negative the ΔH, the greater this interaction.
Key words:- Silica gel, Thermodynamic parameters, Modifications, silylation, alkali metal treatment,
hydrothermal treatment, Polyethylene glycol
I. Introduction
Silica gel is a common sorbent for many
applications, on the surface of silica, some residual,
uncondensed hydroxyl groups from the original
polymeric silicic acid remain. These residual
hydroxyl groups confer upon silica gel its polar
properties. The chemical and adsorption properties of
silica gel depend on number and reactivity of the
surface silanol groups. Two forms of adsorption
centers may exist over the surface of silica gel, 1)
Hydroxyl group, 2) Coordinated unsaturated atoms of
silicon and surfaced electronegativity atoms of
oxygen nascent at dehydration of silica gel. The
surface of dehydrated silica gel begins slightly to
chemisorb oxygen, most likely on the centers of -Si
type1
.
The main purpose of silica surface
modification is shielding of the active silanol groups
and attachment to the accessible adsorbent surface
organic ligands which are responsible for specific
surface interactions. In order to study the retention
and separation mechanism of the stationary phase,
the relation between retention volume and carbon
number2, 3
, and the thermodynamic parameters of
solution, the enthalpy of solution (ΔH), the free
energy of solution (ΔG), and the entropy of solution
(ΔS) were measured. Many others4-7
studied the
feasibility of GLC for the thermodynamic
investigation of different stationary phases and
hydrocarbon solutes.
II. Experimental
The main methods of preparation and
modification of silica gel as solid stationary phase in
the present investigation are presented in Table 1.
Silica was modified and coated in single and double
treatment according to the methods given in Table 1.
and the notation of the prepared samples was given in
Table 2.
Table 1. Preparation and modification methods of silica gel
No. The experiment The method and references
1 Preparation of silica gel De Boer method (172)
2 Calcination at 500o
C and at 1000o
C Puurunen et al 20028
3 Hydrothermal treatment at 220o
C and 15 bar for 24h Valente et al 20039
4 Silylation using dimethyldichlorosilane Pesek and Graham 197710
5 Treating with alkali metal at pH 9 Kopecni et al 198011
6 Coating with (PEG) polyethyleneglycol Walter et al 197312
7 Bonding with (PEG) polyethyleneglycol Chein et al 198013
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.72-77
www.ijera.com 73 | P a g e
Table (2): Notation of the prepared samples
III. Gas chromatography
All parent and modified samples were
subject to an inverse gas chromatography to evaluate
their efficiency when used as a solid stationary
phases or solid support. The gas chromatograph used
is Unicam 610 equipped with flame ionization
detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector
(TCD). Nitrogen (oxygen free) and hydrogen was
used as the mobile phase for FID and TCD
respectively. The optimum flow rate was determined
depending on the column efficiency. The optimum
was found to be 30 ml min-1
. The solutes used for
chromatographic characterization were selected to
cover the wide range of polarity such as n-parrafin,
olefins, aromatics and alcohols as well as wax,
natural gases and condensate samples. The polarity
indices were assessed with respect to the reference
non-polar column SE-30 (20% SE-30 on chromosorb
W.A.W., 60-80 mesh).
IV. Results and Discussions
Thermodynamic parameters
Gas chromatography affords a general
technique for studying the interactions of gases with
solids or liquids and determination of the
thermodynamic parameters of the interaction: heat of
adsorption (ΔH), free energy (ΔG) and entropy (ΔS).
Thermodynamic parameters of normal heptane,
methylcyclohexane and toluene as representative
paraffin, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons
respectively, were calculated and listed in Tables (3,
4). Figures (1, 2) show the relationships between
lnVn and 1000/T for parent and modified silica
stationary phases of n-heptane, methylcyclohexane
and toluene. These plots give linear relationship. ΔH
& ΔS could be derived from the slope and intercept
of the straight line, ΔG was calculated at constant
temperature (373K)14
. The thermodynamic data of
various stationary phases are summarized in Table (3,
4).
It is evident from the data that negative ΔH
values increase in the sequence methylcyclohexane <
n-heptane < toluene on all studied stationary phases,
the more negative the ΔH, the greater the interaction
between the adsorbate and adsorbent. A similar study
was also done by Inel et al15
, they evaluated the
thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) of
some probes, each representing a class of organic
compounds (n-hexane, cyclohexane and benzene) on
4A and 13X Zeolites, it was found that
thermodynamic parameter increase in the sequence
cyclo-hexane < n-hexane < Benzene. Also, Bilgic and
Askin16
, obtained the same result for activated
alumina stationary phase. Although, n-heptane and
methylcyclohexane interact non-specifically, but n-
heptane interacts more intensively than
methylcyclohexane, this result indicates a better
contact of an open chain structure molecules with the
surface of stationary phases17
.
The stronger adsorption of toluene on silica
surface than n-heptane and methylcyclohexane most
probably attributed to the contribution of the specific
interaction between the SiO2 surface and the -
electrons of the toluene ring. According to the
Kiselev and Yashin18
, the surface modification of
silica gel was studied before19
, silica has free
hydroxyl groups on the surface, OH groups linked to
silicon acts as a weak acid, with hydrogen partly
protonized. So, silica can interact specifically with
the molecules containing -electrons. In addition to
Notation Treatments
Si Parent silica gel (60-80 mesh)
SiC500 Silica gel calcined at 500o
C
SiC Silica gel calcined at 1000o
C
SiS Silylated silica gel using dimethyldichlorosilane
SiCS Silylated calcined Silica gel
SiNa Silica gel exchanged by NaCl
SiNa10% Silica gel coating with NaCl and then calcined at 700o
C
SiCNa Calcined silica gel exchanged by NaCl
SiHT Hydrothermally treated silica gel
SiCHT Hydrothermally treated pre calcined silica gel
SiCo25% Silica gel coating by 25% of polyethyleneglycol
SiCCo10% Calcined silica gel coating by 10% of polyethyleneglycol
SiBo25% Silica gel bonding by 25% of polyethyleneglycol
SiCBo10% Calcined silica gel bonding by 10% of polyethyleneglycol
3. Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.72-77
www.ijera.com 74 | P a g e
the three -bonds of benzene ring, toluene has
electon-donor character of the methyl group, which
enhanced the interaction of toluene with silica
surface. The influence of modification methods on
the adsorption properties of parent and modified
silica is given in Tables (3, 4). The parent silica
sample has the highest –ΔH value indicating a strong
interaction with the adsorbate. The high decrease in
surface area and strongly removal of the active
hydroxyl groups due to calcination lead to small ΔH
value.
Table (3): Thermodynamic parameters of some selected solutes on parent and modified silica stationary
phases
Columns Solutes G KJmol-1
H KJmol-1
S Jmol-1
degree-1
Si
n-Heptane 12.38 37.66 67.79
Methylcyclohexane 12.19 35.12 61.47
Toluene 18.35 45.79 73.54
SiCo25%
n-Heptane 6.37 21.06 39.39
Methyl Cyclohexane. 6.82 20.95 37.88
Toluene 9.25 25.37 43.21
SiBo25%
n-Heptane 13.13 27.93 39.68
Methyl cyclohexane 12.95 26.98 37.61
Toluene 14.91 32.27 46.54
SiS
n-Heptane 9.01 28.45 52.12
Methyl cyclohexane 9.29 27.58 49.03
Toluene 10.20 31.32 56.62
SiNa
n-Heptane 8.89 36.58 74.25
Methylcyclohexane 9.45 32.76 62.49
Toluene 12.77 41.19 76.22
SiNa10%
n-Heptane 12.2 24.84 33.9
Methylcyclohexane 12.07 23.86 31.62
Toluene 15.30 28.27 34.78
SiHT
n-Heptane 7.99 35.61 74.04
Methylcyclohexane 6.87 29.19 59.85
Toluene 11.95 37.65 68.90
SiC500
n-Heptane 9.38 34.89 68.38
Methylcyclohexane 9.10 31.27 59.44
Toluene 14.01 40.84 71.93
SiC
n-Heptane 4.55 26.68 59.33
Methylcyclohexane 4.37 25.21 55.88
Toluene 9.39 29.81 54.73
SiCCo10%
n-Heptane 4.29 14.99 28.18
Methyl cyclohexane 5.32 11.58 16.77
Toluene 10.12 29.96 53.19
SiCBo10%
n-Heptane 4.11 9.15 13.51
Methyl cyclohexane 4.50 8.29 10.17
Toluene 8.78 29.22 54.82
SiCS
n-heptane 4.78 23.54 50.3
methyl cyclo hexane 5.36 23.27 48.03
Toluene 6.37 24.82 49.48
SiCNa
n-Heptane 8.48 21.37 34.56
Methylcyclohexane 8.64 19.86 30.10
Toluene 10.75 23.63 34.53
SiCHT
n-Heptane 7.60 35.05 73.59
Methylcyclohexane 6.60 33.05 70.92
Toluene 11.52 39.56 75.20
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Fig: i)n-heptane ii) Methyl cyclo hexane iii) Toluene
a- Si b-SiCo25% c-SiBO25% d-SiSil e-SiNa f-SiHT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
1000/TK
LnVn
i
ii
iiia
0
1
2
3
4
5
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
b iii
i
ii
c
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
i
ii
iii
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
iiiii
i
d
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn
i
ii
iii
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn
f iii
i
ii
Figure (1): Plots of lnVn versus 1000/T of n-heptane (i) Methyl cyclo hexane (ii) Toluene (iii) for silica and
modified silica stationary phases:
a- Si b-SiCo25% c-SiBO25% d-SiS e-SiNa f-SiHT
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0
1
2
3
4
5
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn
b iii
i
ii
0
1
2
3
4
5
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn
i
ii
iii
d
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
ii
iii
i
c
1
2
3
4
5
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
i
ii
iii
f
0
1
2
3
4
5
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
1000/TK
LnVn
e
ii
i
iii
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn iii
ii
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
1000/TK
LnVn
iii
i
ii
g
Figure (2): Plots of lnVn versus 1/T of n-heptane (i) Methyl cyclo hexane (ii) Toluene (iii) for silica and
modified silica stationary phases:
a- SiC500 b- SiC c-SiCCo10% d-SiCBo10% e- SiCS f- SiCNa g-SiCHT
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Chemical modification of silica sample with
PEG and DMDCS also deactivates the silica surface
decreasing, thus the thermodynamic parameters. In
alkali metal modification the methodology of
preparation cause a great effect on thermodynamic
parameters, -ΔH value of SiNa was found to be higher
than that for SiNa10%. This may be attributed to the
drastic decrease of OH group of SiNa10%, as a result of
its calcination at 700o
C. Furthermore, the lower
negativity of the entropy of SiNa10% may reflect the
inertness of surface associated with lower degree of
freedom.
V. Conclusion
Thermodynamic parameters assisted to
study interaction between the adsorpents and probs of
different polarities and elucidate the type of
application. All these modifications decrease this
interaction reflecting the decrease in the activity of
silica surfaces. The negative ΔH values increase in
the sequence methylcyclohexane < n-heptane <
toluene on all studied silica samples, the more
negative the ΔH, the greater the interaction between
the adsorbate and adsorbent. The stronger adsorption
of toluene on silica surface than n-heptane and
methylcyclohexane was attributed to the contribution
of the specific interaction between the SiO2 surface
and the -electrons of the toluene ring.
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