Fragmentation as a Part of Security in Distributed Database: A SurveyEditor IJMTER
The query optimization is a way of optimizing use of resources. In a way if query
optimization is taken as a part to provide a security. Key Goal of this paper is to take
fragmentation as part of security. This is a survey on techniques which can used to provide
security through fragmentation.
DBMS Vs TRADITIONAL FILES COMPARISON, DBMS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, CLASSIC FILE BASED SYSTEM, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSICAL TECHNIQUE
Fragmentation as a Part of Security in Distributed Database: A SurveyEditor IJMTER
The query optimization is a way of optimizing use of resources. In a way if query
optimization is taken as a part to provide a security. Key Goal of this paper is to take
fragmentation as part of security. This is a survey on techniques which can used to provide
security through fragmentation.
DBMS Vs TRADITIONAL FILES COMPARISON, DBMS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, CLASSIC FILE BASED SYSTEM, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSICAL TECHNIQUE
A two-tier architecture is an application package architecture in which a presentation layer or interface operates on a customer, and a data layer or data structure gets saved on a server.
Structure and characteristics of DBMS with graph.
The Functionality of DBMS and it's working methodology
and brief description of all components of DBMS.
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
A two-tier architecture is an application package architecture in which a presentation layer or interface operates on a customer, and a data layer or data structure gets saved on a server.
Structure and characteristics of DBMS with graph.
The Functionality of DBMS and it's working methodology
and brief description of all components of DBMS.
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
A database is generally used for storing related, structured data, w.pdfangelfashions02
A database is generally used for storing related, structured data, with well defined data formats,
in an efficient manner for insert, update and/or retrieval (depending on application).
On the other hand, a file system is a more unstructured data store for storing arbitrary, probably
unrelated data. The file system is more general, and databases are built on top of the general data
storage services provided by file systems.
A Data Base Management System is a system software for easy, efficient and reliable data
processing and management. It can be used for:
Creation of a database.
Retrieval of information from the database.
Updating the database.
Managing a database.
It provides us with the many functionalities and is more advantageous than the traditional file
system in many ways listed below:
1) Processing Queries and Object Management:
In traditional file systems, we cannot store data in the form of objects. In practical-world
applications, data is stored in objects and not files. So in a file system, some application software
maps the data stored in files to objects so that can be used further.
We can directly store data in the form of objects in a database management system. Application
level code needs to be written to handle, store and scan through the data in a file system whereas
a DBMS gives us the ability to query the database.
2) Controlling redundancy and inconsistency:
Redundancy refers to repeated instances of the same data. A database system provides
redundancy control whereas in a file system, same data may be stored multiple times. For
example, if a student is studying two different educational programs in the same college, say
,Engineering and History, then his information such as the phone number and address may be
stored multiple times, once in Engineering dept and the other in History dept. Therefore, it
increases time taken to access and store data. This may also lead to inconsistent data states in
both places. A DBMS uses data normalization to avoid redundancy and duplicates.
3) Efficient memory management and indexing:
DBMS makes complex memory management easy to handle. In file systems, files are indexed in
place of objects so query operations require entire file scans whereas in a DBMS , object
indexing takes place efficiently through database schema based on any attribute of the data or a
data-property. This helps in fast retrieval of data based on the indexed attribute.
4) Concurrency control and transaction management:
Several applications allow user to simultaneously access data. This may lead to inconsistency in
data in case files are used. Consider two withdrawal transactions X and Y in which an amount of
100 and 200 is withdrawn from an account A initially containing 1000. Now since these
transactions are taking place simultaneously, different transactions may update the account
differently. X reads 1000, debits 100, updates the account A to 900, whereas X also reads 1000,
debits 200, updates A to 800. In bot.
Introduction to database systems
Database size and complexity
What is DBMS?
Characteristics of Database approach
Users of database
Advantages of using database system
Database systems evolution
When not to use database systems
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Data
1. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
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2. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
[
DATA:
It can be figures,numbers,quantity anything
Recorded Information
They have implicit meaning
Ex: Varna chithra, 100, 13, etc….
INFORMATION
data
It is meaning full and arranged
Ex: Name = Varna chithra
No : of cars = 100
Age = 13
KNOWLEDGE
How we apply our information in a situation
It is paired, shaped, interpreted, selected and transformed.
Why we need information
Addition Knowledge : How much of information in our hand
that much of knowledge
: More information more chance to apply for
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3. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
knowledge
Decision making: Information are helpful in making good decision at right time
Can apply in different levels : Used for different purpose like weather forecasting,
result analysis etc
Increase in productivity: Avoid waiting of time, money, effort etc...
DATA BASE
Organized collection of inter related data stored
together with controlled redundancy.
Collection of data designed to be used by different
people.
Data are stored in such a fashion that they are
independent of the programs of people using the data
The data in the data base is integrated, which means
that the database is a collection of distinct (not
identical) files.
These distinct files may have some duplicate data but
the duplication of data is to the minimum.
Thus data in the database
Is Integrated
Can be Shared
Can con currently accessed
ADVANTAGES OF HAVING DATA IN DATABASE or ADVANTAGES OVER
TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM
1.
Centralized control
2.
Redundancy can be reduced
3.
Inconsistency can be avoided
4.
Data can be shared
5.
Standard can be enforced
6.
Security restriction can be applied
7.
Integrity can be maintained
8.
Conflicting requirements can be balanced
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4. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
1. Centralized control:
Centralized control of the data
2. Redundancy can be reduced:
Redundancy of data means repetition of the data
So maximum it avoid multiple copies
Note: Sometimes redundancy allowed, because technically & business reasons we need
to store multiple copies.
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5. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
3. Inconsistency can be avoided
It is corollary to the above statement.
If same data is duplicated and change made to one of
them lead to inconsistency.
4. Data can be shared
More than one persons can
access the same data or different data at same time
Information is shared
5. Standard can be enforced
Admin can enforce standard
Ex: ID generation of staff in college
6. Security restriction can be applied
Only access through proper channel
Different types of access can be provided
(retrieve, modify, delete, create etc...)
7. Integrity can be maintained
It means data are accurate
Permits admin to define constraints to the
data base
Ex: Admin adding a constraint “Minimum
balance need to change an account to cheque
book account is 1000 RS.
8. Conflicting requirement can be balanced
Understanding the requirement correctly.
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6. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA IN DATABASE
It should have the following features(we already discussed about
this)
1. Shared
2. Persistence : It means the data exist
permanently ,beyond the scope of the
process
3. Validity/Integrity/Correctness
4. Security
5. Consistency
6. Non- redundancy
7. Independence : ( we will discuss it later)
DATA BASE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Some representative applications are
SALES
ONLINE RETAILERS
MANUFACTURING
HUMAN RESOURCES
AIRLINES
UNIVERSITIES
BANKING
For production(in factory),inventory(in ware
house).order, supply chain
For Order tracking, customized
recommendation
For Customer ,product, purchases
Employee records, salaries, tax reduction
For Reservation ,schedule information etc
For Registration(student) ,grade etc
For customer account ,loans, banking
transaction etc
TYPES OF DATABASE
Centralized
Distributed
The entire data is located at a single site
The data base is stored on several
computer or mainframe system
Allow for greater control over
accessing and updating data
The computer in a distributed system
can communicate with each other via
Ex: Bank ATM system
various communication media(high
Speed network or telephone lines)
Ex: A multinational banking system.
The bank database distributed across
different branches.
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7. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
Centralized
Distributed
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8. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
It is a collection of programs that enables you to store ,modify data and
extract information from a database.
It varies from small to large
It is a piece of software that provides services for accessing a database
Components of DBMS are
A. Transaction Management
Transaction: Sequence of database operation that represent a logical unit of
work
Access and transform database from one state to another
Include update, delete, modify a set of records
If we want to save a transaction just do ‘commit’
If don’t want that change just rollback
B. Concurrency Control
Operate concurrently that access shared data and can potentially interface with
one another
Goal: Allow concurrency while maintaining
the consistency of shared data.
C. Recovery Management
Ensures that database is returned to a
consistent state even after the failure or aborts
More concurrency more is the chance that an
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9. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
aborted transaction
D. Security Management
Protection of data against unauthorized access
DBA give different access privileges to the users
E. Language Interface
Provide support languages
These languages are used for definition and manipulation of data in the
database.
o Data Structure Creation : Used
DDL(Data Definition Language)
o Manipulation of Data : Used
DML(Data Manipulation
Language)
F. Storage Management
Permanent storage of data
G. Data Catalog Management
Also known as data dictionary
It contains the metadata (data
about the data , it actually
contains description of the data)
These are helpful to know the structure
SCHEMAS AND INSTANCES
INSTANCES
The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is
called an instance of the database.
Database change over time as information is inserted and deleted.
The value of variable in the program at appoint in time correspond to an
instance of a database schema.
SCHEMA
The overall design of the database is called the database schema
Schemas are changed infrequently
Data base system have several schemas ,portioned according to the levels of
abstraction
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10. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
Physical schema : It describes data base design at physical level
Logical schema : It describes data base design at logical level.
Sub schemas
: Database design at view level
THREE -SCHEMA ARCHITECTURE
Also known as 3-Level
architecture of a DBMS or
ANSI –SPARC Model
ANSI_- American National
Standard Institute
SPARC-Standard Planning
And Requirements
Committee.
Most modern commercial
DBMS are based on this
system
OBJECTIVES
1. It allows independent customized user views:
Each user should be able to access the same data, but have a different
customized view of data.
2. It hides the physical storage details from user:
Users should not have to deal with physical database storage details.
They should be allowed to work with the data itself,without concern
for how it is physically stored.
3. The database administrator should be able to change the database storage structure
without affecting the user’s view:
From time to time rationalization or other changes to the structure of
an organization’s data will be required.
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11. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
4. The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by change to the
physical aspects of the storage
Change over to a new disk.
5. The database administrator should b able to change the conceptual or global
structure of the database without affecting the users
This should be possible while still maintaining the desired individual
users view.
Fig: Three -Schema Architecture
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12. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
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13. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
Detailed figure of Three schema architecture
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14. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
DATA BASE USERS
Mainly categorized into three main categories
I.
II.
III.
End user
Application programmer
Data Base Administrator
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15. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
I.
End user
Deals only with the higher level of abstraction
They may not be concerned with or even aware of the
details of the DBMS
The end users involved in updates to the database or
queries on the database.
Categories of end users are.
Casual end user: Access database occasionally
when needed.
They need different information each
time.
Thy uses a sophisticated database query
language to specify their request.
Naïve or parametric users.
Users who interact with the system by
involving one of the application programs
that have been written previously.
They make up a large section of the end
user population.
These are the users who communicate
with the database on regular period.
Their job is to constantly querying and
updating the database using the standard
queries. This is called canned transaction.
Ex: Bank teller, Reservation clerks etc.
Sophisticated users
These include business analyst scientist,
engineers, and other thoroughly familiar
with the system capacity.
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16. 503. DATA BASE DESIGN
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