The document discusses various mine hazards including roof falls, collapses of pillars, air blasts, rock bursts, fires, explosions, and flooding. It provides examples of past accidents caused by these hazards and their causes such as inadequate safety measures, unsupported roofs and pillars, and spontaneous heating of coal. The document also covers classifications of fires from Class A to D and recommendations for fire prevention and extinguishing methods according to the fire class.

1. MINE HZARDS
CAUSES AND IMPACT

2. MINE HAZARDS
• Side Fall
• Roof Fall
• Collapse of Pillars
• Air Blast
• Rock Bursts & Bumps
• Haulages
• Machines

3. MINE HAZARDS
• Explosives
• Blasting
• Electrical Hazards (Shock & Burn)
• Fire
• Explosion
• Innundation
• Lightning Attack

4. MINE HAZARDS
• Heat & Humidity
• Water Gas Explosion
• Slope Failure of OB Dump

5. Side Fall in Opencast
• Failure to make and keep the sides secure
by providing benches of safe height and
adequate width or by sloping
• Creating dangerous overhang by
undercutting
• Not taking adequate safety measures in
geologically disturbed ground
• Inadequate inspection of the sides
• Collapse of partings or pillars during
extraction of developed coal seams

6. Side Fall Disasters in Opencast
• Shivrajpur Manganese Mine, Gujrat
• On 06.12.1910 Person Killed 12
• Bhatti Bajri Mines, Delhi State Industries
Development Corporation
• Bajri / Badarpur Sand Mine
• On 10th, 16th and 24th January, 1983

7. Roof and Side Falls in Under
Ground Mine
• Roof & Side not made and kept secure
• Support not as per SSR
• Inspection not done after shot firing
• Entry in to unauthorized place
• Safety prop withdrawer not used
• Inadequate examination and testing of the
roof
• Accident while clearing roof fall

8. ROOF FALL ACCIDENTS
• KESSURGARH 9/8/1975, Roof Fall, Fatality : 11
• TOPA 16/07/1982, Cause – Roof Fall, Fatality : 16
• SOMAGUDEM NO.1 09.06.1985 Roof Fall Fatality:6
• PATHERDIH 15.09.1985 Cause- Roof Fall Fatality:4
• KALYAN KHANI NO.5 14.10.1985 Roof Fall Fatality:4
• BANKI 09.04.1986 RoofFall Fatality:4
• SATPURA NO.1 19.04.1986 Roof Fall Fatality:4
• KENDWADIH 26.11.1986 Roof Fall Fatality:6

9. ROOF FALL ACCIDENTS
• NORTH JHARGRAKHAND 25.05.1988 Fatality:4
• DUBESHWARI 18.06.1988 Fatality:4
• SOUTH GOVINDPUR 30.06.1989 Fatality:6
• DHANPURI INCLINE 18.10.1990 Fatality:4
• MAHABIR KHANI NO.1 16.01.94Fatality:4
• KOTMA WEST 05.03.1994 Fatality:6

10. Collapse of Pillars
• Smaller & inadequate pillars
• Robbing of pillars
• Abnormal size of pillars
• Steep gradient
• Chanda Colliery 31.08.1915 10
• Bhowra Colliery 04.02.1916 24
• Rawanwara Colly 14.04.1923 15
• West Chirimiri 11.04.1968 14

11. Air Blast
• Large area of uncollapsed roof
• Sudden fall of large area of overhanging
roof
• Limited number of outlets / galleries
• JAMURIA 7&8 PITS 08.10.1943 Fatality12

12. Rock Bursts & Bumps
• A sudden and violent failure of rock due to
overstress is called a rockburst. A similar
failure of coal pillars is caleed a coalburst
or bump.
• Mainly in deep mines exceeding 1000m in
hard rock mine & 300m in coal mines.
• Minor bursts at shallow depths due to high
horizontal stresses of tectonic origin.
• Coal mines of Raniganj Coalfields.

13. COAL BUMPS ACCIDENTS
• SODEPUR COLLIERY
• 22.02.1943 Fatality:13
• DHEMO MAIN COLLIERY
• 12.07.1952 Fatality:12

14. ACCIDENT DUE TO EXPLOSIVES
• SURDA COPPER MINE
• On 04.04.1984 by 9.00 PM 80 boulders
had been charged for plaster shooting.
The Mate, Blaster, Helper & Two Drillers
affected by Nitrous Fumes of Nitrous
Oxides (100 PPM). They all died by
between 2.30 AM & 5.30 AM on 05.04.84
in Hospital.

15. DANGER DUE TO FIRE
& INNUNDATION
IN UNDERGROUND MINES

16. Definitions
• (10A) “fiery seam” means a seam in which a fire
or spontaneous heating exists in the workings
below ground or in open cast workings lying
within the precincts of a mine;
• (12) “gas” includes fume or vapour;
• (12D) “general body of air” means the general
atmosphere in a seam and includes the
atmosphere in the roof cavities, but does not
include general atmosphere in the sealed off
area or in any borehole drilled in coal or in the
adjacent “strata”;

17. Definitions
• (3) “Auxiliary fan” means a forcing fan or an
exhausting fan used belowground wholly or
mainly for ventilating one or more faces forming
part of a ventilating district;
• (4A)”Booster fan” means a mechanical ventilator
used belowground for boosting the whole
current of air passing along the intake or return
airway of a mine or ventilating district;

18. The Fire Triangle
Three things are needed for conditions to be right for a
fire to get started.
Now represents the “smoldering” mode of combustion.

19. Class A
Materials are:
Solids
• Wood
• Paper
• Plastic Rubber
• Coal
“A” stands for “ash”

20. How does a
solid burn?
Takes place as wood, coal, conveyor belts or any
carbon based products decomposes from the
action of the heat
Remember, it is the vapors that burn, not the solid.

21. How to extinguish a Class A fire
Limit material
Adding water burning
Class A fires Shovel away
only material
Add rock dust
to remaining
fuel
Pit a lid on it,
Use a fire
Usually oily extinguisher
rags or paper in
Usually Class
a waste
A, B & C fires
container

22. Class B
Materials are:
Liquids
• Gasoline, Oil, Diesel fuel
• Greases, Hydraulic fluid
• Gases; i.e.
Acetylene, Propane
Natural Gas
“B” stands for “boil”

23. Special care when using flammable and
combustible liquids
The “ flash point” is when at
the right temperature,
vapors are released that will ignite
Flammable Liquids Combustible Liquids
Flash point under 100oF Flash point over 100oF & under 164oF
•Gasoline(-42oF) •Diesel fuel(110oF)
•Toluene(73oF •Kerosene(102oF)
•Benzene(12oF) •Home heating fuel(120oF)
•Cleaning fluids •Hydraulic fluids

24. How to extinguish a Class B fire
Remove excess
Not liquid fuel or shut
recommended off bottled gas
Water can cause cylinders
the fire to spread
Put a lid on it Use a BC or ABC
fire extinguisher
No oxygen, no
fire

25. Class C
Materials are:
“Energized” Electrical
Equipment & Cables
Always treat “C” fires as though power is still on!
Once the power has been removed, you can probably treat it
like a Class A or B fire, but remember that cables &
equipment can hold electricity even after the power is off!
“C” stands for “current”

26. How to extinguish a Class C fire
Not Shut off the
recommended power
Water can May still have A
conduct electricity or B fire
remaining
May not work
because of the
Use a BC or ABC
high temperature
fire extinguisher
of the electric arc

27. Class D
materials include
Combustible Metals
• Magnesium
• Titanium
• Zirconium
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Lithium
• Calcium
• Zinc
D stands for “ding”

28. Class D materials are usually in alloy type
metals
They are usually started by a Class A-B-C fire, and will
burn at extremely high temperatures
Not Shovel away all
recommended- materials that can be
ignite by the high heat
The O2 and H2 in generated
the water will
accelerate the fire
Not recommended-
Attempt to isolate Unsure if ABC
the fire by covering extinguisher will put
with sand or rock out
dust Unsure of dangerous
by-product from the
reaction of the
chemicals

29. Class
K
This covers the new synthetic oils &
greases that are the market & the new
ones being developed
New synthetic oils &
greases for industry
Problem… ABC type fire extinguishers may not work on
these fires, a special Class K extinguisher may be needed!
Inquire about what new products that are available on mine
sites that would fall into this new category

30. Fire Extinguighers
Dry Chemical
•Ordinary Base “BC”
•Sodium Bicarbonate
•Potassium Bicarbonate
•Potassium Chloride
Do not use on “A” fires, will put out only
surface area, heated core may re-ignite
•Multipurpose “ABC”
•Monoammonium Phosphate
•Ammonium Phosphate
•Barium Sulfate

31. Classification of extinguishers
Type(s) of fire it
can put out
How much fire a
“lay person” can
put out
For example, a 5:A will put out five square foot surface area of Class A fire
A 20:BC will put out a twenty square foot surface area of Class B or C fire.
A properly trained person can extinguish 2 to 3 times the amount listed on
the rating.

32. When using a fire extinguisher,
remember the the phrase “P.A.S.S.”
•P. Pull the pin
•A. Aim low
•S. Squeeze the trigger/handle
•S. Sweep side to side
It is important that you should attend an actual
“hands on” fire extinguisher class to be
proficient in their use

33. DANGER OF FIRE CAUSED BY SPONTANEOUS
COMBUSTION
 Premature collapse of pillars followed by spontaneous
heating
 Collapse of pillars in active workings.
 Crushing of pillars in old workings.
 Spontaneous heating in goaved out panel.
 Spontaneous heating in active depillaring panel.
 Spontaneous heating in coal pillars of Development
workings.
 Spontaneous heating on the surface.

34. DANGER DUE TO ACCIDENTAL OR OPEN
FIRES
 In underground
 Illicit distillation of liquor
 Electricity
 Mechanical friction
 Blasting
 Locomotives
 Welding
 Explosions
 Sabotage

35. DANGER DUE TO ACCIDENTAL OR
OPEN FIRES
On surface
Dumping of hot materials
Lighting of fire near exposure of coal
Burning of weeds near exposure of coal
Illicit distillation of liquor in abandoned
quarries

36. General precautions against Fire
• Reg.116 [General precautions against Fire – (1)
No oil, grease, canvas or other inflammable
material shall be stored in any mine except in a
fire-proof receptacle. Greasy or oily waste in
workings belowground, shall be regularly
removed to the surface.
• (2) No person shall place or throw, or cause or
permit to be placed or thrown, any naked light
or lamp on or near any timber, wooden structure
or other combustible material.]

37. Surface precautions against fire
• 117. Surface precautions against fire –
• (1) All surface structures and supports within a horizontal
distance of 10 metres from all entrances to a mine shall
be of incombustiblematerial.
• (2) Shale or other carbonaceous material shall not be
heaped or dumped, and dead leaves or dry vegetation
shall not be allowed to accumulate or remain, and
combustible materials other than materials required for
use within a period of 24 hours, and inflammable
materials, shall not be stored within a distance of 15
metres from any entrance to a mine, which is not
effectively sealed off from the workings belowground.

38. Surface precautions against fire
• (3) all wild or herbaceous plants shall be removed and all
dead leaves and dry vegetation cleared as often as may
be necessary to prevent an outbreak of fire in ocp.
• (4) No person shall deposit any heated material or ashes
on any outcrop of coal or in any opencast working or any
ground broken by extraction of coal.
• (5) No fire to be lighted in any opencast working within a
distance of 15 metres from any entrance to a mine,
except by the permission in writing of the manager.
• (6) A competent person shall, once at least in every
seven days, inspect the top of all entrances to a mine, all
opencast workings and any ground broken by extraction
of coal. A record of every such inspection shall be
maintained.

39. Underground precautions
against fire
• 118. Underground precautions against fire –
• (1)(a) No timber or other combustible material shall be
used in the construction of, or in connection with, any
shaft lining or any room housing any machinery or
apparatus belowground.
• (b) Wood cuttings to be removed to the surface at the
end of every shift.
• (2) No fire to be lighted in any workings belowground :
Provided that –
(i) 1[in gassy seam of the first degree], flame or electric
welding or repairing apparatus may be used
belowground if permitted by a order in writing of the
manager.
• (ii) 2[in gassy seam of the second degree], a flame or
electric welding or repairing apparatus may be used
belowground with prior permission from the Regional

40. Underground precautions
against fire
• (3)(a) No person shall leave a portable light or lamp
belowground unless he has placed it in charge of some
other person remaining therein.
• (b) At the end of a shift, unless the mine is worked by a
continuous succession of shifts, after all persons have
left the mine, all lights shall be extinguished and all
power cut off.
• [(4) Proper provisions to prevent an outbreak of the fire
belowground or the spread of fire from any part of the
same mine or from any adjoining mine, and adequate
steps to control or isolate any such fire or heating that
may occur.
• (5) All unused inclines shall once at least in every 30
days be inspected by a competent person for signs of
illicit distillation of liquor. A report of every such
inspection shall maintained.

41. Further precautions against spontaneous
heating
• 3[118A. – Further precautions against spontaneous
heating
• (1)(a) independent ventilation system. artificial panels
should be created by the construction of stoppings.
Panel size as per incubation period of the coal.
• (b) No coal, shale or other carbonaceous to be left or
stacked belowground. Areas with fallen coal to be
effectively sealed off.
• (c) no extraction of pillars in any seam or section shall be
commenced until fire dams or stoppings have been
provided in all entrance to the panel, except that in the
fire dams or stoppings built in entrances which are to be
kept open for ventilation or haulage suitable doors or
openings may be left.
• (d) panel to be isolated by adequate stoppings as soon
as it has been goaved out.

42. Further precautions against spontaneous
heating
• (2) Sufficient material for dealing with fire & sufficient
number of persons trained in the use of this material.
• (3)(a) For detecting spontaneous heating, the air in the
return airway of every depillaring district, and of every
goal which has not been isolated, shall be;
• (i) tested for percentage of carbon monoxide once at
least in every seven days; and
• (ii) completely analysed once at least in every 30 days
with a view to determining the ratio CO-formed/O2-
absorbed.
• (b) If CO-formed O2 – absorbed ratio increases, suitable
measures to determine the site of the heating and to
deal with it.
• (c) depillaring district shall be inspected on every idle
day, and all unused working & stoppings inspected once
at least in every seven days, by a competent person.

43. DISASTER IN MINES CAUSED BY FIRES
Lady Rangi Mica Mine 19 killed on
12.04.1932
Loyabad Colliery 35 killed on
30.01.1936
Jagannath OCP 10 killed on
24.06.1981
New Kenda 55 killed on
25.01.1994

44. Observations of New Kenda Court of Inquiry
• The court of inquiry appointed under section 24 of the
Mines Act, 1952 to enquire into causes and
circumstances attending the accident that occurred in
New Kenda Colliery of Eastern Coalfields Ltd.. on
25.1.94 causing loss of 55 lives due to fire, made the
following observations :
• 1. Workers shall be made acquainted with the existence
of escape routes/2nd outlets from work places/working
districts to the surface of the mine/mine outlets.
Maintenance of the escape routes should strictly be
adhered to and there must be markings/signs to indicate
such escape routes. Mock rehearsals shall be carried
out regularly to keep them aware of the escape routes.

45. Observations of New Kenda Court of Inquiry
• 2. There is an immediate need for development of
awareness amongst workers, supervisors and
management officials for identifying hazards due to fire
in underground coal mines. Intensive education and
training of the miners as well as supervisory staff shall
be taken up in this regard.
• 3. In belowground coalmines, efficient telephone
communication shall be provided and maintained from
the working districts/places to the surface.
• 4. In all working places in belowground and all other
places of fire risk such as coal stocks, spoil heaps
containing carbonaceous material and exposed coal
surfaces liable to heating, adequate quantity of water at
sufficient pressure for the purpose of efficient fire-fighting
along with other fire fighting equipments shall be
provided and kept maintained as required under
provisions of Reg. 120(1) (a) of CMR 1957.

46. Observations of New Kenda Court of
Inquiry
• 5. No person should be permitted to go belowground
without self-rescuer. It is mandatory as per Reg. 191D of
CMR 1957. It should be strictly complied with. Measures
should be taken for training and re-training of workmen
in proper use of self rescuers. Proper implementation of
safety measures in accordance with these observations
can bring about definite improvement in the safety
standards in the mines. Suitable steps may therefore be
taken early in this direction.
(Cir. Tech. 6/1999)

47. DANGER OF INNUNDATIONS
• DANGER FROM SURFACE
WATER: SOURCES OF SURFACE
WATER MAY BE
I. RIVERS AND NALLAHS
II. TANKS AND RESERVOIRS
III.ACCUMULATED WATER IN OLD
OPENCAST WORKINGS OR IN LOW-
LYING AREAS

48. DANGER OF INNUNDATIONS
• Water from these sources can get into the under ground
workings through
I. SHAFTS AND INCLINES
II. BROKEN GROUNDS OVER CAVED GOAVES
III. BORE HOLES OR GEOLOGICAL DISTUBANCES
LIKE FAULTS
IV. OPENINGS AND BREACHES CREATED BY
COLLAPSE OF OVERLYING STRATA BY
a) POT-HOLING DUE TO EXCESSIVE WIDTH OF
GALLERIES
b) SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY INADEQUATE
STOWING
c) SUBSIDENCE DUE TO COLLAPSE OF PILLARS

49. DANGER OF INNUNDATIONS
• DANGER FROM UNDERGROUND WATER:
SOURCES OF UNDERGROUND WATER MAY BE
I. OLD WATER- LOGGED WORKINGS IN THE
SAME SEAM OR IN ANOTHER SEAM
II. A SUMP EITHER IN THE SAME SEAM OR
ANOTHER SEAM
III. OLD WATER- LOGGED WORKINGS IN THE
ADJOINING MINE
IV. HIGHLY WATER BEARING STRATA OVERLYING
THE WORKING SEAM

50. DANGER OF INNUNDATIONS
• Water from these sources may innundate
the active workings because of
I. ACCIDENTAL CONNECTION
II. DEVELOPMENT OF CRACKS, FISSURES
AND FRACTURES
III. FAILURE OF BARRIER PILLAR OR
PARTING
IV. FAILURE OF DAMS

51. Danger from surface water
• 126. Danger from surface water –
• 1[(a)] adequate protection against such inrush shall be
provided and maintained.
• [(b) every entrance shall be not less than 1.5 metres
above the highest flood level at that point].
• (2) No workings shall be made in any mine vertically
below –
• (a) any part of any river, canal, lake, tank or other
surface reservoir; or
• (b) any spot lying within a horizontal distance of 15
metres from either bank of a river or canal or from the
boundary of a lake, tank or other surface reservoir;
• (3) Every application with two copies of a plan and
section showing the existing position of the workings of
the mine, the proposed layout of workings, the depth of
the surface, the position and depth of any goaves in
every seam in the neighborhood, all faults, dikes and
other geological disturbances.

52. Danger from surface water
• 3[(4) All workings made under sub-regulation (2) shall be
clearly demarcated belowground.
• (5)(a) A competent person shall, once at least in every
14 days during the rainy season and once at least in
every 30 days during other periods of the year, examine
every protective measure provided under sub-
regulation(1), whether in use or not, for their stability. A
report of every such examination shall be recorded in a
bound paged book kept for the purpose, and shall be
signed and dated by the person making he examination
and countersigned by the manager.
• (b) The protective measure and workings aforesaid shall
also inspected, once at least in every quarter by the
manager personally.]

53. Danger from underground
inundation
• 127. Danger from underground inundation. – 4[(1)
Proper provision to prevent irruption of water other liquid
matter or any material that is likely to flow when wet from
the workings of the same mine or of an adjoining mine
and to prevent accidents while drilling bore-holes for
probe or release of a body of water or other liquid matter.
• (2) (a)(i) Where work is being done in –
(ii) any place in a seam or section, which is at a lower
level that any other place in a lower seam or section; or
• (iii) any place in a seam approaching a fault passing
through an upper seam or section, which contains or
may contain an accumulation of water or other liquid
matter or any material that is likely to flow when wet; or
• (b) all useful information including the position, extent
and depth of the above mentioned features shall be
acquired and kept recorded and a scheme of

54. Danger from underground
inundation
• (3) working which has approached within a distance of
60 metres of any other working (not being the working
which has been physically examined and found to be
free from accumulation of water or other liquid matter or
any material that is likely to flow when wet) shall be
extended further except with the prior permission in
writing of the Regional Inspector and subject to such
conditions as he may specify therein.
• Explanation – For the purpose of this sub-regulation, the
distance between the said workings shall mean the
shortest distance between the workings of the same
seam or between any two seams or sections, as the
case may be, measured in any direction whether
horizontal, vertical or inclined.].

55. Danger from underground
inundation
• (6)(a) The height or width of any working referred to in
sub-regulation (3) or sub-regulation (5) shall not exceed
2.4 metres and there shall be maintained at least one
bore-hole near the centre of the working face, and
sufficient flank bore-holes on each side; and, where
necessary, bore-holes above and below the working to
intervals of not more than five metres.
• All such bore-holes shall be 2[drilled sufficient close to
each other to ensure that the advancing face will not
accidentally hole through into a working containing water
or liquid matter or any material that is likely to flow when
wet and shall be] maintained and shall be constantly
maintained at sufficient distance in advance of the
working and such distance shall in no case be less than
three metres.

56. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• Inquiry—The Court of Inquiry appointed
under Section 24 of the Mines Act, 1952 to
enquire into causes and circumstances
attending the accident that occurred in
Gaslitand Colliery of M/s. Bharat Coking
Coal Limited on 27th September, 1995
causing loss of 64 lives due to inundation,
made the following recommendations :

57. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• (1) Before the onset of monsoon, mines situated
by the side of the river or other water sources
should be inspected by the Directorate-General
of Mines Safety along with the mine
management.
• (2) The feasibility of reclamation of opencast
workings including the disused ones, near rivers
and major sources of water, particularly those
having connections to belowground workings
either directly or through subsidence cracks and
fissures may be examined to prevent inundation
in such mines.

58. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• (3) Detailed precautionary measures against
danger of inundation should be laid down while
working beneath or in the vicinity of rivers and
major surface water bodies, particularly during
the rainy season. This may include framing and
implementing standing orders for safe
withdrawal of persons, provision of float alarm as
a means of warning in case of rise in water level
in the river in addition to river guards and an
effective and speedy communication system
which can function even independent of
electricity and work in adverse conditions.

59. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• (4) need for fore-warning the mines about
possible impending heavy rains, similar to
the warning of impending cyclone issued
in costal areas.
• (5) mines which have pits as the only
means of exit may require captive
generators in working conditions to run the
winders in case of emergency. In case of
steam boilers, the boilers to be under
proper shed with sufficient insulation
around the boilers and the pipelines.

60. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• (6) The need for an effective
communication system over and above
the signaling system between the surface
and belowground which shall remain in
operation even with failure of electricity
and also be rugged enough to remain
operative in adverse conditions has been
felt strongly. Suitable system may be
developed, if not already available and
used in belowground mines.

61. GASALITAND COURT OF ENQUIRY
• (7) In mines where the barriers have become
ineffective due to interconnections or otherwise,
the same may be restored early, even artificially,
by constructing suitable dams, explosion proof
stopping and other methods.
• (8) All disused pits, potholes and surface
subsidence existing in the vicinity of river or
surface source of water and where there is a
danger of inundation present, shall be sealed by
reinforced concrete seals or other suitable
effective means.

62. Additional Recommendations of Gaslitand
Court of Inquiry
• (1) Sanctity of mine boundary: A mine boundary
should be such as to contain hazards caused
due to mishap in a neighboring mine with the
help of suitable vertical barriers along the
boundary in all seams being worked. In cases
where such barriers do not exit, neighboring
mines will have to be isolated and protected with
construction of suitable protective measures
along the boundary in all seam workings keeping
in view of nature of the hazard. There should be
no horizontal transfer of property between two
mines.

63. Additional Recommendations of
Gaslitand Court of Inquiry
• (2) Embankment : Construction of embankment
is an engineering activity meant to provide
protective measures against hazard of
inundation from surface water. The current
practice of embankment construction is limited to
the geometric dimensions only. There are no
guidelines regarding the foundation design, the
material of construction, nature of slope facing
and the procedure of construction. There is an
urgent need for modification and framing
guidelines concerning the above parameters for
embankment construction.

64. Additional Recommendations of
Gaslitand Court of Inquiry
• (3) River channel: In the Jharia coalfield with a high
concentration of coal seams being worked in the
neighborhood and under the river channels, the later are
found perched at higher levels compared to the post-
mining depressed surface topography of the immediate
neighborhood. In case of breach of embankments
constructed to provide preventive measures against
inundation, the river course finds its way to the adjacent
depressed land thereby providing a large source of water
supply adding to the magnitude of the problem. Such
topographic changes in the surface profile need to be
prevented and/or remedied by suitable corrective action.

65. Additional Recommendations of
Gaslitand Court of Inquiry
• (4) Highest known flood level (H.F.L.): The
height of a protective embankment is related to
the HFL. The HFL on the other hand is related to
the amount of water flow in the river channel
during a particular year. This however
presupposes the cross section of the river
channel remaining undisturbed. In reality this
gets disturbed due to mining activity as well as
considerable amount of silting. Thus it would be
necessary to adjust the HFL according to the
changed river channel cross-section

66. Additional Recommendations of
Gaslitand Court of Inquiry
• (5) Abandoned pits : All pits proposed to be
abandoned are to be properly secured at the
collar level against hazards of inundation by
surface water. Managements are requested to
take suitable steps to implement the
recommendation of the court of inquiry in the
mines under their control.
[Cir. Tech. (SOMA) 2/2001]

67. INNUNDATION DISASTERS IN INDIAN MINES
 PHULARITAND COLLIERY KILLED 23 ON 11.01.1912
BIHAR
 JOTEJANAKI COLLIERY KILLED 13 ON 28.06.1913
BENGAL
 LOYABAD COLLIERY KILLED 11 ON 16.01.1935
BIHAR
 MAKERWAL COLLIERY KILLED 14 ON 06.07.1942
MP
 MAJRI COLLIERY KILLED 11 ON 05.08.1953
MP
 NEWTON CHIKLI COLLIERY KILLED 63 ON 10.12.1954
MP
 BURRA DHEMO COLLIERY KILLED 28 ON 26.09.1956
BENGAL

68. INNUNDATION DISASTERS IN INDIAN MINES
 CTRL BHOWRA KILLED 23 ON 20.02.1958
BIHAR
 DAMUA COLLIERY KILLED 16 ON 05.01.1960
MP
 SILEWARA COLLIERY KILLED 10 ON 18.11.1975
MAHARA.
 CHASNALA COLLIERY KILLED 375 ON 27.12.1975
BIHAR
 CTRL SAUNDA KILLED 10 ON 16.09.1976
BIHAR
 HURRILADIH KILLED 19 ON 14.09.1983
BIHAR
 MAHABIR COLLIERY KILLED 06 ON 13.11.1989
BENGAL
 GAZALITAND KILLED 64 ON 27.09.1995
BIHAR
 BAGDIGI COLLIERY KILLED 29 ON 02.02.2001

69. DANGER DUE TO EXPLOSION
EXPLOSION MAY BE DUE TO:
a) fire damp alone
b) coal dust alone
c) both fire damp and coal dust
FACTORS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE AN
EXPLOSION:
a) the presence of an explosive mixture
and
b) a suitable source of ignition

70. DANGER DUE TO EXPLOSION
SOURCES OF IGNITION:
a) flames
b) heated surface
c) sparks
d) explosives

71. EXPLOSION DISASTERS IN INDIAN MINES
• KHOST COLLIERY 16.06.1908 20
BALUCHISTAN
• DISHERGARH COLLIERY 07.02.1910 11
BENGAL
• KHOST COLLIERY 09.03.1922 13
BALUCHISTAN
• PARBELIA COLLIERY 04.01.1923 74
BENGAL
• KARHARBAREE COLLIERY 24.07.1935 62
BIHAR
• BAGDIGI COLLIERY 29.06.1935 19
BIHAR
• POIDIH COLLIERY 18.12.1936 209
BENGAL

72. EXPLOSION DISASTERS IN INDIAN MINES
• AMLABAD COLLIERY 05.02.1955 52
BIHAR
• CHINAKURI COLLIERY 19.02.1958 176
BENGAL
• DHORI COLLIERY 28.05.1965 268
BIHAR
• JEETPUR COLLIERY 18.03.1973 48
BIHAR
• SUDAMDIH COLLIERY 04.10.1976 43
BIHAR
• BARGOLAI COLLIERY 22.01.1979 16
ASSAM
• BHATDIH COLLIERY 06.09.2006 50
JHARKHAND

73. Scenario after Nationalisation
• JEETPUR
• Date: 18/3/1973, Cause – Explosion, Fatality : 48
• CHASNALA
• Date: 27/12/1975, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 375
• KESSURGARH
• Date: 9/8/1975, Cause – Roof Fall, Fatality : 11
• SILEWARA
• Date: 20/11/1975, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 10
• CENTRAL SAUNDA
• Date: 16/9/1976, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 10

74. • SUDAMDIH
• Date: 4/10/1976, Cause – Explosion, Fatality : 45
• BARAGOLAI
• Date: 22/10/1979, Cause – Explosion, Fatality : 16
• JAGANNATH
• Date: 24/06/1981, Cause – Fire, Fatality : 10
• TOPA
• Date: 16/07/1982, Cause – Roof Fall, Fatality : 16
• HURRILADIH
• Date: 14/11/1983, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 19
• MAHABIR
• Date: 13/11/1989, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 6

75. • TIPONG
• Date: 19.11.93, Cause – Explosion, Fatality:9
• NEW KENDA
• Date: 25/1/1994, Cause – Fire, Fatality : 55
• GASLITAND
• Date 26/9/1995, Cause-Inundation, Fatality : 64
• BAGDIGI
• Date 2/2/2001, Cause – Inundation, Fatality : 29
• BHAATDEE
• Date: 6/9/2006, Cause – Explosion, Fatality : 50
• Chandan Hill
• 00.05.2010, Cause- Explosion, Fatality: 14

76. Thank you.