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Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles
Reference News:- :
A total of 61 applicants has been
approved.
 Government approved PLI
Scheme for Textiles products for
enhancing India’s manufacturing
capabilities and enhancing exports
with an approved financial outlay of
Rs 10,683 crore over a five-year
period
 Government reduced import duty of cotton to zero
 Objective: To help India regain its historical dominant status in global textiles trade.
Key features of the scheme
 The incentives shall encourage investment in new capacities in man-made fibre (MMF)
apparel, MMF fabrics, and 10 segments or products of technical textiles.
 The scheme shall help attract investment of more than Rs. 19,000 crore, creating an
additional 7.5 lakh direct jobs.
 There will be two levels of investment with different sets of incentives.
 In the first category, any person or firm can invest a minimum Rs. 300 crore in plant,
machinery, and civil works to produce the identified products to ensure eligibility for
the PLI.
 In the second category a minimum investment of Rs. 100 crore would make an
individual or firm eligible to apply for the incentives.
 Priority would be given for investment in aspirational districts, tier-three, tier-four towns and
rural areas.
 The scheme is expected to benefit States such as Gujarat, U.P., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab, Andhra, Telangana and Odisha.
 Applicants would have two years as investment period and 2024-2025 would be the
‘performance’ year. The incentive flow would start in 2025-2026 and extend for five years.
Significance of the Textiles Sector
 Textiles & garments industry is a labour intensive sector that employs 45 million people in
India.
 It is second only to the agriculture sector in terms of employment.
 It contributes 2.3% to Indian GDP, 7% of Industrial Output, 12% to the export earnings of
India and employs more than 21% of total employment.
 India is the 6th largest producer of Technical Textiles with 6% Global Share, largest producer
of cotton & jute in the world.
 Technical textiles are functional fabrics that have applications in industries such as
automobiles, civil engineering and construction,

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 India is also the second largest producer of silk in the world and 95% of the world’s hand
woven fabric comes from India.
 Two-thirds of India’s textile exports now are cotton based whereas 66-70% of world trade in
textiles and apparel is MMF-based and technical textiles.
Human Rights Violations against Uygurs
Reference News:- :
The US State Department report, based on
accounts by news outlets and NGOs as well as
research by diplomats, has singled out China for
abuses against ethnic minorities, including
Uygurs in Xinjiang.
 The report said the Chinese government
continues to commit genocide and crimes
against humanity in Xinjiang against
predominantly Muslim Uygurs among
other minority groups.
What’s the issue?
Various countries have called on China to “ensure full respect for the rule of law” for the
Muslim Uighurs community in Xinjiang.
 Credible reports indicate that over a million people have been arbitrarily detained in Xinjiang
and that there is widespread surveillance disproportionately targeting Uighurs and members
of other minorities and restrictions on fundamental freedoms and Uighur culture.
China’s response:
Despite mounting evidence, China denies mistreating the Uyghurs, and goes on to insist it is simply
running “vocational training” centres designed to counter extremism.

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Who are Uighurs?
The Uighurs are a predominantly Muslim minority Turkic ethnic group, whose origins can be
traced to Central and East Asia.
The Uighurs speak their own language, similar to Turkish, and see themselves as culturally and
ethnically close to Central Asian nations.
 China recognises the community only as a regional minority and rejects that they are an
indigenous group.
 Currently, the largest population of the Uighur ethnic community lives in the Xinjiang region
of China.
 A significant population of Uighurs also lives in the neighbouring Central Asian countries
such as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.
Uighur Muslims for decades, under the false accusation by the Chinese government of terrorism and
separatism, have suffered from abuses including persecution, forced detention, intense scrutiny,
surveillance and even slavery.
James Webb Space Telescope
Reference News:-
After launching late last year, NASA’s revolutionary James Webb Space Telescope is finally
getting ready to fixate its numerous golden mirrors on distant targets.
 Firstly, It’ll be looking at Jupiter, the iconic gas giant in our own star system.
 The JWST will also take a closer look at Jupiter’s moons Io and Ganymede, the latter being
the only known moon that has its own magnetosphere.
About JSWT:
Launched in December 2021, JWST is a
joint venture between the US (Nasa),
European (Esa) and Canadian space
agencies (CSA).
 It is an orbiting infrared
observatory that will complement
and extend the discoveries of the
Hubble Space Telescope, with
longer wavelength coverage and
greatly improved sensitivity.
 Webb was formerly known as the
“Next Generation Space
Telescope” (NGST) and it was
renamed in 2002 after a former
NASA administrator, James
Webb.
 It will be a large infrared telescope with an approximately 6.5 meter primary mirror.

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Objectives and functions of the telescope:
1. It will look deeper into the cosmos – and thus further back in time – than is possible with
Hubble.
2. It will do this with a much bigger mirror (6.5m in diameter versus 2.4m) and instruments that
are tuned to the infrared.
3. Scientists hope this set-up can detect the light from the very first population of stars in the
Universe to switch on more than 13.5 billion years ago.
Orbit:
 The Hubble Space Telescope orbits around the Earth at an altitude of ~570 km above it.
 Webb will not actually orbit the Earth, instead it will sit at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange
point,5 million km away.
 At the L2 point Webb’s solar shield will block the light from the Sun, Earth, and Moon
which will help Webb stay cool, which is very important for an infrared telescope.
Biden signs bill making lynching a federal hate crime
Reference News:- :
U.S. President Joe Biden has signed a bill
into law to make lynching a federal
hate crime, more than 100 years after
such legislation was first proposed.
 The Emmett Till Anti-Lynching
Act is named after the Black
teenager whose killing in
Mississippi in the summer of 1955
became a galvanising moment in
the civil rights era.
Details:
 The new law makes it possible to prosecute a crime as a lynching when a conspiracy to
commit a hate crime leads to death or serious bodily injury.
 The law lays out a maximum sentence of 30 years in prison and fines.
Recent incidents of mob lynching in India:
 In 2021 in Assam, a 23-year-old student leader was allegedly killed by a mob.
 In October 2021 a man was allegedly lynched, his limbs cut off and left to die at the Singhu
Border, site of the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws.
 In August 2021, a bangle seller in Indore was reportedly beaten up by a mob for allegedly
hiding his identity.
 The man survived and was sent to judicial custody.
 In May 2021, a 25-year-old Gurugram man was allegedly lynched when he went out to buy
medicines.

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 On December 18 2021, a man was lynched to death by the Sikh Sangat (Sikh devotees) in
Shri Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden Temple) in Amritsar over an alleged attempt to
disrespect the holiest book of Sikh religion, Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
What is meant by Lynching?
Any act or series of acts of violence or aiding, abetting (encouraging) such act/acts thereof, whether
spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth,
language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other related
grounds.
How are these cases handled?
There is “no separate” definition for such incidents under the existing IPC. Lynching incidents
can be dealt with under Section 300 and 302 of IPC.
 Section 302 provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or
imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. Offence of murder is a cognisable, non-
bailable and non-compoundable offence.
SC guidelines:
 There should be a “separate offence” for lynching and the trial courts must ordinarily
award maximum sentence upon conviction of the accused person to set a stern example in
cases of mob violence.
 The state governments will have to designate a senior police officer in each district for
taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
 The state governments need to identify districts, sub-divisions and villageswhere instances
of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past.
 The nodal officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP about any inter-district co-
ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues.
 Every police officer shall ensure to disperse the mob that has a tendency to cause
violence in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
 Central and the state governments shall broadcast on radio, television and other media
platforms about the serious consequences of mob lynching and mob violence.
 Despite the measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police
that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police
station shall immediately lodge an FIR.
 The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme
in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC.
 If a police officer or an officer of the district administration fails to fulfill his duty, it will be
considered an act of deliberate negligence.
Need of the hour:
 Every time there is a case of honor killing, hate crimes, witch hunting or mob lynching we
raise demands for special legislation to deal with these crimes.
 But, the fact is that these crimes are nothing but murders and the existing provisions under
IPC and CrPC are sufficient to deal with such crimes.

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 Coupled with the guidelines laid down in Poonawala’s case, we are sufficiently equipped to
deal with mob lynching. However, what we lack is due enforcement of the existing laws and
accountability of the enforcement agencies.
Attempts by various states in this regard:
 Manipur government came up first with its Bill against lynching in 2018, incorporating
some logical and relevant clauses.
 Rajasthan government passed a bill against lynching in August 2019.
 West Bengal too came up with a more stringent Bill against lynching.
Flex Fuel Vehicles
Reference News:
The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA)
has called for a faster launch of flex-fuel
vehicles (FFVs) to achieve 20 per cent of
ethanol blending.
What are flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs)?
An FFV is a modified version of vehicles that
could run both on gasoline and doped
petrol with different levels of ethanol
blends.
 FFVs will allow vehicles to use all the blends and also run on unblended fuel.
 FFVs have compatible engines to run on more than 84 percent ethanol blended petrol.
Benefits:
 FFVs are aimed at reducing the use of polluting fossil fuels and cutting down harmful
emissions.
 Alternative fuel ethanol is Rs 60-62 per litre while petrol costs more than Rs 100 per litre in
many parts of the country, so by using ethanol, Indians will save Rs 30-35 per litre.
 For India, FFVs will present a different advantage as they will allow vehicles to use different
blends of ethanol mixed petrol available in different parts of the country.
 Also, these vehicles are a logical extension of the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)
programme launched by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in January 2003.
 Since India has surplus produce of corn, sugar and wheat, the mandatory blending of ethanol
programme will help farmers in realising higher incomes.
 For the overall Indian economy, higher usage of ethanol as an automobile fuel will help save
import costs as the country meets more than 80 per cent of its crude oil requirements through
imports.
Disadvantages/challenges of using FFVs:
1. Customer acceptance will be a major challenge since the cost of ownership and running cost
are going to be very high compared with 100 per cent petrol vehicles.

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2. Running cost (due to lower fuel efficiency) will be higher by more than 30 per cent when
run with 100 per cent ethanol (E100).
3. Flex Fuel Engines cost more as ethanol has very different chemical properties than petrol.
Ethanol has very low (40 per cent) Calorific value as compared to Gasoline, very High Latent
heat of vaporization causing cooling of charge/combustion etc.
4. Ethanol also acts as a solvent and could wipe out the protective oil film inside the
engine thereby could cause wear and tear.