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2. Chakma Tribes in India
About this article:
Custodial death of a couple of Chakma
community – Overlap of administration
between tribal customary laws and regular
penal provisions.
About
 Chakmas are one of the major
tribes of Tripura.
 The Tribal Areas of State Tripura are administered under the sixth schedule of the Indian
constitution
Sixth Schedule
 The provisions of the sixth schedule are provided under Articles 244(2) and 275(1) of the
Indian Constitution.
 Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and
Mizoram falls under the sixth schedule of the constitution
 The most important provisions of the Sixth Schedule are that the tribal areas are to be
administered as Autonomous Districts and Autonomous Regions.
 The Governor of the State is empowered to determine the area or areas as administrative
units of the Autonomous Districts and Autonomous Regions.
 If there are different tribes in an autonomous district, the governor can divide the district
into several autonomous regions.
 Each Autonomous District shall have a District Council consisting of not more than thirty
members, out of which four are nominated by the Governor while the rest are elected on the
basis of adult franchise.
 The elected members hold office for a term of five and nominated members to hold office
during the pleasure of the governor.
 Autonomous District Councils and Regional Councils are endowed with certain
legislative, executive, judicial and financial powers.
Judicial Powers
 The District and Regional Councils are also empowered to constitute Village and District
Council Courts for the trial of suits and cases where all parties to the dispute belong to
Scheduled Tribes within the district.
 And no other courts except the High Courts and the Supreme Court have the jurisdiction
over such suits or cases of the Council Courts.
 The region where the incident took place falls under Tripura Tribal Area Autonomous
District Council.

3. What Happened?
 Under Chakma laws, a couple who has eloped thrice is considered married.
 As a precautionary measure elders of the community seek the involvement of police in the
case, thus leading to grey zone administration between tribal customary laws and
regular penal provisions.
Look Out Circular (LOC)
About this article
GOI wants to keep look-out circular
details under wraps
What is Look out Circular?
 It is a notice to stop any
individual wanted by the police,
investigating agency or even a
bank from leaving or entering the
country through designated land,
air and sea ports.
 The Bureau of immigration is tasked to stop any such individual against whom such a
notice exists from leaving or entering the country.
 There are 86 immigration check posts across the country
 LOCs can be modified; deleted or withdrawn only at the request of the originator.
 As per norms, an LOC will stay valid for a maximum period of 12 months and if there
is no fresh request from the agency, then it will not be automatically revived.
Who issues LOC?
 According to the existing guidelines, LOCs are initiated by a large number of agencies
which includes the CBI, Enforcement Directorate, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
(DRI), Income Tax, State police and intelligence agencies among others, by an officer
not below the rank of a district magistrate or superintendent of police.
 In 2018, after liquor baron Vijay Mallya fled to the U.K., the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA) brought changes to the guidelines authorising chairman, managing director and
chief executives of all public sector banks to generate LOCs.
 The organisations have to provide details such as the First Information Report (FIR)
number. Court case number is to be mandatorily provided other than name, passport number
and other details.
 2010 office memorandum gives the authorities power to generate LOCs in “exceptional
cases” without complete parameters or case details against “suspects, terrorists, anti-
national elements, etc, in larger national interest.”
 A string of court orders recently have put the spotlight on this opaqueness and the mechanical
way in which LOCs are generated

4.  On April 5, the Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered the MHA and LOC issuing
agency to serve a copy of the LOC and state the reasons to the person against whom it
was issued “as soon as possible” and provide a “post-decisional opportunity.”
 It asked the MHA to include these directions into the “Official Memorandum” or the
guidelines that govern the opening of LOCs
 Asserting that “LOCs cannot be shown to the subject” at the time of detention nor any
prior intimation can be provided, the MHA moved the Supreme Court against the said
order and SC has stayed the particular paragraph of the judgement.
Demands for a separate Bhil Pradesh
About this article:
The demands for a “Bhil Pradesh” have of late begun to be raised again.
What is Bhil Pradesh?
 It is a demand for a separate state for tribal people in western India.
 The demand is to carve out a separate state from 39 districts spread over four states: 16
in Gujarat, 10 in Rajasthan, seven in Madhya Pradesh, and six in Maharashtra.
 Bhil social reformer and spiritual leader Govind Guru first raised the demand for a
separate state for tribals back in 1913 after the Mangarh massacre.
Need for:
The locals say, after the division of states, tribals in the region were scattered. This suppressed their
collective voices. As a result, most schemes related to their development have not benefited them.
The Mangarh massacre:
The massacre, which took place six years before Jallianwalla Bagh and is sometimes referred to as
the “Adivasi Jallianwala”, saw hundreds of Bhil tribals being killed by British forces on November
17, 1913 in the hills of Mangarh on the border of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Who are Bhils?
 Bhils or Bheels are an Adivasi ethnic group in West India. Bhils are listed as tribal people of
the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
 Bhils are one of the largest tribal group in India. They speak the Bhil languages.
Tomar king Anangpal II
About this article:
The National Monuments Authority (NMA) (set up for the protection and preservation of
monuments under the Ministry of Culture) has planned to erect a statue of Anangpal Tomar
II somewhere in central Delhi and develop it into a tourist spot.
 Many believe he was the founder-king of Delhi.

5. Who was Anangpal II?
1. Belonged to the Tomar dynasty that ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana between
the 8th and 12th centuries.
2. He was succeeded by his grandson Prithviraj Chauhan, who was defeated by the
Ghurid forces in the Battle
of Tarain (present-day
Haryana) after which the
Delhi Sultanate was
established in 1192.
3. The Tomar dynasty shifted
its capital in the 8th
century), to Dhillikapuri
(Delhi) during the reign of
Anangpal II.
4. The Vishnu Garud Dhwaj
(iron pillar) in the Qutub
complex was also brought by
King Anangpal Tomar II.
About Tomar Dynasty:
Tomara dynasty is one of the minor early medieval ruling houses of northern India.
 According to bardic tradition, the dynasty was one of the 36 Rajput tribes.
 The history of the family spans the period between the reign of Anangpal, who founded the
city of Delhi in the 11th century CE, and the incorporation of Delhi within the Chauhan
(Chahamana) kingdom in 1164.
 Although Delhi subsequently became decisively a part of the Chauhan kingdom, numismatic
and comparatively late literary evidence indicates that Tomara kings such as Anangapala and
Madanapala continued to rule as feudatories, presumably until the final conquest of Delhi by
the Muslims in 1192–93.
Supreme Court recognises sex work as a ‘profession’
About this article:
In a momentous order, the Supreme Court of
India recognised sex work to be a
‘profession.’
 The apex court was hearing a plea that
has raised the problems faced by sex
workers due to the COVID-19
pandemic.
 The plea has highlighted the destitution faced by sex workers on account of COVID-19 and
sought relief measures for over nine lakh women and transgender sex workers across India.

6. The verdict – Guidelines:
1. Police forces in all states and Union territories should treat sex workers with dignity and not
to abuse them, verbally or physically.
2. The authorities have a duty to protect them under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,
1956.
3. The police and other law enforcement agencies should be sensitised to the rights of sex
workers.
4. The newly introduced Section 354C, IPC which makes voyeurism a criminal
offence, should be strictly enforced against electronic media, in order to prohibit telecasting
photos of sex workers with their clients in the garb of capturing the rescue operation.
5. State governments should do a survey of shelter homes so that cases of adult women who
are detained against their will can be reviewed and processed for release in a time-bound
manner.
6. The Central Government and the State Governments, through National Legal Services
Authority, State Legal Services Authority and District Legal Services Authority, should
carry out workshops for educating the sex workers abut their rights.
What necessitated this?
The attitude of the police to sex workers is often brutal and violent.
Significance of the verdict:
The court held that every individual in this country has a right to a dignified life under Article 21 of
the Constitution.
Challenges ahead:
1. Sex workers are exposed to a slew
of abuses that range from physical
to mental attacks.
2. Most of them do not have access to
clean and safe housing, as they are
refused outrightly by owners or the
society.
3. Access to essential health services
are limited.
Relevant Court Judgements:
1. In Kajal Mukesh Singh vs State of
Maharashtra (2021), the Bombay
High Court said “Prostitution is not
an offence, a woman has a right to
choose her vocation”.
2. In Manoj Shaw vs State of West
Bengal (2003), the Calcutta High

7. Court observed that sex workers should be treated as victims of crime rather than the
accused.
3. In Budhadev Karmaskar vs State of West Bengal (2011), the High Court observed that sex
workers are also entitled to live a dignified life as guaranteed under Article 21 of the
Constitution.
Pros and cons of legalizing Prostitution:
Sugar export curbs and their impact
About this article:
The government has notified that sugar exports will be restricted, or allowed only with
permission.
 The curbs come into effect from June 1 and will continue till October 31, or until further
orders.
What are the latest changes?
 Restricted Category: Sugar has moved from the ‘open category’, which requires no
government intervention, to ‘restricted’ category.
 Specific permission: Export of sugar is allowed only with specific permission from the
Directorate of Sugar, Department of Food and Public Distribution (DFPD), Ministry of
Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
 Re-exports of refined sugar, made from raw sugar imported under the Advance
Authorisation Scheme, may not require prior permission.
Key Takeaways:
 Advance authorisation is issued for exporters to allow duty-free import of inputs which are
physically incorporated in export products.
 The relief given relates to export orders placed on the petitioner, an exporter of plastic
products, before July 1.

8.  Priorto GST, import under the Advance Authorisation Scheme was exempt from payment of
basic Customs duty, additional Customs duty, education cess, etc
Why the curbs?
1. To maintain “domestic availability and price stability of sugar”.
2. Exports, if allowed, can lead to supply constraints for around three months in the next
season.
3. If there is scarcity of back-up stocks during this period then prices can escalate in the
domestic market.
4. To Curb inflation: India’s retail inflation has been above RBI’s tolerance band for the fourth
straight month in April, and is likely to continue in the coming months too.
Impacts:
 Curbs on exports may further flame global food prices.
 The export restrictions will make more surplus sweetener (sugar) accessible for domestic
ethanol production, which is a primary government aim as per National Biofuel Policy.
Sugar- production, imports and exports:
India is the biggest producer of sugar and the second largest exporter after Brazil.

9. Param Porul Super Computer
About this article:
PARAM PORUL, a state-of-the-art Supercomputer was inaugurated at NIT Tiruchirappalli
recently.
 It has been established under Phase 2 of the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM).
How many Super Computers have been installed in the country so far?
As per the ministry of science and technology’s annual year-end review:
Under the National Super-Computer Mission (NSM), four new Supercomputers have been
installed since July 2021 at IIT-Hyderabad, NABI- Mohali, CDAC-Bengaluru and IIT Kanpur.
What is National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)?
It is being implemented and steered jointly by the Department of Science and Technology (DST)
and Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY).
 Implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune
and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
Focus of the mission:
 The Mission envisages empowering national academic and R&D institutions spread over the
country by installing a vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-
performance computing facilities.
 These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the
National Knowledge Network (NKN). The NKN is another programme of the government
which connects academic institutions and R&D labs over a high speed network.
 The Mission includes development of highly professional High Performance Computing
(HPC) aware human resource for meeting challenges of development of these applications.
Achievements:
 The first supercomputer assembled indigenously, called Param Shivay, was installed in IIT
(BHU).
 Similar systems Param Shakti and Param Brahma were installed at IIT-Kharagpur and
IISER, Pune. They are equipped with applications from domains like Weather and Climate,
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Bioinformatics, and Material science.