Humanities and Social Science Lab Manual

A
LAB MANUAL
on
HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES LAB
(III B. Tech. VI Semester CSE)
Subject Code: 6CS11A
JAIPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,
GADOTA

SYLLABUS
Unit 1
India: Brief history of Indian Constitution, farming features, fundamental rights, duties, directive
principles of state. History of Indian National Movement, socio economic growth after
independence.
Unit 2
Society: Social groups- concept and types, socialization- concept and theory, social control: concept,
social problem in contemporary India, status and role.
Unit 3
The Fundamentals of Economics: meaning, definition and importance of economics, Logic of
choice, central economic problems, positive and normative approaches, economic system ssocialism
and capitalism.
Unit 4
Microeconomics: Law of demand supply, utility approach, indifference curves, elasticity of demand
and supply and applications, consumer surplus, Law of returns to factors and returns to scale.
Unit 5
Macroeconomics: concepts relating to National product–National income and its measurement,
Simple Keynesian theory, simple multiplier, money and banking. Meaning, concept of international
trade, determination of exchange rate, Balance of payments.
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Jaipur Institute of Engineering and Management, Gadota
CSE/IT
3EE11A Humanities & Social Sciences Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim: - To study about brief history of Indian constitution.
Apparatus Required: -
Theory:-
Fundamental Rights' is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees civil
liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These
include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom
of speech and expression, and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to
constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus.
Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to
discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms which
every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality.
These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste,
creed, color or gender. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to, the United States Bill of
Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. certain restrictions.
The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights.
Customs Duties (Import Duty and Export Tax):-
Customs Duty is a type of indirect tax levied on goods imported into India as well as on goods
exported from India. Taxable event is import into or export from India. Import of goods means
bringing into India of goods from a place outside India. India includes the territorial waters of India
which extend upto 12 nautical miles into the sea to the coast of India. Export of goods means taking
goods out of India to a place outside India.
In India, the basic law for levy and collection of customs duty is Customs Act, 1962. It provides for
levy and collection of duty on imports and exports, import/export procedures, prohibitions on
importation and exportation of goods, penalties, offences, etc.
The Constitutional provisions have given to Union the right to legislate and collect duties on imports
and exports. The Central Board of Excise & Customs (CBEC) is the apex body for customs matters.
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Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) is a part of the Department of Revenue under the
Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It deals with the task of formulation of policy concerning
levy and collection of customs duties, prevention of smuggling and evasion of duties and all
administrative matters relating to customs formations. The Board discharges the various tasks
assigned to it, with the help of its field organizations namely the Customs, Customs (preventive) and
Central Excise zones, Commissionerate of Customs, Customs (preventive), Central Revenues
Control Laboratory and Directorates. It also ensures that taxes on foreign and inland travel are
administered as per law and the collection agencies deposit the taxes collected to the public
exchequer promptly.
Directive Principles Of State Policy In India:-
An important feature of the constitution is the Directive Principles of State Policy. Although the
Directive Principles are asserted to be "fundamental in the governance of the country," they are not
legally enforceable. Instead, they are guidelines for creating a social order characterized by social,
economic, and political justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as enunciated in the constitution's
preamble.
Directive Principles Of State Policy In India:-
An important feature of the constitution is the Directive Principles of State Policy. Although the
Directive Principles are asserted to be "fundamental in the governance of the country," they are not
legally enforceable. Instead, they are guidelines for creating a social order characterized by social,
economic, and political justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as enunciated in the constitution's
preamble.
The first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took to the political stage in
the form of a mainstream movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress (INC), with
prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service
examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of
the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders
such as the Lal, Bal, Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh and V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.
The economic development in India followed socialist-inspired policies for most of its independent
history, including state-ownership of many sectors; extensive regulation and red tape known as
"Licence Raj"; and isolation from the world economy. India's per capita income increased at only
around 1% annualized rate in the three decades after Independence. Since the mid-1980s, India has
slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalization. After more fundamental reforms
since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy.
In the late 2000s, India's growth reached 7.5%, which will double the average income in a decade.
Analysts say that if India pushed more fundamental market reforms, it could sustain the rate and
even reach the government's 2011 target of 10%. States have large responsibilities over their
economies. Maharashtra has proved all time hit contributor to boost up the economic rise since
independence. The annualized 1999–2008 growth rates for Tamil
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Nadu (9.8), Gujarat (9.6%), Haryana (9.1%), or Delhi (8.9%) were significantly higher than for
Bihar (5.1%), Uttar Pradesh(4.4%), or Madhya Pradesh (6.5%).[2] India is the tenth-
largest economy in the world and the third largest by purchasing power parity adjusted exchange
rates (PPP). On per capita basis, it ranks 140th in the world or 129th by PPP.
Circuit Diagram:-
Precaution :-
Procedure:-
Observation Table:-
Calculations:-
Result:- We have successfully studied about Indian constitution.
References:-
1. Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations, Bk. II, ch. II, para. 94 and Bk. II, ch. IV, para.
2. Jump up ^ Smith, Adam (1776). The Wealth of Nations, Bk. V, ch. I, para. 180-85 and
239 and 240.
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Viva voice Question:-
1. Define Import Duty and Export Tax.
2. what is Indian constitution.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim:- To study about brief history of Indian society.
Apparatus Required:-
Theory:-
In the social sciences a social group has been defined as two or more humans who interact with one
another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity. Other theorists, however,
are a wary of definitions which stress the importance of interdependence or objective similarity.
Instead, for researchers in the social identity tradition "a group is defined in terms of those who
identify themselves as members of the group". Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes
and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group
Socialization (or socialisation) is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists,
political scientists and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating
norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for
participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and
cultural continuity are attained’
Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable, or 'moral', outcomes in the opinion of
said society. Individual views on certain issues, such as race or economics, are influenced by the
view of the society at large and become a "normal," and acceptable outlook or value to have within a
society. Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation
for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not'blank slates' predetermined by their
environment. Scientific research provides some evidence that people might be shaped by both social
influences andgenes. Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or
her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.
Social control refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate
individual and group behaviour in an attempt to gainconformity and compliance to the rules of a
given society, state, or social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control:
1. Informal means of control - Internalisation of norms and values by a process known as
socialization, which is defined as "the process by which an individual, born with behavioral
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potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined
to the narrower range of what is acceptable for him by the group standards."
2. Formal means of social control - External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the
establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer
to this form of control as regulation.
While the concept of social control has been around since the formation of organized sociology, the
meaning has been altered over time. Originally, the concept simply referred to society's ability to
regulate itself. However, in the 1930s, the term took on its more modern meaning of an individual's
conversion to conformity. Social control theory began to be studied as a separate field in the early
20th century.
Informal:-
The social values present in individuals are products of informal social control, exercised implicitly
by a society through particular customs, norms, and mores. Individuals internalize the values of their
society, whether conscious or not of the indoctrination. Traditional society relies mostly on informal
social control embedded in its customary culture to socialize its members.
Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval, which can
cause an individual to stray towards the social norms of the society. In extreme cases sanctions may
include social discrimination and exclusion. Informal social control usually has more effect on
individuals because the social values become internalized, thus becoming an aspect of the
individual's personality.
Informal sanctions check 'deviant' behavior. An example of a negative sanction comes from a scene
in the Pink Floyd film 'The Wall,' whereby the young protagonist is ridiculed and verbally abused by
a high school teacher for writing poetry in a mathematics class. Another example from the movie
'About a Boy', when a young boy hesitates to jump from a high springboard and is ridiculed for his
fear. Though he eventually jumps, his behaviour is controlled by shame.
Formal:-
Historically, societies were able to easily expel individuals deemed undesirable from public space
through vagrancy laws and other forms of banishment. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, these
exclusion orders were denounced as unconstitutional and consequentially were rejected by the
Supreme Court. The introduction of Broken Windows Theory in the 1980s generated a dramatic
transformation in the concepts used in forming policies in order to circumvent the previous issue of
unconstitutionality. According to the theory, the environment of a particular space signals its health
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to the public, including to potential vandals. By maintaining an organized environment, individuals
are dissuaded from causing disarray in that particular location. However, environments filled with
disorder, such as broken windows or graffiti, indicate an inability for the neighborhood to supervise
itself, therefore leading to an increase in criminal activity. Instead of focusing on the built
environment, policies substantiated by the Broken Windows Theory overwhelmingly emphasize
undesirable human behavior as the environmental disorder prompting further crime. The civility
laws, originating in the late 1980s and early 1990s, provide an example of the usage of this latter
aspect of the Broken Windows Theory as legitimization for discriminating against individuals
considered disorderly in order to increase the sense of security in urban spaces. These civility laws
effectively criminalize activities considered undesirable, such as sitting or lying on sidewalks,
sleeping in parks, urinating or drinking in public, and begging, in an attempt to force the individuals
doing these and other activities to relocate to the margins of society Not surprisingly then, these
restrictions disproportionally affect the homeless.
Circuit Diagram:-
.
Precaution:-
Procedure:-
Observation Table:-
Result:- We have successfully studied about Indian society.
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References:-
1. Blaug, Mark (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics". The New Encyclopædia Britannica,
v. 27, p. 343.
2. Jump up ^ Deardorff, Alan V., 2006. Glossary of International Economics, Division of labor.
Viva voice Question:-
1. What is formal & informal Group?
2. Define Socialization?
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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim:- The Fundamentals of Economics.
Theory:-
Economics is the social science that studies the behavior of individuals, households, and
organizations (called economic actors, players, or agents), when they manage or use scarce
resources, which have alternative uses, to achieve desired ends. Agents are assumed to act rationally,
have multiple desirable ends in sight, limited resources to obtain these ends, a set of stable
preferences, a definite overall guiding objective, and the capability of making a choice. There exists
an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by
one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational
conditions. In other words, resource-controlling agents maximize value subject to the constraints
imposed by the information the agents have, their cognitive limitations, and the finite amount of time
they have to make and execute a decision. Economic science centers on the activities of the
economic agents that comprise society. They are the focus of economic analysis.
The traditional concern of economic analysis is to gain an understanding of the processes that govern
the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in an exchange economy. An
approach to understanding these processes, through the study of agent behavior under scarcity, may
go as follows:
The continuous interplay (exchange or trade) done by economic actors in all markets sets the prices
for all goods and services which, in turn, make the rational managing of scarce resources possible.
At the same time, the decisions (choices) made by the same actors, while they are pursuing their own
interest, determine the level of output (production), consumption, savings, and investment, in an
economy, as well as the remuneration (distribution) paid to the owners of labor (in the form of
wages), capital (in the form of profits) and land (in the form of rent). Each period, as if they were in
a giant feedback system, economic players influence the pricing processes and the economy, and are
in turn influenced by them until a steady state (equilibrium) of all variables involved is reached or
until an external shock throws the system toward a new equilibrium point. Because of the
autonomous actions of rational interacting agents, the economy is a complex adaptive system.
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Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
Consistent with this focus, primary textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and
macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behavior of basic elements in the economy,
including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions.
Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics
analyzes the entire economy (meaning aggregated production, consumption, savings, and
investment) and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources (labor, capital, and land),
inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and
other policies).
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing
"what is," and normative economics, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory and
applied economics; between rational and behavioral economics; and between mainstream economics
(more "orthodox" and dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus") and heterodox
economics (more "radical" and dealing with the "institutions-history-social structure nexus").
Besides the traditional concern in production, distribution, and consumption in an economy,
economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, and
government. Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime. education,
the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science; by considering the economic
aspects of these subjects. Education, for example, requires time, effort, and expenses, plus the
foregone income and experience, yet these losses can be weighted against future benefits education
may bring to the agent or the economy. At the turn of the 21st century, the expanding domain of
economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.
Circuit Diagram:-
Precaution:-
Procedure:-
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Observation Table:-
Calculations:-
Results:- We have successfully studied about The Fundamentals of Economics.
References:-
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics
2. The Economist, Economics A-Z, "Opportunity Cost." Accessed 3 Aug. 2010
Viva- Voice:-
Q.1 What is Economics?
Q.2 What is The Fundamentals of Economics?
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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim:- To study about brief history of Indian microeconomics.
Theory:-
Microeconomics (from Greek prefix mikro- meaning "small" and economics) is a branch of
economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms in making decisions on the
allocation of limited resources (see scarcity). Typically, it applies to markets where goods or services
are bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviors affect the supply
and demand for goods and services, which determines prices, and how prices, in turn, determine the
quantity supplied and quantity demanded of goods and services.
This is in contrast to macroeconomics, which involves the "sum total of economic activity, dealing
with the issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment." Microeconomics also deals with the effects
of national economic policies (such as changing taxation levels) on the aforementioned aspects of
the economy. Particularly in the wake of the Lucas critique, much of modern macroeconomic theory
has been built upon 'microfoundations'—i.e. based upon basic assumptions about micro-level
behavior.
Graphical representation of supply and demand
Although it is normal to regard the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as functions of the
price of the good, the standard graphical representation, usually attributed to Alfred Marshall, has
price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis, the opposite of the standard convention
for the representation of a mathematical function.
Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the good in question are not
explicitly represented in the supply-demand diagram, changes in the values of these variables are
represented by moving the supply and demand curves (often described as "shifts" in the curves). By
contrast, responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along
unchanged supply and demand curves.
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Supply schedule:-
A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity
supplied. A supply curve is a graph that illustrates that relationship between the price of a good and
the quantity supplied.
Under the assumption of perfect competition, supply is determined by marginal cost. Firms will
produce additional output while the cost of producing an extra unit of output is less than the price
they would receive.
Indifference curves:-
In microeconomic theory, an indifference curve is a graph showing different bundles of goods
between which a consumer is indifferent. That is, at each point on the curve, the consumer has no
preference for one bundle over another. One can equivalently refer to each point on the indifference
curve as rendering the same level of utility (satisfaction) for the consumer. Utility is then a device to
represent preferences rather than something from which preferences come. The main use of
indifference curves is in the representation of potentially observable demand patterns for individual
consumers over commodity bundles.
There are infinitely many indifference curves: one passes through each combination. A collection of
(selected) indifference curves, illustrated graphically, is referred to as an indifference map.
A. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply:-
1. Price elasticity of demand measures the quantitative response of demand to a change in price.
Price elasticity of demand (ED) is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded
divided by the percentage change in price. That is,
In this calculation, the sign is taken to be positive, and P and Q are averages
of old and new values.
2. We divide price elasticities into three categories: (a) Demand is elastic when the percentage
change in quantity demanded exceeds the percentage change in price; that is, ED > 1. (b)
Demand is inelastic when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the
percentage change in price; here, ED < 1. (c) When the percentage change in quantity
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demanded exactly equals the percentage change in price, we have the borderline case of unit-
elastic demand, where ED = 1.
3. Price elasticity is a pure number, involving percentages; it should not be confused with slope.
4. The demand elasticity tells us about the impact of a price change on total revenue. A price
reduction increases total revenue if demand is elastic; a price reduction decreases total
revenue if demand is inelastic; in the unit-elastic case, a price change has no effect on total
revenue.
5. Price elasticity of demand tends to be low for necessities like food and shelter and high for
luxuries like snowmobiles and vacation air travel. Other factors affecting price elasticity are
the extent to which a good has ready substitutes and the length of time that consumers have
to adjust to price changes.
6. Price elasticity of supply measures the percentage change of output supplied by producers
when the market price changes by a given percentage.
B. Applications to Major Economic Issues:-
1. One of the most fruitful arenas for application of supply-and-demand analysis is agriculture.
Improvements in agricultural technology mean that supply increases greatly, while demand
for food rises less than proportionately with income. Hence free-market prices for foodstuffs
tend to fall. No wonder governments have adopted a variety of programs, like crop
restrictions, to prop up farm incomes.
2. A commodity tax shifts the supply-and-demand equilibrium. The tax's incidence (or impact
on incomes) will fall more heavily on consumers than on producers to the degree that the
demand is inelastic relative to supply.
3. Governments occasionally interfere with the workings of competitive markets by setting
maximum ceilings or minimum floors on prices. In such situations, quantity supplied need no
longer equal quantity demanded; ceilings lead to excess demand, while floors lead to excess
supply. Sometimes, the interference may raise the incomes of a particular group, as in the
case of farmers or low-skilled workers. Often, distortions and inefficiencies result.
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Observation Table:-
Calculations:-
Results:- We have successfully studied about Indian microeconomics.
References:-
1. Blaug, Mark (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics". The New Encyclopædia Britannica,
v. 27, p. 343.
2. Jump up ^ Deardorff, Alan V., 2006. Glossary of International Economics, Division of labor.
Viva- Voice:-
Q. 1 What is supply-and-demand?
Q. 2 What is consumer surplus?
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Aim:- To study about brief history of Indian macroeconomics.
Theory:-
Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning "large" and economics) is a branch of
economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as
a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. With
microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics.
Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices
to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the
relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation,
savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is
primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their
behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. While macroeconomics is a broad
field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to
understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business
cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth (increases in
national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by both governments and
large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business
strategy.
Keynesian economics:-
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaKeynesian economics (pron.: / ke nziən/ KAYN-zee-ən; orˈ ɪ
Keynesianism) is the view that in the short run, especially during recessions, economic output is
strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total spending in the economy). In the Keynesian view,
aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of the economy; instead, it is
influenced by a host of factors and sometimes behaves erratically, affecting production,
employment, and inflation.
The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented by the British economist
John Maynard Keynes in his book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,
published in 1936, during the Great Depression. Keynes contrasted his approach to the 'classical'
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(more commonly 'neoclassical') economics that preceded his book. The interpretations of Keynes
that followed are contentious and several schools of economic thought claim his legacy.
Multiplier (ecnomics):-
In economics, a multiplier is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an endogenous
variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable.For example, suppose variable
x changes by 1 unit, which causes another variable y to change by M units. Then the multiplier is M.
Money multiplier In monetary macroeconomics and banking, the money multiplier measures how
much the money supply increases in response to a change in the monetary base.
Bank:-
bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those
deposits into lending activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through capital markets. A
bank is the connection between customers that have capital deficits and customers with capital
surpluses.
Due to their influence within a financial system and an economy, banks are generally highly
regulated in most countries. Most banks operate under a system known as fractional reserve banking
where they hold only a small reserve of the funds deposited and lend out the rest for profit. They are
generally subject to minimum capital requirements which are based on an international set of capital
standards, known as the Basel Accords.
International trade:-
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories.[1] In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product
(GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road,
Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing
are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is
crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to
the goods and services produced within their own borders.
Exchange rate:-
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In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, FX rate or Agio)
between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also
regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency.
Circuit Diagram:-
Precaution:-
Procedure:-
Observation Table:-
Calculations:-
Results:- We have successfully studied about Indian macroeconomics.
References:-
1. Simon J.L. 1981. The ultimate resource; and 1992 The ultimate resource II.
2. Jump up ^ David Ricardo, 1817. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.
Viva- Voice:-
Q.1 What is foreign exchange rate & International trade?
Q.2 Define microeconomics & macroeconomics.
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