Mozambique has reported its first case of wild poliovirus in 30 years after a child contracted the disease. This is the country's first case since 1992 and the second imported case in Southern Africa this year, with an earlier outbreak reported in Malawi. Wild poliovirus is now only endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Reserve Bank of India will transfer Rs 30,307 crore as surplus to the government for the fiscal year ended March 2022, down 69% from the previous year due to increased interest paid to banks. A glitch in Voyager 1's attitude control system is causing the spacecraft to send strange data, puzzling engineers over 45 years since its launch on a mission to explore the outer planets that

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2. Mozambique confirms first wild poliovirus case in 30 years
About this article:-
Mozambique has identified its first case of wild poliovirus Type 1 this week after a child
contracted the disease.
 It is the country’s first such case since 1992 and the second imported case of wild
poliovirus in Southern Africa this year.
 An outbreak was reported in Malawi earlier this year.
Note:
As of today, wild poliovirus is endemic only in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
What is Polio?
The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines polio or poliomyelitis as “a
highly infectious viral disease, which mainly
affects young children.”
Transmission: The virus is transmitted by
person-to-person, spread mainly through the
faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a
common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or
food) and multiplies in the intestine, from
where it can invade the nervous system and can
cause paralysis.
When is a country declared polio free?
There are three variants of the poliovirus, numbered 1 to 3. For a country to be declared polio-
free, the wild transmission of all three kinds has to be stopped. For eradication, cases of both
wild and vaccine-derived polio infection have to be reduced to zero.
 India was declared polio-free in January 2014, after three years of zero cases, an
achievement that is widely believed to have been spurred by the successful Pulse Polio
campaign.
Efforts by India in this regard:
 Under the Pulse Polio programme, all states and Union Territories have developed Rapid
Response Teams (RRT) to respond to any polio outbreak in the country.
 In 2014, the government made the Oral Polio Vaccination (OPV) mandatory for those
travelling between India and polio-affected countries, such as Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Syria and Cameroon.

3. RBI surplus transfer
About this article:-
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will
transfer Rs 30,307 crore as surplus to the
government for fiscal ended March 2022
down 69% from the Rs 99,126 crore in
the year ended March 2021 and lower than
the Rs 74,000 crore budgeted by the
government for the current fiscal.
 The fall in the transferable surplus is because of the increased interest the RBI had to pay
banks which parked their surplus liqudity in the reverse repo window
Background
RBI’s Earning:
 Returns earned on its foreign currency assets, which could be in the form of bonds and
treasury bills of other central banks or top-rated securities, and deposits with other central
banks.
 Interest on its holdings of local rupee-denominated government bonds or securities, and
while lending to banks for very short tenures, such as overnight.
 Management commission on handling the borrowings of state governments and the
central government.
RBI’s Expenditure:
 Printing of currency notes and on staff, besides the commission it gives to banks for
undertaking transactions on behalf of the government across the country, and to primary
dealers, including banks, for underwriting some of these borrowings
 The Surplus Distribution Policy of RBI that was finalized is in line with
the recommendations of the Bimal Jalan committee that was formed by the RBI, in
consultation with the Government, to review the extant Economic Capital Framework of
the RBI.
 The Committee’s recommendations were based on the consideration of the role of central
banks’ financial resilience, cross-country practices, statutory provisions and the impact of the
RBI’s public policy mandate and operating environment on its balance sheet and the risks
involved.
 In view of the RBI’s function as a lender of last resort, it needs to maintain some Contingent
Risk Buffer (CRB) to insure the economy against any tail risk of financial stability crisis.
 The Jalan Committee recommended that the CRB needs to be maintained at a range of
5.5% to 6.5% of the RBI’s balance sheet.
 The surplus transfer policy is now formula-based and thus transparent, which is an important
departure from the past.

4.  The formula-based CRB will take care of the risk provisioning and the central board of RBI
will decide on the level of risk provisioning.
Global Report on Assistive Technology
About this article:-
The World Health Organization
(WHO) and UNICEF have released the first
Global Report on Assistive Technology
(GReAT).
What is Assistive Technology(AT)?
Assistive technology (AT) is any item, piece of
equipment, software programme, or product
system that is used to help people with disabilities increase, maintain, or improve their functional
abilities.
 Examples: Prosthetics, braces, walkers, customised switches, special-purpose computers,
screen readers, and specialist curricular software.
Key findings of the report:
 Over 2.5 billion individuals require one or more assistive items.
 A billion people are denied access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
 The number of persons in need of
 assistive devices are predicted to reach 3.5 billion by 2050.
o This is because of the aging population and the rising incidence of noncommunicable
diseases around the world.
 In the areas of cognition, communication, and self-care, there are significant shortages in
service provision and qualified personnel for assistive technology.
Key recommendations:
1. Improve access within education, health and social care systems.
2. Ensure availability, safety, effectiveness and affordability of assistive products.
3. Enlarge, diversify and improve workforce capacity.
4. Actively involve users of assistive technology and their families.
5. Increase public awareness and combat stigma.
World Governance Indicators
About this article:-
According to a presentation presented in 2020 by Sanjeev Sanyal, then-Principal Economic
Advisor in the Ministry of Finance, the World Bank’s World Governance Indicators
(WGI) inputs are arbitrary.

5.  The presentation was prepared by the Ministry of Finance for internal circulation within the
government to counter the negative commentary on India.
What is Governance?
Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.
This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity
of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens
and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.
What are World Governance Indicators?
Released by the World Bank.
WGI provide a ranking of 215 countries based on six dimensions of governance:
1. ‘Voice and Accountability’.
2. ‘Political Stability and Absence of Violence’.
3. ‘Government Effectiveness’.
4. ‘Regulatory Quality’.
5. ‘Rule of Law’.
6. ‘Control of Corruption.’
Sources: These aggregate indicators are based on over 30 individual data sources produced by a
variety of survey institutes, think tanks, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international
organizations, and private sector firms such as Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Varieties of
Democracy (V-Dem) Project and Freedom House, etc.
Significance: WGI plays a key role in deciding the sovereign credit rating of any country.
Concern of the Indian government:
 World Governance Indicators (WGI), according to the government, are based on
impressions from the Western press or tiny polls of NGOs and a handful of
academics, many of whom lack an India specialist.
 There would be a decline in WGI results as a result of these institutes’ critical comments
towards India. This could result in India’s sovereign rating being downgraded.
India’s score in the latest WGI:
India’s WGI score is much below the BBB Median on all six indicators.
 While BBB is an investment-grade rating issued by global rating agencies such as S&P and
Fitch.
 A WGI score below BBB Median would suggest that India falls below the middle when the
scores of countries are arranged in a descending order.
Major Incidents Which Hugely Affected India’s WGI Rank:
 Kashmir issue.
 Harassment of Activists.
 Sedition laws.
 Cancellation of NGO licences.

6. NASA Voyager Missions
About this article:-
NASA’s Voyager 1 is continuing its journey
beyond our Solar System, 45 years after it was
launched. But now the veteran spacecraft is
sending back strange data, puzzling its engineers.
A glitch is said to be behind this.
 The glitch has to do with Voyager 1’s
attitude articulation and control system, or
AACS, which keeps the spacecraft and its
antenna in the proper orientation.
 Preliminary analysis suggests that the craft is confused about its location in space.
About Voyager mission:
 Launched in the 1970’s, and the probes sent by NASA were only meant to explore the outer
planets – but they just kept on going.
 Voyager 1 departed Earth on 5
September 1977, a few days after
Voyager 2 and left our solar
system in 2013.
 The mission objective of the
Voyager Interstellar Mission
(VIM) is to extend the NASA
exploration of the solar system
beyond the neighborhood of the
outer planets to the outer limits of
the Sun’s sphere of influence, and
possibly beyond.
 The Voyager spacecraft are the
third and fourth human
spacecraft to fly beyond all the
planets in our solar
system. Pioneers 10 and 11
preceded Voyager in outstripping
the gravitational attraction of the
Sun but on February 17, 1998,
Voyager 1 passed Pioneer 10 to
become the most distant human-
made object in space.

7. Accomplishments so far:
 Voyager 2 is the only probe ever to study Neptune and Uranus during planetary flybys.
 It is the second man-made
object to leave our Solar
system.
 Voyager 2 is the only
spacecraft to have visited all
four gas giant planets —
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune — and discovered 16
moons, as well as phenomena
like Neptune’s mysteriously
transient Great Dark Spot, the
cracks in Europa’s ice shell,
and ring features at every
planet.
What is Interstellar space?
Scientists use the heliopause to mark where interstellar space begins, although depending on how
you define our solar system it can stretch all the way to the Oort Cloud, which begins 1,000 times
farther away from the sun than Earth’s orbit.
The Heliosphere:
The heliosphere is a bubble around the sun created by the outward flow of the solar wind from
the sun and the opposing inward flow of the interstellar wind. That heliosphere is the region
influenced by the dynamic properties of the sun that are carried in the solar wind–such as magnetic
fields, energetic particles and solar wind plasma. The heliopause marks the end of the heliosphere
and the beginning of interstellar space.