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2. Trade to boost India’s growth
About this article:-
Exports can help Indian economy reach the
$5-trillion target sooner than expected.
Stats
 India’s exports surpassed the pre-
pandemic level of $331 billion in
FY 2018-19 and reaching $418
billion in FY 2021-22.
 Total exports, including the services exports of around $240 billion, amount to more than
$650 billion.
 Total merchandise trade, including imports of $610 billion, amounts to $1.28 trillion for FY
2021-22.
What the above stats indicate?
 The revival of exports has provided relief at a time when major components of aggregate
demand such as consumption and investment had been slowing down.
 These milestones on the trade front are a sign of a rising India, which would certainly
accelerate the growth
 If India sustain the momentum and capitalize on exports’ potential, this will help achieve the
$-5 trillion economy goal sooner
 The trade achievements are a sign of growing confidence in the Indian economy
Reasons for this achievement
 The proactive policy schemes by the government — such as merchandise exports scheme,
duty exemption scheme, export promotion capital goods, transport and marketing assistance
scheme — have helped the export sector.
 Schemes like the gold card scheme and interest equalization scheme by RBI and the market
access initiative by the export promotion councils are helpful
Export Potential of India
 Though achievements in trade are laudable, India still has much potential. For example, the
annual growth rate of India’s exports between 2011 to 2020 is a little over 1 per cent
compared to 3 per cent and 4.2 per cent, respectively, for China and Bangladesh.
 There is a huge difference in India’s exports potential and actual exports in many sectors,
especially pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery and chemicals.
What needs to be done?
Policy reforms: India has to aggressively increase its participation in global value
chains (GVCs) with its best endowment of working-age population and its strength in labour-
intensive manufacturing

3.  As the Economic Survey (2019-20) suggests, “assemble in India”, particularly in network
products, will increase India’s share in world exports to 6 per cent and create 80 million jobs.
 It is time to find out and research why MNCs are (re)locating to countries like Vietnam,
Bangladesh and Mexico when India offers a big market and cheap manpower.
 State-level reforms in reducing red tape and complex laws including taxation will go a
long way.
Institutional Reforms
 India also needs to work on institutions facilitating trade, processes for exports and
imports and logistics that not only reduce trade and transaction costs but also ensure
reliability and timely delivery, which is important to becoming part of GVCs.
 India’s rank in the logistics performance index is 44 while China’s rank is 26 and South
Korea’s 25.
 The unit cost of a container of exports is significantly higher for India compared to China,
South Korea and others, thereby reducing the price competitiveness of India’s exports.
Signing FTAs
 One way to reduce the complexities of trade and business is by signing free trade
agreements.
 These not only reduce tariffs and give market access but bring down non-tariff barriers such
as administrative fees, labelling requirements, anti-dumping duties etc
Focus on Service Exports
 As per the Ministry of Commerce (MoC), services exports are expected to reach the target
of $1 trillion before the deadline of 2030.
 India has done well in IT and IES exports and it can accelerate services exports in other
categories including travel and tourism and business, commercial and financial services
Capitalize on opportunities arising out of geopolitical conflicts
 India must utilize opportunities arising out of geo-political conflicts and the intention of the
world to diversify its supply chain portfolio.
Political Parties reforms in India
About this article:-
Democratizing Political Parties
 At last count, there were 2,858
parties registered with the Election
Commission of India. Of these,
eight are national parties, 54 are
state parties and 2,797 are
unrecognised parties.

4.  The internal functioning and structures of an overwhelming number of these political parties
are opaque and ossified.
 The roots of the most pertinent challenges faced by Indian politics today can be traced to the
lack of intra-party democracy
Need for Democracy in Political Parties
 The absence of intra-party democracy has contributed to political parties becoming
closed autocratic structures.
 To avoid factionalism and division of parties
 A democratic party will be accountable to its party members
 A transparent party structure with transparent processes will allow proper ticket distribution
and candidate selection.
 Lack of democracy has led to problem of candidates with criminal backgrounds contesting
elections.
Factors responsible for lack of democracy
 Dynasty politics: The lack of intra-party democracy has also contributed to the growing
nepotism in political parties.
 Personality cult: There is a tendency of hero worship in people and many times a leader
takes over the party
 Centralized structure of Political Parties
 ECI’s power to require parties to hold regular internal elections for office bearers, and
candidate selection is compromised in the absence of any penal provisions – Under Section
16-A of the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 to either suspend or
withdraw recognition to a political party as a national or state party.
Way Forward
 Law to Compulsify Elections: The political party shall hold elections of national and State
levels in the presence of the observers to be nominated by the ECI.
 Empowering ECI: appointment of external election monitors and other innovative
mechanisms that the internal democratic processes of all political parties play out in a just,
fair and credible manner.
 Seats in Party can be reserved for women and members of the backward community
including minorities.
Naga peace process
About this article:-
Naga rebel group National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) or NSCN(IM) has
stuck to its demands for a separate flag and a constitution in an indication that the deadlock in the
peace talks with the central government, aimed at bringing an end to India’s oldest insurgency, is
likely to continue.

5. Background:
The process has been ongoing since mid-1997 when the NSCN (I-M) declared a ceasefire with the
armed forces. Other groups began opting for talks in 2001. However, it has been put in a cold
storage” since the Framework Agreement was signed on August 3, 2015.
How old is the Naga political issue?
 Pre- independence:
 The British annexed Assam in 1826, and in 1881, the Naga Hills too became part of British
India. The first sign of Naga resistance was seen in the formation of the Naga Club in 1918,
which told the Simon Commission in 1929 “to leave us alone to determine for ourselves as in
ancient times”.
 In 1946 came the Naga National Council (NNC), which declared Nagaland an independent
state on August 14, 1947.
 The NNC resolved to establish a “sovereign Naga state” and conducted a “referendum” in
1951, in which “99 per cent” supported an “independent” Nagaland.
 Post- independence:
On March 22, 1952, the Naga Federal Government (NFG) and the Naga Federal Army (NFA) were
formed. The Government of India sent in the Army to crush the insurgency and, in 1958,
enacted the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.
Agreement in this regard:
 The NSCN (IM) entered into a ceasefire agreement with the Centre in 1997 and the two
have been holding talks since then, while a conglomerate of seven different Naga national
political groups (NNPGs) also got into separate talks with the Centre since 2017.
 The Centre signed a “framework agreement” with NSCN (IM) in 2015, and an “agreed
position” with the NNPGs in 2017. However, the NSCN (IM)’s demand for a separate Naga
flag and constitution has been a delaying factor in signing a final deal on the protracted
Naga political issue.
The 2015 ‘agreement’:
After years of negotiations with successive governments, the NSCN(IM) had on August 3, 2015
signed a framework agreement with the BJP-led Centre.b
The “agreement” was based on the idea of “shared sovereignty” for the Nagas, a community
comprising more than 60 tribes (the exact number is unclear) spread across the Northeast and parts
of neighbouring Myanmar.
 Shared sovereignty denotes sharing of administrative and legislative power between India
and ‘Nagalim’.
Under this arrangement, the Naga Hoho, the apex body of all Naga tribes, would look after the
welfare of all Naga-inhabited areas, irrespective of their integration with the proposed ‘Nagalim’.

6. Caste-based census in Bihar
About this article:-
An all-party meeting held in Bihar has
unanimously decided to start the caste-based
census very soon.
Background:
Bihar Legislature’s two resolutions
demanding caste-based census had already
been rejected by the
Central Government because it would be a “divisive exercise”.
 The centre, however, said “States can hold caste census on their own”.
How have caste details been collected so far?
1. While SC/ST details are collected as part of the census, details of other castes are not
collected by the enumerators. The main method is by self-declaration to the enumerator.
2. So far, backward classes commissions in various States have been conducting their own
counts to ascertain the population of backward castes.
What kind of caste data is published in the Census?
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.
What is SECC 2011?
The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011 was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio-
economic status of various communities.
 It had two components: a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these
households based on pre-set parameters, and a caste census.
 However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban
households were released. The caste data has not been released till now.
Difference between Census & SECC:
 The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify
beneficiaries of state support.
 Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential,
whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government
departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.
Pros of caste census:
The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure
equitable representation of all of them.

7. Concerns associated:
 There is a possibility that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands
for larger or separate quotas.
 It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to
perpetuate the system.
Safety of Aadhaar
About this article:-
The Unique Identification Development Authority of India (UIDAI) chose to withdraw its
advisory two days after it was issued, encouraging users to desist from distributing photocopies of
their Aadhaar Card.
 The notification has been withdrawn to avoid any misinterpretation.
What did the UIDAI advisory say?
 Holders should utilise a masked Aadhaar card instead of the traditional photocopy.
 The document must not be downloaded from a cybercafé or a public computer, and if it is, it
must be wiped from the system permanently.
The first eight numbers of the twelve-digit ID are hidden behind ‘XXXX’ characters in ‘Masked
Aadhaar.’
What does the law say on usage of Aadhar and its safety?
 The Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies Benefits and Services)
Act, 2016 makes it clear that Aadhaar authentication is necessary for availing subsidies,
benefits and services that are financed from the Consolidated Fund of India.
 The requesting entity would have to obtain the consent of the individual before collecting
his/her identity and ensure that the information is only used for authentication purposes
on the Central Identities Data Repository (CIDR).
 The Act makes it clear that confidentiality needs to be maintained and the authenticated
information cannot be used for anything other than the specified purpose.

8.  Identity information or authentication records would only be liable to be produced
pursuant to an order of the High Court or Supreme Court, or by someone of the Secretary
rank or above in the interest of national security.
About UIDAI:c
 The UIDAI is a statutory authority established on 12th July 2016.
 Parent body: Works under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology.
 Initially, the UIDAI was set up by the Government of India in January 2009, as an attached
office under the aegis of the Planning Commission.
 Mandate: The UIDAI is mandated to assign a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number
(Aadhaar) to all the residents of India.
 Total: As of 31st October 2021, UIDAI had issued 131.68 crore Aadhaar numbers.
Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)
About this article:-
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises has approved the extension of the
Prime Minister’s Employment Generation
Programme (PMEGP) for five years till FY26.
About Prime Minister’s Employment
Generation Programme:
 PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MoMSME).
 Launched in 2008-09,it is a credit-linked subsidy scheme which promotes self-employment
through setting up of micro-enterprises, where subsidy up to 35% is provided by the
Government through Ministry of MSME for loans up to ₹50 lakhs in manufacturing and ₹20
lakhs in the service sector.
Implementation:
National Level- Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) as the nodal agency.
State Level- State KVIC Directorates, State Khadi and Village Industries Boards(KVIBs), District
Industries Centres (DICs) and banks.
Eligibility:
 Any individual above 18 years of age, Self Help Groups, Institutions registered
under Societies Registration Act 1860, Production Co-operative Societies and Charitable
Trusts are eligible.
 Existing Units and the units that have already availed Government Subsidy under any other
scheme of Government of India or State Government are not eligible.
 Only new projects are considered for sanction under PMEGP.

9. Significance:
 The scheme will create sustainable estimated employment opportunities for about 40 lakh
persons in five financial years.
 It facilitates generation of employment opportunities for unemployed youth across the
country by assisting setting up of micro-enterprises in the non-farm sector.