Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Improving Efficiency of Power Systems by Demand Side Management Method Yayah Zakaria
In the smart grid infrastructure based power systems, it is necessary to consider the demand side management to enhance the energy reduction and system control. In many countries the resources are very less so the available
resources have to be used in an efficient manner without any loss. The total loss cannot be avoided but it can be reduced. In the proposed system, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to distribute the power in the smart grid. Here, the grids are arranged in such a way that the losses in it are reduced. The load connected to the grid is rearranged according to their use. It uses a new and stochastic scheduling technique to handle the uncertainties in the power system. Solar and wind power are taken in account for twenty four hours and the values are given to the PSO algorithm. The experiment was conducted by MATLAB and the results show that the efficiency level of wind and solar power systems was increased by an appreciable level. The proposed technique is compared with the normal system without using Demand Side Management (DSM) and it shows that the proposed system gives better results than the existing systems.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Energy saving techniques in current scenarioMuthar Hussain
Energy is the basic necessity of all humans on Earth. It is a key factor that determines the economy of the country.
Energy business in India is vastly growing with demand. It aims in exploring opportunities for sustainable growth, development and economy. It brings awareness on energy saving, energy efficiency through their projects.
This paper finally concludes giving the Energy saving techniques to be incorporated in all the sectors to curb the power crisis situation in current Indian scenario.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Improving Efficiency of Power Systems by Demand Side Management Method Yayah Zakaria
In the smart grid infrastructure based power systems, it is necessary to consider the demand side management to enhance the energy reduction and system control. In many countries the resources are very less so the available
resources have to be used in an efficient manner without any loss. The total loss cannot be avoided but it can be reduced. In the proposed system, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to distribute the power in the smart grid. Here, the grids are arranged in such a way that the losses in it are reduced. The load connected to the grid is rearranged according to their use. It uses a new and stochastic scheduling technique to handle the uncertainties in the power system. Solar and wind power are taken in account for twenty four hours and the values are given to the PSO algorithm. The experiment was conducted by MATLAB and the results show that the efficiency level of wind and solar power systems was increased by an appreciable level. The proposed technique is compared with the normal system without using Demand Side Management (DSM) and it shows that the proposed system gives better results than the existing systems.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Energy saving techniques in current scenarioMuthar Hussain
Energy is the basic necessity of all humans on Earth. It is a key factor that determines the economy of the country.
Energy business in India is vastly growing with demand. It aims in exploring opportunities for sustainable growth, development and economy. It brings awareness on energy saving, energy efficiency through their projects.
This paper finally concludes giving the Energy saving techniques to be incorporated in all the sectors to curb the power crisis situation in current Indian scenario.
Feasibility analysis of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery energy system for a...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy plays a very important role in the improvement and promotion of environmental sustainability in agricultural-related activities. This paper evaluates the techno-economic and environmental benefits of deploying photovoltaic (PV)- battery systems in a livestock farmhouse. For the energy requirements of the farm to be determined, a walkthrough energy audit is conducted on the farmhouse. The farm selected for this study is located in southern Nigeria. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Hybrid Optimization Modeling for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was adapted for the purpose of the techno-economic analysis. It is found that a standalone PV/battery-powered system in farmhouse applications has higher economic viability when compared to its diesel-powered counterparts in terms of total net present cost (TNPC). A saving of 48% is achievable over the TNPC and Cost of Energy with zero emissions. The results obtained show the numerous benefits of replacing diesel generators with renewable energy sources such as PV-battery systems in farming applications.
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Intelligent home energy management system including renewable energy based on...eSAT Journals
Abstract As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected, consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the LCD. Keywords: Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power Line Communication, Microcontroller, Inverter.
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power UtilizationYogeshIJTSRD
With increasing global warming, the temperature of the atmosphere is also increasing. Given such climate conditions, it becomes compelling to limit the use of artificial energy sources and find ways to help us control the temperature of a place. This paper deals with reducing the energy consumption of a building without affecting its required temperature by combining different building orientations using an information system. It gives a clear picture of the best suited situation for a particular place. We have used the design software and incorporated factors such as the orientation of the building. It will provide us with the required amount of artificial energy, taking the ideal temperature of the building into account. It will also tell us the difference this setup can make in the long term cost of the building. If these parameters are taken into consideration before building design, better returns in terms of energy savings and long term financial benefits can be achieved. Shahid Raza | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power Utilization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43822.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43822/the-effect-of-building-direction-and-natural-airing-on-yearly-power-utilization/shahid-raza
Quantitative research in energy, availability, access and affordability, Papi...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Energy Consumption Project - Ryan Millerryan miller
This is a powerpoint of the results of a graduate project for ED 630 – Classroom Integration of Tool Software – MAT Secondardy - Fall 2008; Instructor: Jason Ohler
Feasibility analysis of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery energy system for a...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy plays a very important role in the improvement and promotion of environmental sustainability in agricultural-related activities. This paper evaluates the techno-economic and environmental benefits of deploying photovoltaic (PV)- battery systems in a livestock farmhouse. For the energy requirements of the farm to be determined, a walkthrough energy audit is conducted on the farmhouse. The farm selected for this study is located in southern Nigeria. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Hybrid Optimization Modeling for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was adapted for the purpose of the techno-economic analysis. It is found that a standalone PV/battery-powered system in farmhouse applications has higher economic viability when compared to its diesel-powered counterparts in terms of total net present cost (TNPC). A saving of 48% is achievable over the TNPC and Cost of Energy with zero emissions. The results obtained show the numerous benefits of replacing diesel generators with renewable energy sources such as PV-battery systems in farming applications.
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Intelligent home energy management system including renewable energy based on...eSAT Journals
Abstract As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected, consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the LCD. Keywords: Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power Line Communication, Microcontroller, Inverter.
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power UtilizationYogeshIJTSRD
With increasing global warming, the temperature of the atmosphere is also increasing. Given such climate conditions, it becomes compelling to limit the use of artificial energy sources and find ways to help us control the temperature of a place. This paper deals with reducing the energy consumption of a building without affecting its required temperature by combining different building orientations using an information system. It gives a clear picture of the best suited situation for a particular place. We have used the design software and incorporated factors such as the orientation of the building. It will provide us with the required amount of artificial energy, taking the ideal temperature of the building into account. It will also tell us the difference this setup can make in the long term cost of the building. If these parameters are taken into consideration before building design, better returns in terms of energy savings and long term financial benefits can be achieved. Shahid Raza | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power Utilization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43822.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43822/the-effect-of-building-direction-and-natural-airing-on-yearly-power-utilization/shahid-raza
Quantitative research in energy, availability, access and affordability, Papi...ESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Energy Consumption Project - Ryan Millerryan miller
This is a powerpoint of the results of a graduate project for ED 630 – Classroom Integration of Tool Software – MAT Secondardy - Fall 2008; Instructor: Jason Ohler
ERIS Filter for Ethylene and Pathogen control during Transportation of Fruit,...Dimitrios Loutsaris
Preserving your perishables from ethylene and airborne bacteria during transportation is a very important link in providing quality perishables to the end consumer.
When fruits, vegetables and flowers are harvested far away from the place that is the consumption destination, providing proper transportation conditions brings both a better value for the consumer, and higher profits for the merchant.
Apart from general requirements for ethylene and bacteria control equipment (cost effectiveness, low maintenance, user friendly, odor removal), solutions for preserving perishables during transportation need to have few special features. Among these desirable features are; small size, freedom from an external power source, and ease of installation and replacement.
Regular solutions for preserving perishables in warehouses are not practical for the same purpose in sea and truck containers. That’s why Miatech has developed a special solution for preserving perishables during transportation, which makes this process very easy and very effective.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
1 | P a g e
Table of Contents:
List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................. 2
Energy Audit of New Castle House: .............................................................................................. 2
House Description: .................................................................................................................... 2
Electronic Appliances & Energy Consumption: ......................................................................... 3
Cost of Energy Consumption: ................................................................................................... 5
Potential Saving in Electricity: ....................................................................................................... 5
Energy Saving in Refrigerators: ................................................................................................ 6
Energy Saving in Washing Machine & Dryers: ......................................................................... 6
Energy Saving in Electric Oven: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Lighting Load: ............................................................................................... 7
Energy Saving in Water Heating & Space Heating: .................................................................. 7
Summary of Energy and Cost Saving: .......................................................................................... 7
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................... 8
References: ................................................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables:
Table 1. Household appliances with their wattage and average daily usage ............................... 4
Table 2. Average annual consumption of energy (kWh/year) by the household appliances ........ 4
Table 3. Cost of energy consumption by the appliances annually ................................................ 5
Table 4. Potential saving in energy consumption and saving in energy cost ............................... 8
2 | P a g e
Sustainable Energy System
Introduction:
In any modern societies in the world there are continuously increasing concerns over availability
of energy, energy consumption efficiency and reduction in losses over network. In developed
countries it is a challenging task to achieve sustainability in energy efficiency and growth. On the
other hand for developing countries challenge is to achieve self-reliance and ene.
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.
Demand side management
It is also called as energy demand management
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentive and education is termed as demand side management.
India is burdened with a substantial power deficit resulting in vast tracts of the country, living in the dark shadows of frequent power outages. The government has embarked on a number of initiatives to bridge this power deficit over the next decade.
Meanwhile, India’s hapless citizens have already invested around Rs 100,000 crores (US$ 20 billion) in power back-up equipment due to the poor reliability of grid power. Another Rs 30,000 crores (US$ 6 billion) is the recurring operating expenditure incurred to maintain back-up power equipment. Further, a large portion of this operational expenditure is diesel fuel which, is subsidised by the government.
The energy efficient load is considered as an important tool for efficient management of available
electrical energy in Nigeria because it allows electricity utility to meet the power demand of many consumers
with little or no increase in power supply generation. This paper discusses the technical and economic benefit of
using energy efficient load for electrical services design considering a four-bedroom apartment in Nigeria as a
case study. Load analysis and evaluation were carried out using both conventional load and energy efficient load
for electrical services. The technical benefits were determined by calculating the total energy demand, apparent
power and current drawn by the four-bedroom apartment. Apparent power and current are important tools to
determine Transformer capacity, Cable capacity and Generator capacity for the apartment. The economic
benefits were determined by calculating the daily energy consumption by the four-bedroom apartment and this
is a great tool in computing the daily cost of electricity by the apartment. The result shows that 41.26% of total
energy demand is saved and 32.96% of daily energy consumption is saved if the energy efficient loads were
used as an alternative to conventional load for that four-bedroom apartment.
Time series data measurement on electricity consumption for selected domestic...journalBEEI
This paper describes the pattern of electricity consumption from total and selected domestic appliances at a typical terrace house in Malaysia. The measured appliances can be classified into four groups on the basis of pattern of use which are ‘standby’ (TV), ‘active’ (massage chair, charger of hand phone, laptop and power bank, washing machine, air-conditioners, iron, standing fan, shower heaters, rice cooker, toaster, microwave), ‘cold’ (refrigerator) and ‘cold and hot’ (water dispenser). The major contribution of monthly electricity consumption comes from ‘cold’ appliances that consume 118.8 kWh/month followed by ‘active’ appliances that consume 87.8 kWh/month and ‘cold and hot’ appliance with 52.5 kWh/month. ‘Standby’ appliances shown a small contribution to the total electricity with 0.9 kWh/month. The amount of energy consumed depends on time-of-use, power characteristics of particular appliances as well as occupancy period.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM FOR HOME APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The objective of the present study is to provide technical and economical analyses of a grid-connected PV system for a small house located in Bukit Jimbaran, Bali. The peak load of the house during observation was 390 watt and the daily electricity consumption is about 4.7 kWh. HOMER, a renewable energy system software developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), was utilized for simulation and optimization. The house will be installed with a
grid-connected PV system which includes PV arrays, converters, and batteries (optional). The investment cost of the PV arrays is 3000 USD/kW and their lifetime, derating factor, and ground reflectance are 20 years, 90%, and 20%, respectively. The PV sizes to consider are 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kilowatts. The grid applies a flat rate of about 0.1 USD/kWh.
The surplus energy of the PV system will be fed into the grid with a net metering system in which the meter run backward
when the excess energy is being fed into the grid. However, the sellback price is zero if energy sales exceed purchases. The converter costs 1000 USD per kilowatt. The economic inputs required by HOMER are the annual real interest rate and the lifetime of the project, which are 7% and 20 years, respectively. Results show that the proposed grid-connected PV system is technically viable. However, the grid-only system is still the most cost effective choice based on the net present cost (NPC) with the current price of 0.1 USD per kWh. The cheapest choice for the grid-connected PV system is when the PV and converter sizes are both 0.5 kW. The NPC of the PV system is 3,823 USD and its related cost of electricity (COE) is
0.209 USD/kWh. The renewable fraction of the system is 38%. Sensitivity analysis were also conducted with some scenarios such as reduction in PV prices, electricity price increases, and CO2 penalties.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
Similar to Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 24-29
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan
Metropolis
*Diji, C.J and **Ganiyu, H.
* Ojoo Business Unit, Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company
** Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Abstract: An electricity audit of a building is the process whereby an energy manager survey and analyzes how
energy is used in the building with the main objective of identifying opportunities for reducing the amount of
energy used and ensuring that available energy is used efficiently.
This study reports the outcome of an electricity audit on a typical residential building in a major
location of Ibadan metropolis. The audited building is a four – flat apartment where all the customers in the
building have different tariff plans. Two of the customers labeled Customer A and B are metered, while the
other two Customers labeled C and D are not metered.
The result of the audit showed that the metered customers were paying the actual estimated electricity
bills, while the non – metered customers were over billed by over 30 and 80% respectively. The study concluded
by recommending the metering of all residential apartments and the use of pre – paid meters as it not only
stimulate demand but also is more effective in the electricity billing process
Key Words: Electricity Audit, Residential Building, Ibadan
I. Introduction
Electricity is the main energy source used in most building. Indeed, electricity is required for the
operation of numerous appliances in all residential building. Residential or domestic load consists of lights, fans,
and appliances like radios, heaters, electric irons, refrigerators, coolers, electric water heaters, washing
machines, amongst others. The small residential electricity consumers may generally use all the light points
simultaneously given a demand factor of unity. For big houses, the demand factor may be only around 0.5.
The demand for electricity continues to rise as population grows. Electrical energy demand refers to the
maximum amount of electrical energy that is being consumed at a giving time. It is necessary, for system
planning and operation, to know the total electrical energy requirements and the duration of various loads in
residential apartments. This is necessary to give residential consumers and building owners a proper sense of
how much energy different appliances and activities consumed, because most people consistently overestimate
the impact of less energy consuming appliances and less effective conservation activities and under estimate the
impact of energy of more energy consuming appliances and more effective conservation activities (Kempton
et.al 1985).
Understanding the way electricity is billed in residential apartments could sometimes seem very
confusing, this is because unlike some other products, electrical energy cannot, in a practical sense, be stored.
Rather, it needs to be generated and supplied as various equipments and home appliances require it. Day or
night, the electricity utility provider must be able to meet the electricity requirements of its residential
customers.The demand for electricity, and the flexibility needed to supply this electricity during peak times
leads to “demand charges.”
An energy survey and audit of buildings is the process by which a building is inspected and analyzed
by an energy manager to determine how energy is used in it, with the goal of identifying opportunities for
reducing the amount needed to operate the building while maintaining comfort level (Thumann and Young
2003).
This study reports the outcome of an energy survey and audit of a typical residential apartment in a
typical residential area in Ibadan metropolis. The residential apartment is located at Onikoro area, Shasa, Ibadan.
It is made up of a four flat apartment with each flat consisting of three bedroom, sitting room, dinning, two
toilets, two bathrooms, kitchen, store, passage and corridor. It takes its source of electricity from Shasa 1
500KVA substation on Shasa 11KVA feeder.
The occupants of the apartment are on different electricity tariff plans. One of the occupants uses a
single phase prepaid meter, another an analogue meter while the remaining two flats are on no meter. The study
involves the interpretation and comparison of one of the monthly electricity bills of the different apartments in
the building. The interpretation and comparison is done to make appropriate recommendations to the occupants
of the building and the utility provider, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) on appropriate
electricity consumption and billing for future electricity planning purposes.
2. Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
The study is divided into five sections. The first section includes the introduction; section two discusses
extensively the concept of energy survey and auditing in buildings, while the third section elaborates the
methodology used in conducting the study. Section four discusses the results of the study and section five
concludes.
II. ElectricityUse and Auditing in Buildings
Electrical loads refer to the power consumed by a circuit and they are classified by tariff schedules into
three major categories namely: industrial, commercial and residential loads. Industrial electricity customers
usually engage in the manufacture of certain product or commodities and or convert given raw materials into
partly processed or finished products basically different from the raw materials. The factories usually have a
large number of motor, heaters, oven, presses air conditioning equipment and other electrical appliances.
Assessing maximum electricity demands require a thorough knowledge of the industrial processes involved.
Residential electricity consumers are typified by normal domestic utilization of electric energy for lighting,
cooking, refrigeration and air conditioning, water heating, laundry and other miscellaneous applications. In
assessing maximum demands of this category of loads, special attention should be paid to the air conditioning
load and the standard of living of the occupier vis – a – vis the ability of the consumer to pay the electricity bills
which may arise as a result of load and diversity factors assured in assessing the maximum demands and
electricity requirements. Commercial electrical loads are all electrical loads that are neither residential nor
industrial, usually involving small scale business outfits that are involved in providing various services.
An electricity audit is simply an audit or calculation of how much electricity is being used in the home and of
where that electricity is going. An electricity audit can help to identify waste so that the causes of additional
electricity use can be eliminated thereby reducing the expenditure on electricity in the home and reducing
damages to the environment.
There are two different types of electricity audit. The first is simply a do – it – yourself audit; this
involves the use of a calculator to find out how much energy each appliance and activity is using in order to
identify where your money is going when you pay your electric bill. There are several online calculator tools
that can be used for this purpose, thereby allowing the consumer to do is own electricity audit.
The second type of energy audit involves hiring a professional energy auditor to come to your home to identify
where and how energy is being wasted. These energy professionals usual work for home improvement or
building companies, and usually assist the residential consumer in identifying leaks and other areas of inefficient
use of electricity. The outcome of their work is expected to assist the consumer to improve in efficient
utilization of electricity and reduction in electricity costs in the home.
2.1 Estimating Electricity Consumption and Cost of Domestic Appliances
Electricity consumption is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), and one kWh equals 1,000 watts of
electricity used during one hour. To determine the total electricity consumed in the home by an electrical
appliance over a given period of time, it is first important to determine the amount of power (watts) of the
appliance. Manufacturers typically indicate the wattage on the back of the appliance. If the wattage is not given,
look for the amperage (amps) and voltage (volts) listed on the appliance. The multiplication of the amperage
with the voltage of the appliance will give the power (Watts) rating of the appliance.
To determine the electrical consumption of the appliance for a month, simply multiply the wattage times the
number of hours the appliances is used and divide by 1000 to get the kWhs. For example if a 60 Watts bulb is
used for a 5 hour period per day for a 30 days month; then the total electrical consumption will be 9 kWh.
The power consumed by each appliance during the year depends on, amongst other factors:
1. The average watts per hour consumed by the appliance when in active use. For many appliances, this
is not the same as the rated power consumption of the appliance since most do not normally operate
continuously at their rated energy consumption.
2. The number of hours in active use of each appliance per year.
3. The power consumed by the appliance (standby power) when it is not in active use.
4. Year in which it was sold
5. The market mix of the appliances sold in that year (size, technology, supplier)
6. The mean energy efficiency of those appliances both in operation and standby.
To calculate the cost of your electricity, whether for a particular appliance or other device, you need to know the
rate of consumption and the price of the electricity. The former you can find either printed on the unit or in the
manual. In addition to the rate of power usage, the duration of usage is part of the calculation. For the cost or the
electric power, check your bill. The bill will show the price per power unit, the kilowatt-hour. That unit equals a
consumption rate of 1,000 watts, in operation for one hour.
3. Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
2.2 Electricity Metering and Billing
An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to
a residence or business. These are the customers of an electric utility. Utilities record the values measured by
these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity consumed. The most common unit for measurement on the
electricity meter is the kilowatt-hour which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over
a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules.
Electrical metering is important because the performance of utilities at various points is judged by the
global metering at grid points. For efficiency, therefore, the metering should be cascaded to the individual
customer’s premises. The accuracy of billing largely depends on the accuracy of metering and the number of
metered premises. Thus there is the need to strive to provide meters to the customers not having meters and to
repair or replace the faulty meters in the system.
Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and
current (amperes) and findings the product of these to give instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then
integrated against time to give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc). The meters fall into two basic
categories: These are electromechanical and electronic meters.
Electricity billing is the process of converting the electric meter reading or estimation of the customer’s
consumption (and demand) to a bill using appropriate tariff. An electric bill is expected to indicate the
information provided in Table 1.
Table 1: Information on an Electricity Bill
S/N INFORMATION DETAILS
1. Customer Information
Account Number
Name
Service Centre
Type of Account
Meter Status/dials
Customer Type
Average Daily consumption
2.
Description of Charge
Energy charge (Where Applicable)
Fixed Charge
Meter Maintenance Charge
3. Transaction information
Previous Balance
Payments
Adjustments
Current Charges
Value Added Tax
Total Amount Due For Payment
4. Other Required Information LAR (Last Actual Reading) Date
Date of Last Payment/Amount Paid
Reconnection Fee Charges
Tariff Rate for Account Type
Due Date
Read Date
Tariff Code
Electricity bills are produced through three broad forms namely: meter reading, estimation and fixed
consumption (direct) modes. Meter reading involves the subtraction of the previous reading from the present
reading and the value obtained is used to bill the consumption of the customer, this mode of billing is the most
convenient and appropriate form of billing.
Estimation mode of billing is used when there is no access to the customer premises and in situations in which
the previous reading is observed to be higher than the present reading. The Fixed consumption mode of billing is
used in situations where the bills are produced on fixed consumption; this mode is applied in situations where
there is delayed meter installation, faulty meter or where the meter has been stolen.
III. Research Methodology
The study involved the energy survey and auditing of the selected area of research, which is the four –
flat apartment at the Onikoro area of Shasha area in Ibadan metropolis. The customers in the four flat as stated
earlier have different tariff plans and their energy bills are estimated differently. Each of the flats consists of
three bedroom, sitting room, dining room, two toilets, two bathrooms, kitchen, store, passage and corridor.
4. Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
The four customers have been designated as Customer A, B, C and D. Customer A uses a pre – paid meter;
Customer B uses an analogue meter, while Customer C and D have no meters and their energy billing is
currently done by fixed consumption mode.
The complete energy audit of the apartment was conducted over a two week period and involved collection of
all necessary electrical appliances in each apartment. This included the identification of the electrical devices
used, their types, models, current ratings, voltage ratings, cautions on them, input and output powers, amongst
others. The audit also took into cognizance factors that could affect the effective distribution of electricity in the
apartment such as technical and commercial losses, as well as unforeseen emergencies of extra load.
The general procedure used in the audit involved the following:
1. Facility and Utility Data Analysis
2. Walk through survey
3. Administration of questionnaires
4. Data processing and production of final report
It must be noted that in performing the audit, several of the tasks under the procedures stated above have to
repeated, reduced in scope or even eliminated based on the findings of other tasks. Hence, an audit is often not a
linear process, but is rather an iterative one.
3.1 Facility and Utility Data Analysis
In this step, the characteristics and patterns of electricity usein the building apartment was established.
This involved the compilation and historical analysis of the utility bills of the apartment over a three months
period i.e. from December 2011 to February, 2012. This was done to see if there is any seasonal and weather
effects on the building electricity use. The monthly utility bills were obtained from the PHCN business unit in
Ojoo and from established customer data for the same period.
3.2 Walk through Survey
During the audit exercise, a walk through survey was conducted to estimate the electrical load for each of
the apartments and to identify potential energy saving measures that will eliminate wasteful usage of electricity.
The tasks carried out during the walk through survey included:
I. Identifying the customer concerns and needs.
II. Checking the current operating and maintenance procedures.
III. Determining the existing operating conditions of major energy-use equipment (lighting, HVAC
systems, etc.).
IV. Estimate the occupancy, equipment, and lighting (energy-use density and hours of operation).
3.4 Field Questionnaires
This was administered to each of the flats in the apartment to identify how electricity supply was received by
each flat, the appliances used and the number of hours there was electricity availability during February 2012.
3.5 Data Processing and Production of Final Report
The results of the walk through survey and the administered questionnaires were used to estimate the
connected load, maximum demand and demand factors of each flat and a full comparative energy use analysis
of the building was carried out with the identification of energy losses.
3.5.1 Connected load
The connected load of a customer means the sum of the continuous rating of all the devices and outlet
installed on all the distribution circuit. By calculating the Total Connected Load (TCL), it will be possible to
estimate the TCL for a particular area and for determining the sizing of cables. The TCL also makes it possible
to determine Maximum Demand (MD) for a customer or group of customers and provides the utility provider
useful information for the purpose of meter deposit and utility bill.
3.5.2 Maximum Demand (MD)
This is the maximum power that a circuit is likely to draw at a certain time. Thus the maximum demand
of a customer is always less than the connected load of a customer.The reason for this is that the connected loads
are used intermittently and usually does not operate at their full electrical ratings. Also the maximum load
demand cannot be calculated simply by adding the maximum demands of individual loads since the individual
maximum demands occur at deferent times
The Maximum Demand is connected to the TCL by the Demand Factor (DF). The DF is the ratio of the
MD of a system or part of a system, to the TCL on the system or part of the system under consideration. DF is
always less than 1 (one).
5. Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
IV. Results and Discussion
Table 2 shows the preliminary results of the energy audit of the four apartments while Table 3 shows
the estimated connected load for the residential apartment and Table 4 shows actual energy consumption and
cost of electricity for the month of electricity and the electricity billing from the utility provider, the PHCN.
From the aforementioned tables, it is obvious that customer A with the pre- paid meters paid actual electricity
bills and paid over 4 times more than the other customers in the apartment. Customer B, who is analogue
metered and with a maximum demand of 2.9kW was also properly billed as there is little or no disparity
between the estimated cost of using electricity and the electricity billing from the utility company. In addition,
customer B is obviously the most energy efficient occupant of the building.
Customer C and D who pay a fixed monthly charge are overbilled by over 30% and 80% respectively, due to
non – availability of meters. This shows that fixed monthly charges will not be beneficial in the long run to most
residential electricity consumers. It is better for all residential customers to be metered.
With regards to the Electricity Utility company. It is obvious that the use of pre – paid meters will stimulate
consumption and bring more revenue to the company. The practice should be encouraged and sustained.
Table 2: Preliminary Results of Electricity Audit
S/N LOCATION Customer A Customer B Customer C Customer D
1
Master
Room 1No 60w bulb 1No 65w Standing
Fan 1No 64w TV 1No 60w
Laptop 2Nos 25w Energy Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 1No
65w Fan 2Nos 25w
Energy Bulb 1No
180w Portable
Fridge
1No 100w Bulb
1No 55w Ceiling
Fan 2Nos 25w
Energy Bulb 1No
45w Standing Fan
1No 60w Bulb 1No
55w Ceiling Fan
2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb
2 Master Toilet
Ino 100w Bulb
32 4Ft Fluorescent
tube 1No 40w 1No 60w Bulb 1No 100w Bulb
3 2nd Room 1No 100w Bulb 1No 55w
Standing Fan 2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 1No
60w Laptop 1No
55w Ceiling Fan
2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb
1No 60w Bulb
1No 65w Fan
2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 1No
55w Standing Fan
2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb
4 3rd Room
1No 60w Bulb 1No 65w Fan
2Nos 25w Energy Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 1No
65w Fan 2Nos 25w
Energy Bulb
1No 60w Bulb
1No 55w Ceiling
Fan 2Nos 25w
Energy Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 2Nos
25w Energy Bulb
5 2nd Toilet 1No 100w Bulb 1No 60w Bulb 1No 60w Bulb 1No 100w Bulb
6 Sitting Room
1No 100w T.V 1No 130w
Standing Fan 1No 190w DVD
Player 1No 25w DSTV Decoder
4Nos 25w Energy Bulb 1No 40w
32' 4Ft Fluorescent 1No 55w
Ceiling Fan 1No 2Hp
Airconditioning 1No 1000w
Stabilizer 1No 159w Computer
System (Monitor, System Unit,
Stabilizer & UPS) 1No 35w Radio
1No 75w T.V 1No
55w Ceiling Fan
1No 25w DSTV
Decoder 4No 25w
Energy Bulb 1No
1000w Stabilizer
1No 25w Radio 1No
40w 32' 4Ft
Fluorescent
1No 64w T.V 1No
55w Ceiling Fan
1No 190w DVD
Player 1No 35w
Radio 4Nos 25w
Energy Bulb 1No
100w Bulb 1No
1200w Pressing
Iron
1No 100w T.V 1No
130w Standing Fan
1No 25w DSTV
Decoder 1No 40w
32' 4 Ft Fluorescent
1No 1000w
Stabilizer 1No
Laptop 80w 4Nos
25w Energy Bulb
7
Dining
Room
2Nos 25w Energy Bulb 1No 60w
Bulb 1No 55w Ceiling Fan 1No
150w Refrigerator
1No1000w Stabilizer
2No 25w Energy
Bulb 1No 60w Bulb
1No 65w Standing
Fan
2Nos 25w Energy
Bulb 1No 60w
Bulb 1No 45w
Standing Fan
2No 25w Energy
Bulb 1No 100w Bulb
1No 55w Ceiling Fan
8 Kitchen
1No 200w Freezer 1No 100w
Bulb 1No 300w Fruit Extraction
1No 700w Toaster 1No 350w
Blender 1No 500w Stabilizer
1No 180w Freezer
1No 100w Bulb
1No 1000w
Stabilizer 1No
1600w Electric
Kettle
1No 60w Bulb
1No 300w Blender
1No 1000w
Hotplate 1No
1000w Boiling
Ring
1No 1000w Hotplate
1No 100w Bulb 1No
150w Refrigerator
9 Passage
1No 100w Bulb 1No 1200w
Pressing Iron
1No 40w 2' 4Ft
Fluorescent tube
1No 1200w Pressing
iron 1No 60w Bulb
1No 60w Bulb 1No
1000w Pressing Iron
10 Store 1No 100w Bulb 1No 60w Bulb 1No 100w Bulb 1No 100w Bulb
11 Surrounding 2Nos 100w Bulb 2Nos 100w Bulb 2Nos 100w Bulb 2Nos 100w Bulb
6. Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan Metropolis
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Table 3: Estimated Connected Load for Each Apartment
S/N LOCATION
Customer A
(Watts)
Customer B
(Watts)
Customer C
(Watts)
Customer D
(Watts)
1 Master Room 299 355 250 165
2 Master Toilet 100 40 60 100
3 2nd Room 205 225 175 165
4 3rd Room 175 175 165 110
5 2nd Toilet 100 60 60 100
6 Sitting Room 3299 1320 1744 1744
7 Dining Room 1315 175 155 155
8 Kitchen 2150 2880 2360 2360
9 Passage 2200 1240 60 1060
10 Store 100 60 60 60
11 Surrounding 200 200 200 200
TOTAL 10,143 6,730 5,289 4,680
Table 4: Actual Energy Consumed and Cost of Electricity Supplied
S/N ITEM
Customer A Customer B Customer C Customer D
1. Connected Load (kW) 10.14 6.73 5.29 4.68
2. Maximum demand (kW) 3.3 2.88 2.36 1.27
3. Demand Factor 0.33 0.43 0.45 0.36
3. Total Energy Consumed(kWh) 610.23 176.97 170 134.01
4. Cost of Energy consumed (N) 4,342 1,291.88 1,240.93 978.27
5. Energy Billing by PHCN for February,
2012 (N)
1,301.04 1,825 1,825
V. Conclusion
The paper examined the outcome of an electricity audit on four customers on different tariff plans in a
typical residential building in Ibadan metropolis. It is the conclusion of the study that the use of fixed charges
for electricity billing is not favourable to residential consumers of electricity and the use of pre – paid meters
will obviously stimulate electricity demand and consumption.
References
[1]. Electric Power Research Institute (1993) - Reduction cost by understanding your bill.
[2]. Ezeruigbo E. N (2001) - AT&C Loss reduction India Experience
[3]. Osideide, A. A. (2011) - Strategic electricity marketing Activities in distribution companies of Nigeria
[4]. PHCN(2011) - Commercial instruction manuals
[5]. Taylor Francis Group LLC, (2006) - Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy