This document discusses measures to reduce power outages for the residential sector. It first reviews existing studies on assessing the costs of power outages and energy conservation strategies. It then outlines the objectives of the work, which are to estimate the adverse effects of power outages on residents and propose energy conservation strategies that reduce outages and costs. To achieve this, the author conducted a consumer survey to estimate outage costs based on residents' perceptions and willingness to pay. A mathematical model was also developed relating energy consumption, costs, and outages. The model shows that energy conservation can maximize benefits by reducing consumption and outages. The document evaluates outage costs using both the survey approach and mathematical modeling.
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan MetropolisIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted on a typical residential building in Ibadan, Nigeria. The building contained four flats, with two flats on metered electricity and two flats billed without meters. The results of the audit found that the metered customers were paying accurate electricity bills, while the non-metered customers were overbilled by 30-80%. The study concluded by recommending that all residential apartments be fitted with meters, including pre-paid meters, to both stimulate demand and improve the accuracy of electricity billing.
Graham Beattie (co-authors Iza Ding (Pittsburgh) and Andrea La Nauze (Queensland)
Abstract
We provide evidence of an energy-efficiency gap in China. Using an incentivized field experiment, we document that providing information to consumers on the energy costs of lightbulbs significantly affects their willingness to pay for energy-efficient bulbs. Unlike previous literature, we do not find evidence that this gap is driven by biased beliefs and our experimental design allows us to rule out that changes in willingness to pay are driven purely by the salience of energy or environmental costs of lightbulbs. Rather, the results are consistent with consumers being risk averse and uncertain about the benefits of more energy-efficient appliances.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
The American Public Power Association’s “Rate Design for Distributed Generation” report examines rate design options for solar and other distributed generation (DG), using public power utility case studies. The report discusses how utilities have educated customers about new rates, and how DG
and non-DG customers responded. While the rate design options have some drawbacks, and might not be technically feasible for all utilities, they offer the industry new models that account for the rate impacts of distributed generation.
The use of DG, particularly rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), is growing fast. As of October 2014, just under 8,000 megawatts (MW) of solar capacity was installed on residential and business rooftops across the United States (U.S.).1
The growth of DG has been spurred by environmental concerns and economic considerations. Federal and state tax incentives are a driving force behind solar PV installations
and can together cover up to 70 percent of the total cost of solar panels in some states.2 Declining solar panel prices have also fueled growth in rooftop solar. Utility rate structures for distributed generation have provided a significant benefit to solar customers.
As DG becomes more widespread, rate analysts and researchers are developing new rate designs to help ensure that utilities recover their cost of service, encouraging while providing appropriate incentives for rooftop solar deployment.
Utilities can no longer afford to take a wait and see approach in rate design for DG, nor should they assume that old rate designs adopted before the escalation in DG installations will work in the future.
Most utilities in the U.S. use net metering to measure and compensate customers for the generation they produce. However net metering has several shortcomings and results in non-DG customers subsidizing DG customers.
Utilities have options other than traditional net metering. Many public power utilities have adopted new rate designs to serve DG customers. Some of these rate designs supplement net metering by recouping more of their fixed costs through fixed charges, while other designs provide comprehensive alternatives to net metering.
Utility rate setters must balance between simplicity and accuracy, align costs and prices, support environmental stewardship, and ensure that rate designs are well suited to customers. Customer communication and engagement are essential components of the rate-setting process.
This report does not examine every rate design option, nor does it suggest a single best option. It offers alternatives
to traditional net metering, with case studies. Utilities
can consider how they can adapt rate designs to suit their community’s needs, factoring in market structure, state policies, and other considerations.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
Veda Solutions Group_Utility whitepaper AUG2011luis_fleita
This document discusses changes in the Australian energy market relating to power prices, climate change policies, and consumer behavior. Key points include:
- Electricity prices have risen significantly in recent years due to higher wholesale costs and policies like carbon taxes and renewable energy targets.
- Government climate change and sustainability policies have also impacted the market through initiatives like energy efficiency standards and renewable subsidies.
- Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of their energy use and looking for green products and services from utilities.
- More informed consumers and greater price competition have led to higher utility switching rates in recent years.
- The volume of consumer utility bill defaults has risen in recent years even as the economy recovered, indicating cost of living
The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power UtilizationYogeshIJTSRD
With increasing global warming, the temperature of the atmosphere is also increasing. Given such climate conditions, it becomes compelling to limit the use of artificial energy sources and find ways to help us control the temperature of a place. This paper deals with reducing the energy consumption of a building without affecting its required temperature by combining different building orientations using an information system. It gives a clear picture of the best suited situation for a particular place. We have used the design software and incorporated factors such as the orientation of the building. It will provide us with the required amount of artificial energy, taking the ideal temperature of the building into account. It will also tell us the difference this setup can make in the long term cost of the building. If these parameters are taken into consideration before building design, better returns in terms of energy savings and long term financial benefits can be achieved. Shahid Raza | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power Utilization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43822.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43822/the-effect-of-building-direction-and-natural-airing-on-yearly-power-utilization/shahid-raza
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGESelelijjournal
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction ,and convenience.
Energy Auditing of a Typical Residential Building in Ibadan MetropolisIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted on a typical residential building in Ibadan, Nigeria. The building contained four flats, with two flats on metered electricity and two flats billed without meters. The results of the audit found that the metered customers were paying accurate electricity bills, while the non-metered customers were overbilled by 30-80%. The study concluded by recommending that all residential apartments be fitted with meters, including pre-paid meters, to both stimulate demand and improve the accuracy of electricity billing.
Graham Beattie (co-authors Iza Ding (Pittsburgh) and Andrea La Nauze (Queensland)
Abstract
We provide evidence of an energy-efficiency gap in China. Using an incentivized field experiment, we document that providing information to consumers on the energy costs of lightbulbs significantly affects their willingness to pay for energy-efficient bulbs. Unlike previous literature, we do not find evidence that this gap is driven by biased beliefs and our experimental design allows us to rule out that changes in willingness to pay are driven purely by the salience of energy or environmental costs of lightbulbs. Rather, the results are consistent with consumers being risk averse and uncertain about the benefits of more energy-efficient appliances.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
The American Public Power Association’s “Rate Design for Distributed Generation” report examines rate design options for solar and other distributed generation (DG), using public power utility case studies. The report discusses how utilities have educated customers about new rates, and how DG
and non-DG customers responded. While the rate design options have some drawbacks, and might not be technically feasible for all utilities, they offer the industry new models that account for the rate impacts of distributed generation.
The use of DG, particularly rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), is growing fast. As of October 2014, just under 8,000 megawatts (MW) of solar capacity was installed on residential and business rooftops across the United States (U.S.).1
The growth of DG has been spurred by environmental concerns and economic considerations. Federal and state tax incentives are a driving force behind solar PV installations
and can together cover up to 70 percent of the total cost of solar panels in some states.2 Declining solar panel prices have also fueled growth in rooftop solar. Utility rate structures for distributed generation have provided a significant benefit to solar customers.
As DG becomes more widespread, rate analysts and researchers are developing new rate designs to help ensure that utilities recover their cost of service, encouraging while providing appropriate incentives for rooftop solar deployment.
Utilities can no longer afford to take a wait and see approach in rate design for DG, nor should they assume that old rate designs adopted before the escalation in DG installations will work in the future.
Most utilities in the U.S. use net metering to measure and compensate customers for the generation they produce. However net metering has several shortcomings and results in non-DG customers subsidizing DG customers.
Utilities have options other than traditional net metering. Many public power utilities have adopted new rate designs to serve DG customers. Some of these rate designs supplement net metering by recouping more of their fixed costs through fixed charges, while other designs provide comprehensive alternatives to net metering.
Utility rate setters must balance between simplicity and accuracy, align costs and prices, support environmental stewardship, and ensure that rate designs are well suited to customers. Customer communication and engagement are essential components of the rate-setting process.
This report does not examine every rate design option, nor does it suggest a single best option. It offers alternatives
to traditional net metering, with case studies. Utilities
can consider how they can adapt rate designs to suit their community’s needs, factoring in market structure, state policies, and other considerations.
Business Research Report for Electricity Conusmption behaviour research conducted in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar region of Gujarat with a sample size of 50.
Veda Solutions Group_Utility whitepaper AUG2011luis_fleita
This document discusses changes in the Australian energy market relating to power prices, climate change policies, and consumer behavior. Key points include:
- Electricity prices have risen significantly in recent years due to higher wholesale costs and policies like carbon taxes and renewable energy targets.
- Government climate change and sustainability policies have also impacted the market through initiatives like energy efficiency standards and renewable subsidies.
- Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of their energy use and looking for green products and services from utilities.
- More informed consumers and greater price competition have led to higher utility switching rates in recent years.
- The volume of consumer utility bill defaults has risen in recent years even as the economy recovered, indicating cost of living
The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power UtilizationYogeshIJTSRD
With increasing global warming, the temperature of the atmosphere is also increasing. Given such climate conditions, it becomes compelling to limit the use of artificial energy sources and find ways to help us control the temperature of a place. This paper deals with reducing the energy consumption of a building without affecting its required temperature by combining different building orientations using an information system. It gives a clear picture of the best suited situation for a particular place. We have used the design software and incorporated factors such as the orientation of the building. It will provide us with the required amount of artificial energy, taking the ideal temperature of the building into account. It will also tell us the difference this setup can make in the long term cost of the building. If these parameters are taken into consideration before building design, better returns in terms of energy savings and long term financial benefits can be achieved. Shahid Raza | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "The Effect of Building Direction and Natural Airing on Yearly Power Utilization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43822.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43822/the-effect-of-building-direction-and-natural-airing-on-yearly-power-utilization/shahid-raza
The document summarizes the results of IBM's 2008 Utility Consumer Survey of over 5,000 energy consumers from 12 countries. It finds that consumers are becoming more open to new ways of interacting with energy providers and taking more control over their energy usage. However, cost remains the primary motivator for most. The survey identifies four emerging consumer profiles - Passive Ratepayers, Frugal Goal-Seekers, Energy Stalwarts, and Energy Epicures - based on their initiative and disposable income levels. Younger consumers and those with higher incomes are more receptive to new programs from utilities that focus on energy management. Utilities need to better understand these shifting consumer segments to align technology investments and customer offerings.
The cross subsidy of electricity price in ChinaAI Publications
A new-round electric power system reform and electric power deregulation reform is on going in China. Of which, the transmission and distribution price reform has generated great impacts on electric power companies. Under this background, how to tackle cross subsidy of electricity price has become a burning issue in China. In this paper, the cross subsidy of electricity price in China is reviewed. Firstly, three categories of cross subsidy of electricity price are introduced; Secondly, the reasons for cross subsidy of electricity price are discussed in details; Thirdly, the impacts of cross subsidy of electricity price are analyzed; Finally, several policy implications are proposed for tackling the issues of cross subsidy of electricity price in China. This paper can provide references for policy decision-making of related government administration..
EWEB Electricity - Applied Reinventing Fire Sustainable Development Theories_...Benjamin Farrell
This document summarizes strategies for EWEB, Eugene's electricity provider, to transition to a more distributed and renewable electricity system as outlined in the book Reinventing Fire. It discusses implementing distributed generation through solar incentives and potentially a feed-in tariff. It also discusses establishing microgrids, time-of-use billing to shift demand, improving customer education and bills to encourage conservation, and using the Green Power grant fund to increase solar incentives. The overall goal is to increase distributed renewable energy, reduce risks from outages, and lower costs and environmental impacts.
Improving Efficiency of Power Systems by Demand Side Management Method Yayah Zakaria
In the smart grid infrastructure based power systems, it is necessary to consider the demand side management to enhance the energy reduction and system control. In many countries the resources are very less so the available
resources have to be used in an efficient manner without any loss. The total loss cannot be avoided but it can be reduced. In the proposed system, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to distribute the power in the smart grid. Here, the grids are arranged in such a way that the losses in it are reduced. The load connected to the grid is rearranged according to their use. It uses a new and stochastic scheduling technique to handle the uncertainties in the power system. Solar and wind power are taken in account for twenty four hours and the values are given to the PSO algorithm. The experiment was conducted by MATLAB and the results show that the efficiency level of wind and solar power systems was increased by an appreciable level. The proposed technique is compared with the normal system without using Demand Side Management (DSM) and it shows that the proposed system gives better results than the existing systems.
Conceptual Framework of Modelling for Malaysian Household Electrical Energy C...IJECEIAES
The residential sector was one of the contributors to the increase in the world energy consumption and CO emission due to the increase population, economic development, and improved living standard. Developing a reliable model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors was challenging since many assumptions need to be considered. Over the past decade, bottom-up approaches such as multi-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and conditional demand analysis were used for developing mathematical models to investigate interrelated characteristics among techno-socio economic factors. However, the existing models mostly were focused on countries that had different socio-economic level and cultures from the developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Similar studies in that tropical region were very scarce and only limited for linear modelling under the conditions of techno-socio economic factors. In this study, we proposed ANN for developing a model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors for a tropical region, Malaysia. In order to develop the model, quantitative measurement and qualitative assessment were required. The quantitative measurement was based on the monitoring of total electrical energy consumption with a oneminute interval. In contrast, the qualitative assessment utilized a questionnaire survey to assess household characteristics based on technosocio economic parameters. The objective of this paper was to propose a conceptual framework of the estimation model for household electrical energy consumption with the consideration of techno-socio economic factors using ANN.
This document discusses how information and communication technology (ICT) can help conserve energy. ICT traditionally optimized energy-using systems and processes, but will now play a critical role in supporting more sustainable electricity generation and reducing domestic energy consumption. Smart technology allows automating energy savings, but also engaging consumers to change behaviors. The document describes a prototype that provides direct feedback on household electricity use to induce conservation.
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Ex...inventionjournals
Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’ electricity consumption.
During Q4 2014, there were 64 instances of regulatory activity related to distributed solar PV in 33 states and DC. The majority (28) involved changes to net metering policies, with many states expanding caps or eligibility. 18 actions involved increasing fixed customer charges, primarily by 3 utilities in Wisconsin. 10 states initiated studies of the value of solar or approved utility proposals for utility-owned residential solar programs. Key regulatory decisions on these issues are expected in Q1 2015.
This survey of 555 Cornell University students found that:
1) Most students (74%) reported a significant increase in their utility bills during winter months.
2) Over three-quarters (78%) of students said they would be willing to pay higher rent, with at least $25 more per month, for energy efficient housing.
3) However, low utility bills were a low priority reason (12%) for renewing a lease, indicating a lack of awareness about potential energy costs.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
The Evolving Role of the Power Sector RegulatorLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Catalogues the objectives of power sector regulators and the challenges, opportunities and interdependencies.
* Examining the current and future landscape is critical to the development of low-carbon electricity systems.
* Regulation needs to evolve in a transparent, open manner.
* This will reduce risk, maximize learning and facilitate a healthy environment for clean energy investment.
* Deploying low-carbon electricity systems requires decisive action from power sector regulators.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
A Result Paper on: Power Grid Associated With Web Using Non-Conventional Ener...rahulmonikasharma
This paper proposes a household power unit which is able to automatic switching and will communicatethrough Ethernet/Wi-Fi so utilization of the Non-conventional energy sources like solar energy will become more reliable. Further it will have madeready to end-user through electrical setup. The Arduino MEGA processor is preferred to work as an Embedded Device. The program loaded on this device will be work as Real time operating system. It isnecessary to process, control and communication. Other services are provided on the top of embedded device. It includes communication with server about the real-timeinformation on energy meters at customer`s location.Energy source selection, power-up the connection and disconnection are some of the services that areprovided through the online web portal. The web browser available at subscriber`s end, can act as an interface to these services provided.. Greater integration of renewable energy generation may be achieved by facilitating battery energy storage systems like integrating remote access to manage the set up like Ethernet, Web communication etc. The smart energy management of the resources is very important aspect. It allows collection of energy from multiple sources. In case of commercial and large scale implementation, the generated power at distribution level can be directly fed to the utility distribution network. Inthis paper, the smart energy management system is used where the battery monitoring systemworks alternately. ARDUINO MEGA 7 microcontroller is used to regulate the actual operating function as a core part of the setup. It is ideally appropriate for residential premises along with commercial applications.
This document outlines a 4 course certificate program in sustainable energy. The program covers the basics of energy production and technologies, emerging opportunities in the field, developing new business ventures, and a practicum applying the lessons to a real-world project. Upon completing the courses, students will gain an understanding of the energy industry and be able to evaluate new ideas and opportunities in sustainable energy.
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design Systemijtsrd
With development of smart grid technology, power generation and distribution network acts as new brain in this field. In this technology, the network will not only get going to integrated and set communicable all over the country but its demand will be tracked by the control centers in different aspect and at high time the usage of power is going to cost higher than the actual rate with intimation given to the customer through notification via sms or email. Through this research, the designing for Smart Grids was inspected from a logical aspect, monitoring its behavioral, and physical, and must observe the optimal integration of entire system. From the conventional distribution system, we can see the designed for the control of all the constituents as observe to be autonomous with each other. Thus, centralization in control and consolidated functionality are the main challenges discover by the distribution system. To minimize these matter of concern, the term ""distribution system and its responsibilities"" came into effect by using information and communications technology ICT to power the resolution in circulating distribution system. For preparing the outline in this aspect, this paper aims to present a layout in initiating smart grid technology and responsibilities. In contrast we argue to design an interest in the field of Smart Grid. Ashish Gangwar | Sadaf Qasim ""Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29840.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29840/key-aspect-for-approach-of-smart-grid-design-system/ashish-gangwar
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
IRJET- An Energy Conservation Scheme based on Tariff ModerationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy conservation scheme based on tariff modification for domestic users. It proposes a new tariff rate structure that provides incentives for low consumption and penalties for high consumption. This aims to motivate consumers to reduce energy usage without causing losses for electric utilities. The existing structure provides 100 free units, which does not encourage conservation and causes losses. The proposed system calculates bills based on consumed units and compares to averages to determine incentives or penalties. The goal is to reduce residential energy usage through this modified tariff approach.
Reliability cost assessment for upgrading feeder by using customer surveysIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on assessing reliability costs for upgrading an electric feeder using customer surveys in Hyderabad, India. Customer surveys were conducted with residential, commercial, and industrial customers to determine the monetary costs of power interruptions of varying durations. The survey data was used to create customer damage functions showing interruption costs normalized per annual peak demand. Sector customer damage functions were also developed. The results can be used to evaluate reliability worth and help justify future system reinforcements.
The document discusses how providing homeowners with real-time feedback about their electricity usage through in-home display devices leads to significant reductions in consumption. Studies have found that immediate feedback can reduce energy use by 4-20% as it allows homeowners to see how specific appliances impact costs and helps break down usage into meaningful information. Larger pilots in Canada found average reductions of 2.7-18.1% depending on location. While feedback is most effective when tied to conservation goals or pricing programs, simply raising awareness through real-time displays about current usage can create lasting changes in energy habits.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
The document summarizes the results of IBM's 2008 Utility Consumer Survey of over 5,000 energy consumers from 12 countries. It finds that consumers are becoming more open to new ways of interacting with energy providers and taking more control over their energy usage. However, cost remains the primary motivator for most. The survey identifies four emerging consumer profiles - Passive Ratepayers, Frugal Goal-Seekers, Energy Stalwarts, and Energy Epicures - based on their initiative and disposable income levels. Younger consumers and those with higher incomes are more receptive to new programs from utilities that focus on energy management. Utilities need to better understand these shifting consumer segments to align technology investments and customer offerings.
The cross subsidy of electricity price in ChinaAI Publications
A new-round electric power system reform and electric power deregulation reform is on going in China. Of which, the transmission and distribution price reform has generated great impacts on electric power companies. Under this background, how to tackle cross subsidy of electricity price has become a burning issue in China. In this paper, the cross subsidy of electricity price in China is reviewed. Firstly, three categories of cross subsidy of electricity price are introduced; Secondly, the reasons for cross subsidy of electricity price are discussed in details; Thirdly, the impacts of cross subsidy of electricity price are analyzed; Finally, several policy implications are proposed for tackling the issues of cross subsidy of electricity price in China. This paper can provide references for policy decision-making of related government administration..
EWEB Electricity - Applied Reinventing Fire Sustainable Development Theories_...Benjamin Farrell
This document summarizes strategies for EWEB, Eugene's electricity provider, to transition to a more distributed and renewable electricity system as outlined in the book Reinventing Fire. It discusses implementing distributed generation through solar incentives and potentially a feed-in tariff. It also discusses establishing microgrids, time-of-use billing to shift demand, improving customer education and bills to encourage conservation, and using the Green Power grant fund to increase solar incentives. The overall goal is to increase distributed renewable energy, reduce risks from outages, and lower costs and environmental impacts.
Improving Efficiency of Power Systems by Demand Side Management Method Yayah Zakaria
In the smart grid infrastructure based power systems, it is necessary to consider the demand side management to enhance the energy reduction and system control. In many countries the resources are very less so the available
resources have to be used in an efficient manner without any loss. The total loss cannot be avoided but it can be reduced. In the proposed system, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is used to distribute the power in the smart grid. Here, the grids are arranged in such a way that the losses in it are reduced. The load connected to the grid is rearranged according to their use. It uses a new and stochastic scheduling technique to handle the uncertainties in the power system. Solar and wind power are taken in account for twenty four hours and the values are given to the PSO algorithm. The experiment was conducted by MATLAB and the results show that the efficiency level of wind and solar power systems was increased by an appreciable level. The proposed technique is compared with the normal system without using Demand Side Management (DSM) and it shows that the proposed system gives better results than the existing systems.
Conceptual Framework of Modelling for Malaysian Household Electrical Energy C...IJECEIAES
The residential sector was one of the contributors to the increase in the world energy consumption and CO emission due to the increase population, economic development, and improved living standard. Developing a reliable model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors was challenging since many assumptions need to be considered. Over the past decade, bottom-up approaches such as multi-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and conditional demand analysis were used for developing mathematical models to investigate interrelated characteristics among techno-socio economic factors. However, the existing models mostly were focused on countries that had different socio-economic level and cultures from the developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Similar studies in that tropical region were very scarce and only limited for linear modelling under the conditions of techno-socio economic factors. In this study, we proposed ANN for developing a model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors for a tropical region, Malaysia. In order to develop the model, quantitative measurement and qualitative assessment were required. The quantitative measurement was based on the monitoring of total electrical energy consumption with a oneminute interval. In contrast, the qualitative assessment utilized a questionnaire survey to assess household characteristics based on technosocio economic parameters. The objective of this paper was to propose a conceptual framework of the estimation model for household electrical energy consumption with the consideration of techno-socio economic factors using ANN.
This document discusses how information and communication technology (ICT) can help conserve energy. ICT traditionally optimized energy-using systems and processes, but will now play a critical role in supporting more sustainable electricity generation and reducing domestic energy consumption. Smart technology allows automating energy savings, but also engaging consumers to change behaviors. The document describes a prototype that provides direct feedback on household electricity use to induce conservation.
Analysis of Households’ Electricity Consumption with Ordered Logit Models: Ex...inventionjournals
Percentage of households’ electricity demand in total energy demand of households is increasing day by day. However, households’ electricity consumption fails to provide the added value to Gross National Product unlike industry sector. Therefore, the factors that increase the energy consumption of households should be analyzed and in this respect, required energy saving policies should be generated. In this paper, the ordered logit models examined the variables affecting the electricity consumption of households in Turkey. According to goodness of fit indicators, Partial Proportional Odds Model was determined as the best model that fits into our dataset. The results obtained from model show that electrically powered items and their quantities, household size, income, housing type and properties are important factors that increase households’ electricity consumption.
During Q4 2014, there were 64 instances of regulatory activity related to distributed solar PV in 33 states and DC. The majority (28) involved changes to net metering policies, with many states expanding caps or eligibility. 18 actions involved increasing fixed customer charges, primarily by 3 utilities in Wisconsin. 10 states initiated studies of the value of solar or approved utility proposals for utility-owned residential solar programs. Key regulatory decisions on these issues are expected in Q1 2015.
This survey of 555 Cornell University students found that:
1) Most students (74%) reported a significant increase in their utility bills during winter months.
2) Over three-quarters (78%) of students said they would be willing to pay higher rent, with at least $25 more per month, for energy efficient housing.
3) However, low utility bills were a low priority reason (12%) for renewing a lease, indicating a lack of awareness about potential energy costs.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
The paper describes the Grid connected solar photovoltaique system using DC DC boost converter and the DC AC inverter VSC to supplies electric power to the utility grid. The PV cell model is easy, accurate, and takes external temperature and solar radiation into consideration. The paper presents detailed transient models of the grid connected PV Battery hybrid generation system, and all these models are simulated by using MATLAB Simulink. PV array is firstly connected to the common dc bus by a boost converter, where the battery is also connected by a bi directional DC DC converter, and then integrated into the ac utility grid by a common DC AC inverter. Maximum power point tracking helps PV array to generate the maximum power to the grid, and the battery energy storage can be charged and discharge to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. Ather Javed | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43845.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43845/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/ather-javed
The Evolving Role of the Power Sector RegulatorLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Catalogues the objectives of power sector regulators and the challenges, opportunities and interdependencies.
* Examining the current and future landscape is critical to the development of low-carbon electricity systems.
* Regulation needs to evolve in a transparent, open manner.
* This will reduce risk, maximize learning and facilitate a healthy environment for clean energy investment.
* Deploying low-carbon electricity systems requires decisive action from power sector regulators.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
A Result Paper on: Power Grid Associated With Web Using Non-Conventional Ener...rahulmonikasharma
This paper proposes a household power unit which is able to automatic switching and will communicatethrough Ethernet/Wi-Fi so utilization of the Non-conventional energy sources like solar energy will become more reliable. Further it will have madeready to end-user through electrical setup. The Arduino MEGA processor is preferred to work as an Embedded Device. The program loaded on this device will be work as Real time operating system. It isnecessary to process, control and communication. Other services are provided on the top of embedded device. It includes communication with server about the real-timeinformation on energy meters at customer`s location.Energy source selection, power-up the connection and disconnection are some of the services that areprovided through the online web portal. The web browser available at subscriber`s end, can act as an interface to these services provided.. Greater integration of renewable energy generation may be achieved by facilitating battery energy storage systems like integrating remote access to manage the set up like Ethernet, Web communication etc. The smart energy management of the resources is very important aspect. It allows collection of energy from multiple sources. In case of commercial and large scale implementation, the generated power at distribution level can be directly fed to the utility distribution network. Inthis paper, the smart energy management system is used where the battery monitoring systemworks alternately. ARDUINO MEGA 7 microcontroller is used to regulate the actual operating function as a core part of the setup. It is ideally appropriate for residential premises along with commercial applications.
This document outlines a 4 course certificate program in sustainable energy. The program covers the basics of energy production and technologies, emerging opportunities in the field, developing new business ventures, and a practicum applying the lessons to a real-world project. Upon completing the courses, students will gain an understanding of the energy industry and be able to evaluate new ideas and opportunities in sustainable energy.
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design Systemijtsrd
With development of smart grid technology, power generation and distribution network acts as new brain in this field. In this technology, the network will not only get going to integrated and set communicable all over the country but its demand will be tracked by the control centers in different aspect and at high time the usage of power is going to cost higher than the actual rate with intimation given to the customer through notification via sms or email. Through this research, the designing for Smart Grids was inspected from a logical aspect, monitoring its behavioral, and physical, and must observe the optimal integration of entire system. From the conventional distribution system, we can see the designed for the control of all the constituents as observe to be autonomous with each other. Thus, centralization in control and consolidated functionality are the main challenges discover by the distribution system. To minimize these matter of concern, the term ""distribution system and its responsibilities"" came into effect by using information and communications technology ICT to power the resolution in circulating distribution system. For preparing the outline in this aspect, this paper aims to present a layout in initiating smart grid technology and responsibilities. In contrast we argue to design an interest in the field of Smart Grid. Ashish Gangwar | Sadaf Qasim ""Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29840.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29840/key-aspect-for-approach-of-smart-grid-design-system/ashish-gangwar
IRJET- Demand Response Optimization using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to optimize demand response. It discusses how increasing population growth has increased energy demand, challenging utilities to balance supply and demand. Demand response aims to reduce peak loads by encouraging consumers to reduce electricity use during peak periods. Smart meters provide consumers information on their usage to help reduce loads. The document reviews literature on using particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to optimize dividing consumer loads into elastic and inelastic parts to better control total load and reduce costs. It finds genetic algorithms provide better results than particle swarm optimization for this application.
IRJET- An Energy Conservation Scheme based on Tariff ModerationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy conservation scheme based on tariff modification for domestic users. It proposes a new tariff rate structure that provides incentives for low consumption and penalties for high consumption. This aims to motivate consumers to reduce energy usage without causing losses for electric utilities. The existing structure provides 100 free units, which does not encourage conservation and causes losses. The proposed system calculates bills based on consumed units and compares to averages to determine incentives or penalties. The goal is to reduce residential energy usage through this modified tariff approach.
Reliability cost assessment for upgrading feeder by using customer surveysIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on assessing reliability costs for upgrading an electric feeder using customer surveys in Hyderabad, India. Customer surveys were conducted with residential, commercial, and industrial customers to determine the monetary costs of power interruptions of varying durations. The survey data was used to create customer damage functions showing interruption costs normalized per annual peak demand. Sector customer damage functions were also developed. The results can be used to evaluate reliability worth and help justify future system reinforcements.
The document discusses how providing homeowners with real-time feedback about their electricity usage through in-home display devices leads to significant reductions in consumption. Studies have found that immediate feedback can reduce energy use by 4-20% as it allows homeowners to see how specific appliances impact costs and helps break down usage into meaningful information. Larger pilots in Canada found average reductions of 2.7-18.1% depending on location. While feedback is most effective when tied to conservation goals or pricing programs, simply raising awareness through real-time displays about current usage can create lasting changes in energy habits.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
This document discusses rate design pathways for electricity providers to establish fair utility rates for solar PV customers in a distributed energy age. It proposes an integrated cost recovery approach for utilities based on three interrelated pricing approaches: 1) Allowing utilities to recover their minimum necessary customer-related fixed costs through a fixed charge. 2) Classifying utility costs as demand, energy, or customer-related and ensuring solar customers pay their fair share of these costs. 3) Considering utility rate cases like We Energies' proposal to increase fixed charges for solar customers cautiously to avoid over-recovery of costs or discouraging solar adoption.
Various demand side management techniques and its role in smart grid–the stat...IJECEIAES
The current lifestyle of humanity relies heavily on energy consumption, thusrendering it an inevitable need. An ever-increasing demand for energy hasresulted from the increasing population. Most of this demand is met by thetraditional sources that continuously deplete and raise significantenvironmental issues. The existing power structure of developing nations isaging, unstable, and unfeasible, further prolonging the problem. The existingelectricity grid is unstable, vulnerable to blackouts and disruption, has hightransmission losses, low quality of power, insufficient electricity supply, anddiscourages distributed energy sources from being incorporated. Mitigatingthese problems requires a complete redesign of the system of powerdistribution. The modernization of the electric grid, i.e., the smart grid, is anemerging combination of different technologies designed to bring about theelectrical power grid that is changing dramatically. Demand sidemanagement (DSM) allow customers to be more involved in contributors tothe power systems to achieve system goals by scheduling their shiftableload. Effective DSM systems require the participation of customers in thesystem that can be done in a fair system. This paper focuses primarily ontechniques of DSM and demand responses (DR), including schedulingapproaches and strategies for optimal savings.
Analysis of Electric Power Consumption using Smart Meter DataIRJET Journal
This document proposes an analytical model to analyze electric power consumption using smart meter data. The model consists of two modules: 1) A consumer-oriented module that clusters consumers with similar appliances and analyzes consumption patterns to provide customized recommendations for reducing usage. 2) A predictive module that uses historical consumption data to identify trends and predict future usage or irregularities. The proposed system first collects smart meter data, preprocesses it, then clusters consumers using k-means clustering based on appliance type and number. Consumption profiles are analyzed within each cluster to develop standards and suggest recommendations. Historical data is also used for predictive modeling and outlier detection.
The direct assessment and captive costs methods for estimating the economic c...Dr. Hachimenum Amadi
ABSTRACT: Due to frequent power outages, the typical Nigerian firm incurs huge costs arising from damaged equipment, lost output, spoiled materials, idle workers and restart costs. This paper developed mathematical models for the computation of the economic costs due to power outages in selected electricity intensive industries from the major industrial areas of Nigeria. This became necessary to optimize investment and operating decisions for adequate power outage mitigation measures.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Journals
This document discusses global issue based power generation expansion planning for an electric power system. It aims to develop an optimization model that considers factors like growth in fuel prices and fluctuations, benefits of carbon trading, and power system risks. The model is applied to an electric power system for the future. It formulates the problem as a multi-objective model considering investment and generation costs, imported fuels, carbon trading benefits, and environmental impacts. The model is developed in MATLAB and simulated to obtain the optimal output of each power plant at minimum cost for building, production, and fuel.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In This Project an global issue based power generation expansion planning model has been developed for optimization that considers the growth of fuel prices and its fluctuation, benefits of carbon-trading in generation expansion decision, power risks . The Developed model is applied to An Electric Power System for the future. In an electric power system, the electric demand has been running ahead of supply. In addition, of the growth of fuel price can affect the country economy. To minimize these problems, a multi-objective model preceded by electric demand forecasting is developed by considering the unit of power generation and investment cost, imported fuels and benefits of carbon trading, environmental impacts. A model has been developed in the MATLAB and is simulated to get the output of each power plant at a very nominal cost for building the power plants, production and fuel. Keywords: electrical power generation, expansion, planning, Load forecasting, Optimizing, linear model
Steve Avary - Electricity Utility 2 point 0 PaperSteven Avary
The document discusses challenges facing electric utilities in balancing financial metrics with stakeholder objectives like conservation and renewable integration. Innovation is critical but limited by regulatory disincentives as efficiency benefits customers rather than utilities. New performance models like RIIO in the UK and the Iowa model provide incentives for outputs. Technologies like batteries and smart grids have reduced peak demand but require significant investment. Distributed generation also threatens the traditional utility model by enabling customer independence and reducing load growth. New policies are needed to absorb higher costs and share risks between utilities and customers.
The document discusses energy efficiency and conservation in New Zealand. It provides background on New Zealand's progress in improving energy efficiency over time, with efficiency gains coming from various sectors. Key points covered include defining an energy audit as examining how energy is used and costs at a facility to recommend efficiency improvements. An effective energy management program requires establishing an organizational structure with an energy manager and team to develop and implement an energy management plan.
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGSIAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGS” IAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution.
This document summarizes a research report on advancing energy management through smart metering systems from an operational perspective. The report discusses the limitations of traditional electricity meters and how smart meters can help overcome issues by providing consumers with more information on their energy usage. It outlines the objectives of the study, which include analyzing currently deployed smart metering systems, suggesting improvements, and studying consumer energy usage behaviors. The report also reviews the evolution of electricity meters and discusses the costs and benefits of smart metering systems for consumers and electricity suppliers.
It approach for energy management in electrical demandiaemedu
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about using information technology for energy management in the electrical demand of industries. It discusses how the demand for electricity in India is growing faster than production capacity, resulting in a gap that is addressed through demand side management. The article explains how conservation and management of electrical energy in industries can be improved using computer technologies and advanced metering. It also provides background on energy use in India and obstacles to improving energy efficiency.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
Similar to ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGES (20)
NEW Current Issue - CALL FOR PAPERS - Electrical and Computer Engineering An ...ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed open access journal calling for papers on topics related to electrical and computer engineering, including communications, control systems, integrated circuits, power systems, and signal processing. Authors are invited to submit original papers by August 7, 2021 via the journal's online submission system, with notification of acceptance by September 7 and final manuscripts due by September 15 for publication dates determined by the Editor-in-Chief.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The standard grid codes suggested, that the wind generators should stay in connected and reliable active and reactive power should be provided during uncertainties. This paper presents an independent control of Grid Side Converter (GSC) for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A novel GSC controller has
been designed by incorporating a new Enhanced hysteresis comparator (EHC) that utilizes the hysteresis band to produce the suitable switching signal to the GSC to get enhanced controllability during grid unbalance. The EHC produces higher duty-ratio linearity and larger fundamental GSC currents with
lesser harmonics. Thus achieve fast transient response for GSC. All these features are confirmed through
time domain simulation on a 15 KW DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ELEC 2020)ecij
4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ELEC 2020)aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of Electrical Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses practical and theoretical results in electrical and computer engineering. Topics of interest include communications, control systems, integrated circuits, power systems, and signal processing. Authors are invited to submit original papers by July 25, 2020 for peer-review and potential publication in September 2020.
4th International Conference on Bioscience & Engineering (BIEN 2020) ecij
The 4th International Conference on Bioscience & Engineering (BIEN 2020) will be held November 28-29, 2020 in Dubai, UAE. The conference will bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to share knowledge on advances in bioscience and engineering. Authors are invited to submit original research papers and reviews by July 26, 2020 on topics including bioengineering, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomedicine, and more. Selected papers will be published in conference proceedings and special issues of related journals.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Scope & Topics
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)
ISSN: 2201-5957
https://wireilla.com/engg/ecij/index.html
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through E-mail: ecijjournal@wireilla.com .
Important Dates
•Submission Deadline: March 28, 2020
Contact US
Here's where you can reach us: ecijjournal@wireilla.com
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The document presents a novel control strategy using an Enhanced Hysteresis Controller (EHC) for the Grid Side Converter (GSC) of a DFIG-based wind energy system. The EHC improves upon standard hysteresis control by incorporating the DC link voltage as an input to the integrator, allowing for higher duty ratio linearity, larger fundamental GSC currents with less harmonics. Simulation results on a 15kW DFIG system show the EHC provides fast transient response for the GSC and regulates the DC link voltage with smooth GSC currents and power during grid disturbances like voltage dips. Comparisons to a system without GSC control show significant reductions in oscillations through use of the proposed EHC strategy.
UNION OF GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE BASIS OF NONTRADITIO...ecij
The traditional principle of solving the problem of combining the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the electromagnetic to the gravitational field on the basis of Maxwell and Lorentz equations. The proposed non-traditional principle
is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the gravitational to the electromagnetic field, which simplifies the process. Nave principle solving this task by using special physical quantities found by M. Planck in 1900: - Planck’s length, time and mass), the uniqueness of which is that they are obtained on the basis of 3 fundamental physical constants: the velocity c of light in vacuum, the Planck’s constant h and the gravitational constant G, which reduces them to the fundamentals of the Universe. Strict physical regularities were obtained for the based on intercommunication of 3-th
fundamental physical constants c, h and G, that allow to single out wave characteristic νG from G which is identified with the frequency of gravitational field. On this base other wave and substance parameters were strictly defined and their numerical values obtained. It was proved that gravitational field with the given wave parameters can be unified only with electromagnetic field having the same wave parameters that’s why it is possible only on Plank’s level of world creation. The solution of given problems is substantiated by well-known physical laws and conformities and not contradiction to modern knowledge about of material world and the Universe on the whole. It is actual for development of physics and other branches of science and technique.
USING MACHINE LEARNING TO BUILD A SEMI-INTELLIGENT BOT ecij
Nowadays, real-time systems and intelligent systems offer more and more control interface based on voice recognition or human language recognition. Robots and drones will soon be mainly controlled by voice. Other robots will integrate bots to interact with their users, this can be useful both in industry and entertainment. At first, researchers were digging on the side of "ontology reasoning". Given all the technical constraints brought by the treatment of ontologies, an interesting solution has emerged in last years: the construction of a model based on machine learning to connect a human language to a knowledge
base (based for example on RDF). We present in this paper our contribution to build a bot that could be used on real-time systems and drones/robots, using recent machine learning technologies.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION BASED MULTILEVEL IN...ecij
As the solar market is blooming and forecasted to continue this trend in the coming years. The efficiency and reliability of PV based system has always been a contention among researchers. Therefore, multilevel inverters are gaining more assiduity as it has multitude of benefits. It offers high power capability along with low output harmonics. The main disadvantage of MLI is its complexity and requirement of large
number of power devices and passive components. This paper presents a topology that achieves 37.5% reduction in number of passive components and power devices for five-level inverter. This topology is basically based on H-bridge with bi-directional auxiliary switch. This paper includes a stand-alone PV system in which designing and simulation of Boost converter connected with multilevel inverter for ac load is presented. Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm has been implemented to extract maximum power. The premier objective is to obtain Voltage with less harmonic distortion economically. Multicarrier Sinusoidal
PWM techniques have been implemented and analysed for modulation scheme. The Proposed system is simulated n MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Investigation of Interleaved Boost Converter with Voltage multiplier for PV w...ecij
This paper depicts the significance of Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) with diode-capacitor multiplierwith PV as the input source. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) was used to obtain maximum power from the PV system. In this, interleaving topology is used to reduce the input current ripple, output voltage ripple, power loss and to suppress the ripple in battery current in the case of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). Moreover, voltage multiplier cells are added in the IBC configuration to reduce the narrow turn-off periods. Two MPPT techniques are compared in this paper: i) Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm ii) Fuzzy Logic . The two algorithms are simulated using MATLAB and the comparison of performance parameters like the ripple is done and the results are verified.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS FOR ROUTING PROBLEMSecij
Travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a most popular combinatorial routing problem, belongs to the class of NP-hard problems. Many approacheshave been proposed for TSP.Among them, swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms can effectively achieve optimal tours with the minimum lengths and attempt to avoid trapping in local minima points. The transcendence of each SI is depended on the nature of the problem. In our studies, there has been yet no any article, which had compared the performance of SI algorithms for TSP perfectly. In this paper,four common SI algorithms are used to solve TSP, in order to compare the performance of SI algorithms for the TSP problem. These algorithms include genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and artificial bee colony. For each SI, the various parameters and operators were tested, and the best values were selected for it. Experiments oversome benchmarks fromTSPLIBshow that
artificial bee colony algorithm is the best one among the fourSI-basedmethods to solverouting problems like TSP.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGES
1. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
DOI : 10.14810/ecij.2018.7202 11
ADOPTING MEASURES TO REDUCE POWER
OUTAGES
Abdullah M. Shaalan
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting
from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses
should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these
power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
KEYWORDS
power outages, energy interruption, cost, residential consumer, energy conservation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric energy interruptions occur when the available system capacity, due to severe power
outages, is insufficient to meet the consumer’s loads requirements. These capacity deficits which
lead to energy interruptions are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public
safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, water reservoirs,
airports, public places, etc., usually have backup power sources, such as standby generators,
which will automatically start up when electric power is lost. Other critical systems, such as
telecommunications and computer facilities are also required to have emergency power sources.
Telephone exchange rooms usually have uninterrupted power supply (UPS) (arrays of lead-acid
batteries) for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of
outage. During these events of system deficits, interruptions costs will be borne by the electric
company, its consumers and perhaps, by the entire society. The company interruptions costs
include loss of revenues and increased expenses of repair and maintenance. The company costs
usually form only a small part of the total interruptions costs while the greater part is that borne
by its consumers.
The difficulty associated with estimating residential losses, resulting from severe power outages,
is due to the fact that the activities pertaining to this sector are not productive and most of its
outputs are consumed within the household premises and thereby cannot be valued in the market.
Interruptions may interfere with housekeeping activities such as cooking, washing, vacuum
cleaning, and disrupt the use of refrigerators, air conditioners, lighting, computers, game
consoles, entertainment systems as well as negatively affect ceremonial gatherings and social
2. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
12
events etc. More seriously, such disruptions may compromise the health of vulnerable
individuals. Therefore, residential consumers may incur tangible losses such as foods spoilage
and paying extra expenses and intangible losses in terms of inconvenience, discomfort, anxiety,
and frustration.
2. REVIEW OF SOME EXISTING STUDIES
In a study, conducted at an international level, Vivien et al [1] provided empirical data that tested
the relationship between energy consumption and income per capita, at the household level. They
determined that at high levels of net energy consumption, increasing gross energy consumption
may cause power outages which can be avoided by switching to more efficient energy sources.
In their work, Kristina and Eto [2] discussed the massive electric power outage that occurred in
the northeastern United States on August 14-15, 2003.They estimated the losses associated with
that severe power outage affecting residential consumers for longer durations. They concluded
that losses increased in a nonlinear manner with interruption duration.
Manikya et al [3] utilized a practical radial distribution system database in the development of an
individual consumer sector and established a composite consumer damage function for a diverse
class of consumers. The main objective of the paper is to assess reliability cost-worth indices of
expected energy not served (EENS), expected cost of interruptions (ECOI), and interrupted
energy assessment rate (IEAR) of a typical radial practical distribution system using a generalized
analytical technique. The results presented in this paper can be useful for the electric power
companies, designers, and planners in the decision-making process.
Layton [4] used a survey that evaluated how far households were “willing to pay“ in order to
avoid unexpected interruptions in electricity service. In this survey, the author used a statistical
approach that was defined as a function of household characteristics, outage attributes, and
outages history. He showed that losses estimation is sensitive to the interaction of attributes of
previously experienced and hypothetical interruptions.
Snead [5] discussed the issue of energy efficiency and conservation in the residential sector and
showed that energy efficiency can be targeted to reduce peak demand, leading to a significant fuel
savings at a time when supply is constrained.
Benders [6] developed a web-based tool that addresses direct as well as indirect energy
requirements. By means of a simple expert system, participants could attain options and feedback
on energy reduction. This tool was tested in Groningen city (the Netherlands) with a sample of
300 households, resulting in a direct and indirect energy reduction of about 31% compared to
total energy consumption.
Marshall [7] used energy-conservation programs that focused on the residential sector with more
understanding on how the variables that affected household energy conservation lead to more-
effective consumer energy conservation. In this study, mail questionnaires were sent to 2000
Ventura County residents randomly selected from the Hayne’s telephone directory. There were
500 returned questionnaires yielding a response rate of 25%. Results indicated that home-owners
adopted significantly more efficiency measures than renters. Respondents favored local energy-
conservation policies that required no personal action.
3. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
13
McMakin [8] described energy-conservation campaigns that were applied at two military
installations where residents did not pay their own energy charges. Before-and-after energy use
was measured and residents were surveyed about their energy consumption behaviors. Residents
mentioned that they were motivated by the desire to do the right thing, set a good example for
their children and have a comfortable home. These studies may have implications for other
situations where residents are not charged for individual energy use, including other government-
subsidized facilities, master-metered apartments, and hotels.
Fuji [9] developed a model that explained household choice of electricity conservation modes.
The model was based on the premise that households would adopt those conservation modes that
yielded benefits greater than perceived costs. The author found that households differed in the
conservation modes they adopted. High-income households were more likely to implement
expenditure-intensive methods, while low-income households were more likely to adopt time-
intensive conservation methodologies. The results suggested a possible explanation as to why
high-income families and residents of single-detached homes saved the largest (absolute) amount
of energy. A popular explanation was that these households consumed the most energy, and thus
would be most likely to benefit.
Yoshiyuki [10] evaluated energy conservation methods for the residential sector by employing a
model that simulated city-scale energy consumption within the residential sector by considering
the diversity of household and building types. In this model, all the households in the city are
classified into 380 categories based on the household and building type. The accuracy of the
model is was verified by comparing its results with the statistical and the measured data on Osaka
City, Japan. Various types of energy conservation measures planned by the Japanese government
for the residential sector are simulated and their effects on Osaka City are evaluated
quantitatively.
3. WORK OBJECTIVES AND PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The review of the preceding studies reveals that their authors assessed the energy conservation in
the residential sector without explicitly considering it as a hedge against power outages and a
remedy to energy ceases. Hence, it is the Author’s impression, that there was little attention given
to the advantageous and rewarding correlation between coherent energy conservation and least
outages occurrences. Therefore, the objective of this work is to narrow this gap in the present
study. Therefore, the first step of this endeavor is to explore, from the consumer’s perspective, the
adverse effects of the energy interruptions that reflect enormous damages (tangible and
intangible) to the residential sector in the city of Riyadh. The second step is to propose, analyze,
and employ energy conservation strategies that lead to both energy conservation and costs saving.
To fulfill these two essential steps, the following processes have been established:
A consumer survey has been used to achieve practical and definite results that can estimate the
real impact of energy shortages upon the residential sector. It is the author's opinion that the most
suitable estimation of outages occurrences and their impacts is the consumer's own assessment.
Based on his personal perception to negative consequences during power outages and his level of
preparedness or willingness-to-pay, he may go to great lengths to avoid such outages or, at least,
mitigate their effects. This approach is theoretically more pertinent to the perception of the
residential consumer and his needs.
4. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
14
4. COST ESTIMATION BASED ON CONSUMER'S PERCEPTION
Most outages effects that are discussed in many of the published works are intangible and cannot
be assessed in terms of monetary values. The appropriate question to ask, therefore, is: "What set
of preparations and precautions should a residential consumer adopt as a criterion to ensure both
supply adequacy, continuity and quality worth? The answer depends on practical and theoretical
structure of the analyses. In general, it is the author`s opinion that one of the most suitable
estimation of reliability worth is the consumer`s preparatory actions during outages and his
willingness-to-pay to avert their adverse impacts. This approach is practically sound and more
related to the perception of the residential consumer and to his energy requirements. Therefore, in
order to seek the consumer's readiness and the types of preparatory actions he intends to
undertake against possible power outages and energy interruptions, respondents are directed to
imagine a hypothetical situation where their local electric company announces unexpected power
outages that will occur daily during Summer time for various durations. They are then asked to
predict which action(s) they might take in preparation for the outages. The costs quoted in the list
of actions are used to estimate the cost of preparations that respondents indicate that they are
willing to undertake to eliminate or mitigate the contrary effects of the outages. Also, the survey
aims to explore the extent to which they are willing to pay to avert service cessation. Therefore, it
is suggested that the power system has become subject to more frequent power outages. To
increase system reliability, the company may add generating units and/or reinforce its network
facilities which may result in tariff increase. Hence, the question postulates daily power outages
during the Summer period for durations of 20 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, and 8 hours. A range of
possible tariff rate increases is proposed, and the consumers are asked to perceive and appraise
the possible damage resulting from service interruptions and consequently discern appropriate
tariff rate increases based on its prevailing present structure. The data reported by the respondents
is exhibited by Figure 1. The survey results show that a significant number of respondents are
willing to pay a higher rate for even up to 20% above the cost of the normal charge to avert
prolonged outage durations. The willingness-to-pay, however, becomes less when more rate
increase is suggested, or less frequent outages are proposed. The costs per kWh lost for various
durations estimated, as shown in Figure 1, is probably the most credible and meaningful for the
residential sector, in comparison with other studies and for planning purposes.
Figure1. Suggested tariff rate increase with outage durations
5. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
15
5. DEVELOPED MATHEMATICAL MODEL
In general, the most important household outputs that consume electricity are housekeeping duties,
nutrition supplies, and social activities. These outputs are domestic activities that are consumed
within the household premises and their losses costs due to outages cannot be straightforward or
easily assessed in terms of monetary values. In the following analysis, a method to reduce these
losses costs will be established through an energy conservation mathematical model.
Now, let the set representing electricity service is defined by the varying load, L for each
individual consumer j in a dwelling type i as follows:
= = 1 = 1
The load is a function of other variables and the equation may be written as:
= ( . . ) (1)
Where P is the type of electrical appliance, Y represents the intensity of energy utilization
(domestic activities), and O is an unexpected outage(s) occurrences that may affect the load levels.
The energy cost (invoice charge), that the consumer j of dwelling type i pays in regular intervals
(T), set by the local electric company, as a consequence of providing the electric service, can be
denoted as an Energy Cost(EC ) and expressed as:
= . (2)
As described in Equation (2), the cost incurred by the residential consumers because of power
outages resulting in energy interruptions may be represented as a function of outage size as well as
its lasting duration. For the same category, the outage(s) cost designated as can be expressed
as:
= . (3)
The energy cost (EC) described in Equation (2) corresponds to such charges (USD/kWh) paid to
the utility (local electric company) for the energy delivered and consumed within the residential
consumer property. The outage cost (OC) expressed in Equation (3) corresponds to the direct and
indirect costs borne by the residential consumer for the kilowatt-hours not delivered because of
power outages.
Now, the expressions displayed in both Equations (2) and (3) can be convolved to arrive at the
most appropriate net benefit (NB) of electricity consumption that will ensure both service
continuity and quality for a residential consumer as follows:
#$ = % &%( $ − ) −
(
)*
+
,
)*
(4)
Where $ = $ ( ) is the total benefit of energy consumption in the absence of outages. It is
obviously realized from Equation (4) that the consumer will gain a benefit in terms of decreasing
6. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
16
his electricity bill and avoiding the costly outages if he utilizes and conserves his energy
consumption properly and wisely. The residential sector is urged to adopt specific programs and
abide by certain rules for energy conservation (for example, choosing the efficient air conditioners,
applying roof and wall insulation, using the energy saver types of lamps, using double-glaze and
shaded windows, utilizing the sky light and solar energy, etc.). The change in the net benefit (NB)
due to change in consumer behaviour to enhance his energy conservation (i.e. variation in the set
of load levels), yields the following equation:
∆#$/
= #$/0*
− #$/
(5)
By using Equations (2-4) into Equation (5), the resultant change in net benefit ∆#$/
is given by:
∆#$/
= % % 1
2
2
$ − /
∙ ∆ /
−
2 /
2
∙ ∆ /
4
(
)*
,
)*
(6)
On the basis of the foregoing discussion, a simplified version of Equation (6) can be expressed as:
∆#$/
= −∆ /
− ∆ /
(7)
where,
∆ /
= % %6(2 /
/ 2 /
) ∙ ∆ /
8
(
)*
,
)*
and,
∆ /
= % %6(2 /
/ 2 /
) ∙ ∆ /
8
(
)*
,
)*
In Equation (7), it is assumed that:
=∆#$ = = =∆ = - =∆ /
= (8)
To interpret Equations (6) and (8) above, that the energy interruptions and excessive energy
consumption can be envisaged as a coherent correlation. This correlation can be utilized in
attempting to reduce power outages by embracing and applying effective and practical energy
conservation measures that can reduce the occurrences of these outages and allow the consumer to
fulfil his domestic duties, enjoy leisure times, and practice social and ceremonial activities.
For Equation (8), it could be stated that: “the customer can maximize his net benefits of energy
consumption up to the prescribed load level designated as L* where exceeding this limit may
cause power outages and hence energy curtailment”. [See Figure 2].
7. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
17
Figure 2. Limits between Energy consumption cost and outage cost
6. OUTAGE COST ESTIMATION BY USING SURVEY AND
MATHEMATICAL APPROACHES
In this research, two main approaches were considered and presented. An obvious approach is a
rate increase approach, wherein respondents were asked to what extent in tariff rate increase are
they are willing-to-pay to avoid outages for various outages durations. The direct worth evaluation
approach asked consumers to place a monetary value on the effects of certain interruptions
scenarios or to assess the worth to them of not having to experience an interruption. The average
value of the maximum amount per month that the respondents were willing to pay for less severe
outages (interruptions) occurrences is based on their average monthly energy consumptions
(kWh/mo.) and invoice payments (USD/mo.) during Summer season. This approach may suffer
due to the difficulty that residential respondents encounter when attempting to give a gful answer
to direct evaluation questions. This model can decrease the size of the problem that may be
associated with consumer lack of experience in rating the worth of service adequacy and
continuity. Estimates results of both approaches are shown in Table 1 and plotted in Figure 3 for
comparison. The curves show some discrepancy which may be attributed, in the questionnaires
results, to the infrequent outages occurrences and subsequent lack of enthusiasm on the part of
consumers to respond to outages in buying emergency items or taking any precautionary actions.
The model estimates seem to be higher and this also could be ascribed to the electricity-
dependence weight embodied in the estimate due to the link between the use of energy and the per
capita income. Both curves demonstrate clearly the time-dependent and the non-linear nature of
the outages cost that probably may reach prohibitive limits should outages lasted and extended for
longer durations.
Table 1. Variation of outages cost with outage duration
Outage durations
Outages Cost (USD/kWh)
Survey estimate Model estimate Predicted estimate
20 min. 0.23 0.34 0.28
1 hour 0.52 1.24 0.69
4 hours 4.00 10.41 0.71
8 hours 99.80 140.10 121.43
8. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
18
Figure 3. Variation of outage cost vs. outage durations
7. COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH OTHER SIMILAR WORLD CITIES
UTAGE
The cost estimation of energy cease as SR/kWh for the residential sector, shown in Fig. 3, was
evaluated for the purpose of this study and also to be conveniently compared with other similar time
durations studies. Figure 4 portrays results of studies conducted in some countries including Riyadh
study. Riyadh results, compared with those other results, seem to yield rather lower estimates. This
can be interpreted as the methodology is in essence, based on the actual payable tariff. The Saudi
government heavily subsidizes the electric sector and the customer pays only a reasonable part of the
total cost. The noticeable diversities in these estimations seen in the figure can be attributed to
variations in systems characteristics, the non-linear nature of outages costs, and the different
modelling techniques employed.
Figure 4 Comparison of Riyadh City outages cost with other world cities
9. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
19
8. OFUTAGE COST UTILIZATION FOR POWER SYSTEM PLANNING
The ultimate target of power system planners in the electric utilities jis to achieve the most
optimal system plans in terms of adequate supply and reasonable costs. For this final portion of
the study, it is an essential to consider and implement the concepts of outage cost (OC) discussed
and elaborated in Sections(3, 4, 5) and in Equation (8) as well. The outage cost in conjunction
with the system costs (SC) are exhibited by Figure 5. The figure shows that both system cost (SC)
and outage cost (OC) have some sort of antagonizing and contradicting nature with reliability-
level variations. It is evident that the system cost increases with higher reliability (i.e. less
number) and vice versa, as the outage cost decreases with lower reliability and vice versa. For this
application, the total costs (TC), indicates the least level of TC corresponding with the most
optimum reliability levels that can be reached and adopted by the electric utility in their future
planning and expansion.
Figure 5. Searching for the appropriate system reliability level
9. CONCLUSIONS
This work presented results of a study conducted to assess the perceived losses and costs incurred
by the residential sector in the city of Riyadh due to severe electric power outages that result in
energy curtailments. It has focused on the implementation and utilization of practical and
theoretical tools for evaluating an essential factor for reducing power outages and energy
interruptions based on explicit consideration of consumer perception and evaluation to the
interruptions impacts and consequences. The results reveal that these outages will deprive
consumers from the usage of certain essential appliances, hinder domestic activities, hamper social
ceremonies and events, cause food spoilage, and adversely impact the health of vulnerable
individuals. Two approaches, based on the consumer’s willingness-to-pay to avert these outages,
have been developed to estimate the consumer’s perceived costs should outages occur in specific
periods and last for longer durations. The estimates obtained for the costs imply a time-dependent
non-linear outage cost. One major contribution of this paper is manifested in the development of
useful tools for system planners in electric utilities that enable them to incorporate consumer
perceptions and preferences that can be used as a key input to energy conservation, tariff structure,
and reliability-cost evaluation in power system planning and future expansion processes.
10. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International
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[2] Kristina, H. and Eto, J., (2004) “Understanding the cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers.
"Ernest Orlando National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley.
[3] Manikya, R., Prasad, P. and Tulasi, R., (2010) “Consumer outage cost evaluation in electric power systems”,
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Asian Research Publishing Network(ARPN), India, Vol. 5,
No. 8.
[4] Layton, D. (2006) “The cost of power interruptions to
University of Washington, Applications of Simulation Methods in Environmental and Resource Economics.
[5] Snead, B., (2006) “Energy efficiency and conservation in the residential, commercial and industr
Final Report, Kansas State University, USA.
[6] Benders, R., (2006) “New approaches for household energy conservation: In search of personal household
energy budgets and energy reduction options”, Energy Policy, Volume 34, Issue 18,PP. 3612
[7] Marshall, M., (1987) “Socialpsychological correlation of domestic energyconservation activities”, Thesis
(Ph. D.), Claremont Graduate School, CA (USA).
[8] McMakin, A., (2002) “Motivating residents to conserve energy without financial incentive
and Behavior Journal, USA.
[9] Fuji, E. T., (1989) “Model of household electricity conservation behavior”, Land Econ. ; Vol./ Issue: 60:4.
[10] Shimoda Yoshiyuki, Asahi Takahiro, TaniguchiAyakoet and Mizuno, Minorual, (2007) “Evaluation o
scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end
Energy, Volume 32, Issue 9, PP. 1617
AUTHOR
Abdullah M. Shaalan
Joined the college of engineering, King University since receiving his d
electrical engineering from the University of Manchester (UK) in 1985. His
specialization and research of interests fall within the areas of power system planning,
reliability evaluation, electrical safety, environment protection, load manageme
energy conservation. He participated in many local, regional and international technical
and scientific committees, seminars, conferences and workshops. He offered
consultancy services to many governmental and private entities in his specialization
areas. He is an active member in many scientific societies and academic affiliations. He
authored and translated books in various fields of electrical engineering as well as wrote articles for public
awareness in the safety of electrical installations and
and certificates of appreciation for his vast contributions and activities aimed to develop and improve the
performance of several electricity sectors. Also, supervised many MSc and PhD dissertations
Also, conducted many funded projects for local and foreign agencies. He is currently working as the
supervisor of the “Zamil Industrial Group Chair for Electricity Conservation” at the College of
Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingd
consultant at the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) since 1995 until now.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
Vivien, F., Jean, P, and Woodon,Q.,(2000) “Energy consumption and income: An inverted
Kristina, H. and Eto, J., (2004) “Understanding the cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers.
"Ernest Orlando National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley.
P. and Tulasi, R., (2010) “Consumer outage cost evaluation in electric power systems”,
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Asian Research Publishing Network(ARPN), India, Vol. 5,
Layton, D. (2006) “The cost of power interruptions to the residential consumers.” School of Public Affair,
University of Washington, Applications of Simulation Methods in Environmental and Resource Economics.
Snead, B., (2006) “Energy efficiency and conservation in the residential, commercial and industr
Final Report, Kansas State University, USA.
Benders, R., (2006) “New approaches for household energy conservation: In search of personal household
energy budgets and energy reduction options”, Energy Policy, Volume 34, Issue 18,PP. 3612
Marshall, M., (1987) “Socialpsychological correlation of domestic energyconservation activities”, Thesis
(Ph. D.), Claremont Graduate School, CA (USA).
McMakin, A., (2002) “Motivating residents to conserve energy without financial incentives”, Environment
Fuji, E. T., (1989) “Model of household electricity conservation behavior”, Land Econ. ; Vol./ Issue: 60:4.
Shimoda Yoshiyuki, Asahi Takahiro, TaniguchiAyakoet and Mizuno, Minorual, (2007) “Evaluation o
scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end-use simulation model”,
Energy, Volume 32, Issue 9, PP. 1617-1633.
Joined the college of engineering, King University since receiving his doctorate in
electrical engineering from the University of Manchester (UK) in 1985. His
specialization and research of interests fall within the areas of power system planning,
reliability evaluation, electrical safety, environment protection, load management and
energy conservation. He participated in many local, regional and international technical
and scientific committees, seminars, conferences and workshops. He offered
consultancy services to many governmental and private entities in his specialization
areas. He is an active member in many scientific societies and academic affiliations. He
authored and translated books in various fields of electrical engineering as well as wrote articles for public
awareness in the safety of electrical installations and energy conservation. Obtained a lot of prizes, trophies
and certificates of appreciation for his vast contributions and activities aimed to develop and improve the
performance of several electricity sectors. Also, supervised many MSc and PhD dissertations
Also, conducted many funded projects for local and foreign agencies. He is currently working as the
supervisor of the “Zamil Industrial Group Chair for Electricity Conservation” at the College of
Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also working as a part
consultant at the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) since 1995 until now.
Journal (ECIJ) Vol.7, No.1/2, June 2018
20
inverted-U at the
Kristina, H. and Eto, J., (2004) “Understanding the cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers.
P. and Tulasi, R., (2010) “Consumer outage cost evaluation in electric power systems”,
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Asian Research Publishing Network(ARPN), India, Vol. 5,
the residential consumers.” School of Public Affair,
University of Washington, Applications of Simulation Methods in Environmental and Resource Economics.
Snead, B., (2006) “Energy efficiency and conservation in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors”,
Benders, R., (2006) “New approaches for household energy conservation: In search of personal household
energy budgets and energy reduction options”, Energy Policy, Volume 34, Issue 18,PP. 3612-3622.
Marshall, M., (1987) “Socialpsychological correlation of domestic energyconservation activities”, Thesis
s”, Environment
Fuji, E. T., (1989) “Model of household electricity conservation behavior”, Land Econ. ; Vol./ Issue: 60:4.
Shimoda Yoshiyuki, Asahi Takahiro, TaniguchiAyakoet and Mizuno, Minorual, (2007) “Evaluation of city-
use simulation model”,
authored and translated books in various fields of electrical engineering as well as wrote articles for public
energy conservation. Obtained a lot of prizes, trophies
and certificates of appreciation for his vast contributions and activities aimed to develop and improve the
performance of several electricity sectors. Also, supervised many MSc and PhD dissertations and theses.
Also, conducted many funded projects for local and foreign agencies. He is currently working as the
supervisor of the “Zamil Industrial Group Chair for Electricity Conservation” at the College of
om of Saudi Arabia. Also working as a part-time