A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Enhanced location based self adaptive routing algorithm for wsn in industrial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intelligent Collision avoidance and monitoring system for railway using wirel...Editor IJMTER
In the current railway systems, it is becoming ever more necessary to have safety
elements in order to avoid accidents. One of the important causes that can provoke serious accidents
is the existence of obstacles on the tracks, either fixed or mobile. This project deals about one of the
efficient methods to avoid train collision and obstacle detection. A GPS system is being used to
pinpoint the location of faults on tracks. The project presents a solution, to provide an intelligent
train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service. The solution
is based on powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies and software. The inbuilt GPS module
identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central
system. The availability of the information allows the train Controller to take accurate decisions as
for the train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the central system to identify the
possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by
the system.
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Routing of traffic sensors in intelligent transportation systemeSAT Journals
Abstract As country develops, the application of technology in each and every field increases to fulfill the demand of people. The application of technology in transportation system is called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which has more demand in today’s world for traffic management. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is one of the technology used in Intelligent Transportation System. In Vehicular Ad hoc Network temporary network is formed within the vehicles or vehicle to traffic infrastructure which has sensors within it for communication. The temporary network establishes and ends after exchanging the required information. This process should happen within fraction of seconds which is more complicated issue in highly mobile vehicles, so routing is a major problem in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. In this work, hybrid two stage heuristic routing protocol which is based on ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to make routing more efficient in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. The MATLAB software is used to implement the algorithm. The result shows that two stage heuristic protocol perform better than Ad hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) protocol. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation System, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), Ad Hoc on Demand Vector (AODV), Ant Colony optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Enhanced location based self adaptive routing algorithm for wsn in industrial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intelligent Collision avoidance and monitoring system for railway using wirel...Editor IJMTER
In the current railway systems, it is becoming ever more necessary to have safety
elements in order to avoid accidents. One of the important causes that can provoke serious accidents
is the existence of obstacles on the tracks, either fixed or mobile. This project deals about one of the
efficient methods to avoid train collision and obstacle detection. A GPS system is being used to
pinpoint the location of faults on tracks. The project presents a solution, to provide an intelligent
train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service. The solution
is based on powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies and software. The inbuilt GPS module
identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central
system. The availability of the information allows the train Controller to take accurate decisions as
for the train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the central system to identify the
possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by
the system.
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Routing of traffic sensors in intelligent transportation systemeSAT Journals
Abstract As country develops, the application of technology in each and every field increases to fulfill the demand of people. The application of technology in transportation system is called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which has more demand in today’s world for traffic management. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is one of the technology used in Intelligent Transportation System. In Vehicular Ad hoc Network temporary network is formed within the vehicles or vehicle to traffic infrastructure which has sensors within it for communication. The temporary network establishes and ends after exchanging the required information. This process should happen within fraction of seconds which is more complicated issue in highly mobile vehicles, so routing is a major problem in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. In this work, hybrid two stage heuristic routing protocol which is based on ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to make routing more efficient in Vehicular Ad hoc Network. The MATLAB software is used to implement the algorithm. The result shows that two stage heuristic protocol perform better than Ad hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) protocol. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation System, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), Ad Hoc on Demand Vector (AODV), Ant Colony optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
A Review on Comparison of the Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETEditor IJCATR
In Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) with high number of nodes and high mobility the routing of packets is a difficult task. In this paper, we are reviewing different geographic routing protocols as geographic routing are efficient for highly mobile nodes and made the communication scalable. Different protocols compared are The Distance Routing Effect Algorithm (DREAM), Location Aided Routing (LAR) Calculation, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing(GPSR) as of late new convention comes which is exceedingly proficient is the Adaptive position update (APU) strategy and further the improved APU strategy and on the basis of performance metrics the protocols are compared and reveals that the Improved APU strategy gives the high packet delivery ratio, lower delay and low energy consumption.
Simulation Based Analysis of Bee Swarm Inspired Hybrid Routing Protocol Param...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET's) are basically emanated from Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's) in which
vehicles act as the mobile nodes, the nodes are vehicles on the road and mobility of these vehicles are very high. The main objective of
VANET is to enhance the safety and amenity of road users. It provides intelligent transportation services in vehicles with the
automobile equipment to communicate and co-ordinates with other vehicles in the same network that informs the driver’s about the
road status, unseen obstacles, internet access and other necessary travel service information’s. The evaluation of vehicular ad hoc
networks applications in based on the simulations. A Realistic Mobility model is a basic component for VANET simulation that
ensures that conclusion drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. This paper attempts to evaluate the
performance of a Bee swarm inspired Hybrid routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network, that protocol should be tested under a
realistic condition including, representative data traffic models, and the realistic movement of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles.
In VANET the simulation of Realistic mobility model has been generated using SUMO and MOVE software and network simulation
has been performed using NS2 simulator, we conducted performance evaluation based on certain metric parameters such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized overhead ratio.
The system presents a new framework for traffic density estimation based on topic model, which is an unsupervised model. It uses a set of visual features without any individual vehicle detection and tracking need, and discovers the motion patterns automatically in traffic scenes by using topic model
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
The vehicle itself is an information source that produces a large amount of various information including actual vehicle and environment sensors. The implementation of an efficient and scalable model for information dissemination in VANETs possesses major issues. In this dynamic environment, an ever-growing number of context dissemination messages are leveling up the usage of the channel which affects the network performance. This presentation tries to analyze and assess the key ideas of how to overcome the context data dissemination and how to reduce the amounts of transferred and stored data in a vehicular cooperation environment. This is one of the most prominent topics of pervasive computing.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
Address-light and energy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, sensor networks applications were used in many criteria. Because of its vast applications, so many researchers studied these networks. Wireless sensor networks contain significant number of sensor nodes; they are suitable medium for collecting and sending data or informing the sink about an event. This study presents a new integrated method for routing in sensor networks which is based on remaining energy of the nodes and existing space between each node and the sink. This method is more suitable for large and medium volume of data. Lifetime enhancement of the network is the main purpose of this method which is obtained by fair division of nodes roles in transmission of data to the sink. In ALERP algorithm (Address Light, Label-Based and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol), in order to reduce network overload and energy consuming as well as enhancement of network lifetime, we used predetermined routes as well as routing based on packet labels. Energy consumption in the entire network is another advantage of this method. The existence of various parameters on this algorithm will lead to more flexibility of it. Generally, conducted simulations indicate higher uniformity in energy consumption of nodes.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
A GRID VEHICULAR NODE LOCALIZATION SYSTEM VANET WITH LINER ERROR PROPAGATIONRK CONSULTANCY SERVICES
VANET navigators have been popularly adopts by using drivers. However, due to these sensibilities of GPS signals to terrains, vehicles cannot to get their locations, when they are anyone inside a tunnel or a road it’s surrounded by high rises, where satellite signal is ended. This mainly used for safety and convenience problems. But the VANETS advance into their critical areas and to become more dependent on these localization systems. GPS is starting to locate some uncertain problems, such not always being the available or not being robust enough for this some different applications. For the reason, a number of other localizations techniques such as Cellular Localization, Dead Reckoning, and Image Video Localization have been used in VANETs to overcome the GPS limitations. To address this issues, to proposes a novel Grid based On road localization system (GOT), where these vehicles with and without accurate of GPS signals self organizes into a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), exchange the locations and distance information and helps to each others to calculate an accurate position for all these vehicles inside the network. The location information’s can be exchanged among vehicles one or multiple hops away in this paper.
Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wirele...inventionjournals
One of the most significant challenges introduced by mobile networks is the difficulty in coping withthe unpredictable movement of Geocast mobile nodes. If, instead, the Geocast mobile nodes could be programmed totravel through the world in a predictable and useful manner, the task of designing algorithms for mobile networks would be significantly simplified.Geocasting represents today a challengingfield of research due to the numerous application scenariosoffered by ad hoc and sensor networks. Recently, the some Geocast routing protocols have beenproposed, most of which are basically inherited from unicastrouting solutions and consequently are not optimizedfor Geocast applications. Another, more interesting, classof region, which will be referred to as position-awareGeocast routing Algorithm, follow a progressive reductionin the distance to the destination, every time a relaynode must be chosen for forwarding a data packet. Thisallows to avoid the unnecessary dissemination of datapackets to nodes farther away from the destination andthe consequent useless energy consumption. This paperwill focus on the exploitation of this interesting positionawareapproach which seems to be more suitable forthe scenarios under consideration.
Simulative analysis of channel and qo s aware scheduler to enhance the capaci...IAEME Publication
Here a new MAC scheduling mechanism for the downlink of LTE systems named Channel and Qos Aware Scheduler is analyzed. This scheduler is based on a Channel and QoS aware algorithm which performs joint time and frequency scheduling. The relevance of the scheduler comes in to play in a situation in which the number of data hungry users are at the rising edge and they demand for traffics that have very tight QoS requirement in terms of bit rate and delay.eg:- VoIP, Video conferencing & Online Gaming. The performance of the scheduler is evaluated by means of network simulations in LTE single cell scenario with mixed traffic and compared the results with state of the art LTE downlink schedulers. The results shows that in a realistic scenario in which quality of channel varies over time as well as frequency, CQA scheduler significantly outperforms other schedulers in terms of provided QoS.
A Review on Comparison of the Geographic Routing Protocols in MANETEditor IJCATR
In Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) with high number of nodes and high mobility the routing of packets is a difficult task. In this paper, we are reviewing different geographic routing protocols as geographic routing are efficient for highly mobile nodes and made the communication scalable. Different protocols compared are The Distance Routing Effect Algorithm (DREAM), Location Aided Routing (LAR) Calculation, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing(GPSR) as of late new convention comes which is exceedingly proficient is the Adaptive position update (APU) strategy and further the improved APU strategy and on the basis of performance metrics the protocols are compared and reveals that the Improved APU strategy gives the high packet delivery ratio, lower delay and low energy consumption.
Simulation Based Analysis of Bee Swarm Inspired Hybrid Routing Protocol Param...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET's) are basically emanated from Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's) in which
vehicles act as the mobile nodes, the nodes are vehicles on the road and mobility of these vehicles are very high. The main objective of
VANET is to enhance the safety and amenity of road users. It provides intelligent transportation services in vehicles with the
automobile equipment to communicate and co-ordinates with other vehicles in the same network that informs the driver’s about the
road status, unseen obstacles, internet access and other necessary travel service information’s. The evaluation of vehicular ad hoc
networks applications in based on the simulations. A Realistic Mobility model is a basic component for VANET simulation that
ensures that conclusion drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. This paper attempts to evaluate the
performance of a Bee swarm inspired Hybrid routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network, that protocol should be tested under a
realistic condition including, representative data traffic models, and the realistic movement of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles.
In VANET the simulation of Realistic mobility model has been generated using SUMO and MOVE software and network simulation
has been performed using NS2 simulator, we conducted performance evaluation based on certain metric parameters such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized overhead ratio.
The system presents a new framework for traffic density estimation based on topic model, which is an unsupervised model. It uses a set of visual features without any individual vehicle detection and tracking need, and discovers the motion patterns automatically in traffic scenes by using topic model
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
The vehicle itself is an information source that produces a large amount of various information including actual vehicle and environment sensors. The implementation of an efficient and scalable model for information dissemination in VANETs possesses major issues. In this dynamic environment, an ever-growing number of context dissemination messages are leveling up the usage of the channel which affects the network performance. This presentation tries to analyze and assess the key ideas of how to overcome the context data dissemination and how to reduce the amounts of transferred and stored data in a vehicular cooperation environment. This is one of the most prominent topics of pervasive computing.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
Address-light and energy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, sensor networks applications were used in many criteria. Because of its vast applications, so many researchers studied these networks. Wireless sensor networks contain significant number of sensor nodes; they are suitable medium for collecting and sending data or informing the sink about an event. This study presents a new integrated method for routing in sensor networks which is based on remaining energy of the nodes and existing space between each node and the sink. This method is more suitable for large and medium volume of data. Lifetime enhancement of the network is the main purpose of this method which is obtained by fair division of nodes roles in transmission of data to the sink. In ALERP algorithm (Address Light, Label-Based and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol), in order to reduce network overload and energy consuming as well as enhancement of network lifetime, we used predetermined routes as well as routing based on packet labels. Energy consumption in the entire network is another advantage of this method. The existence of various parameters on this algorithm will lead to more flexibility of it. Generally, conducted simulations indicate higher uniformity in energy consumption of nodes.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
A GRID VEHICULAR NODE LOCALIZATION SYSTEM VANET WITH LINER ERROR PROPAGATIONRK CONSULTANCY SERVICES
VANET navigators have been popularly adopts by using drivers. However, due to these sensibilities of GPS signals to terrains, vehicles cannot to get their locations, when they are anyone inside a tunnel or a road it’s surrounded by high rises, where satellite signal is ended. This mainly used for safety and convenience problems. But the VANETS advance into their critical areas and to become more dependent on these localization systems. GPS is starting to locate some uncertain problems, such not always being the available or not being robust enough for this some different applications. For the reason, a number of other localizations techniques such as Cellular Localization, Dead Reckoning, and Image Video Localization have been used in VANETs to overcome the GPS limitations. To address this issues, to proposes a novel Grid based On road localization system (GOT), where these vehicles with and without accurate of GPS signals self organizes into a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), exchange the locations and distance information and helps to each others to calculate an accurate position for all these vehicles inside the network. The location information’s can be exchanged among vehicles one or multiple hops away in this paper.
Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wirele...inventionjournals
One of the most significant challenges introduced by mobile networks is the difficulty in coping withthe unpredictable movement of Geocast mobile nodes. If, instead, the Geocast mobile nodes could be programmed totravel through the world in a predictable and useful manner, the task of designing algorithms for mobile networks would be significantly simplified.Geocasting represents today a challengingfield of research due to the numerous application scenariosoffered by ad hoc and sensor networks. Recently, the some Geocast routing protocols have beenproposed, most of which are basically inherited from unicastrouting solutions and consequently are not optimizedfor Geocast applications. Another, more interesting, classof region, which will be referred to as position-awareGeocast routing Algorithm, follow a progressive reductionin the distance to the destination, every time a relaynode must be chosen for forwarding a data packet. Thisallows to avoid the unnecessary dissemination of datapackets to nodes farther away from the destination andthe consequent useless energy consumption. This paperwill focus on the exploitation of this interesting positionawareapproach which seems to be more suitable forthe scenarios under consideration.
Simulative analysis of channel and qo s aware scheduler to enhance the capaci...IAEME Publication
Here a new MAC scheduling mechanism for the downlink of LTE systems named Channel and Qos Aware Scheduler is analyzed. This scheduler is based on a Channel and QoS aware algorithm which performs joint time and frequency scheduling. The relevance of the scheduler comes in to play in a situation in which the number of data hungry users are at the rising edge and they demand for traffics that have very tight QoS requirement in terms of bit rate and delay.eg:- VoIP, Video conferencing & Online Gaming. The performance of the scheduler is evaluated by means of network simulations in LTE single cell scenario with mixed traffic and compared the results with state of the art LTE downlink schedulers. The results shows that in a realistic scenario in which quality of channel varies over time as well as frequency, CQA scheduler significantly outperforms other schedulers in terms of provided QoS.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
vehicular Ad-Hoc Network:
this report contains a brief description on the VANET which can be considered as an application of MANET...
The report contains a basic overview, ITS, and routing algorithms.
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
Abstract: VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols like GPRS, GPRS-MV & GPSR. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong messaging is given.
A NOVEL AND COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO PUBLIC VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEMijujournal
There are lots of efforts being made by public transport corporations to improve public vehicle occupancy
by requesting the public to use public transport over other modes of transportation. It can be noted that if
the passenger knows with high confidence that the bus is going to come, he/she will definitely wait rather
than opting for other modes of transport. Efficient information can therefore help the users to choose faster
and more easier connections which saves their time. Trends in wireless technology like Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have resulted in easier and
faster communication. This paper presents a vehicle tracking system by integrating both of the above
mentioned technologies. The central server uses geographic information system (GIS) to track vehicles to
display the position information on the electronic map. This paper suggests a new cost-effective way for
tracking a vehicle in public transport domain and compares proposed technique to some of the methods
advised previously for tracking public vehicles.
Mobile environment pretense a number of novel
theoretical and optimization issues such as position, operation
and following in that a lot of requests rely on them for
desirable information. The precedent works are sprinkled
across the entire network layer: from the medium of physical
to link layer to routing and then application layer. In this
invention, we present outline solutions in Medium Access
Control (MAC), data distribution, coverage resolve issues
under mobile ad-hoc network environment based on
congestion control technique using Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP). In mobile ad-hoc network issues can arise
such as link disconnections, channel contention and recurrent
path loss. To resolve this issue, we propose a Cross Layer
based Hybrid fuzzy ad-hoc rate based Congestion Control
(CLHCC) approach to maximize network performance. Based
on the destination report it regulates the speed of data flow to
control data loss by monitoring the present network status
and transmits this report to the source as advice. The source
adjusts the sending flow rate as per the advice. This is
monitored by channel usage, ultimate delay, short term
throughput.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
An Even Data-Distribution Protocolfor Highly Dynamic VANETIOSRJECE
Vehicular ad -hoc network (VANET) has a problem called high mobility and uneven distribution of vehicles which affect the performance of routing. The high mobility may changes arrangements of a network, and the uneven distribution of vehicles leads to node failures due to network partition; In an urban environment the high density of vehicle cause drastic wireless contentions. In this paper, we use the Even Data Distribution (EDD) protocol to make uneven distribution of data transmission in the vehicular ad-hoc network to even distribution. In which the high mobility of vehicles in urban areas causes loss of data due to uneven distribution in order to reduce the impact of uneven distribution we transform it into even distribution using EDD protocol.
Intelligent GIS-Based Road Accident Analysis and Real-Time Monitoring Automat...CSCJournals
It has been a big concern for many people and government to reduce the amount of road accident specially in Malaysia since it could be a big threat to this country. Malaysian government has spent millions of money in order to reduce the number of accident occurrence through several modes of campaign. Unfortunately, from years to years the number keeps increasing. The lack of a comprehensive accident recording and analysis system in Malaysia can be effective in these kinds of problems. By making use of IRAS (Intelligent Road Accident System), the police would be control and manage whole accident events as a real-time monitoring system. This system exploits WiMAX and GPRS communications to connect to the server for transfer the specific data to the data center. This system can be used for a comprehensive intelligent GIS-based solution for accident analysis and management. The system is developed based on object and aspect oriented software design such as .NET technology.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
Back-Bone Assisted HOP Greedy Routing for VANETijsrd.com
Using advanced wireless local area network technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as road safety, multimedia content sharing, commerce on wheels, etc., currently, geographic routing protocols are widely adopted for VANETs as they do not require route construction and route maintenance phases. Again, with connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Further, in the case of sparse and void regions, frequent use of the recovery strategy elevates hop count. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm based on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the shortest path or the path with higher connectivity may include numerous intermediate intersections. As a result, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, we introduce back-bone nodes that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Apart from this, by tracking the movement of source as well as destination, the back-bone nodes enable a packet to be forwarded in the changed direction. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of high packet delivery ratio and shorter end-to-end delay.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
D017522833
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 17, Issue 5, Ver. II (Sep. – Oct. 2015), PP 28-33
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17522833 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
Gauging the Performance of Re-routing in VANET Using
Moments
Dr. G. JayaSuma1
, R. V. S. Lalitha2
1
Assoc.Professor and H.O.D,Department of I.T.,JNTUK-University College of Engineering,Vizianagaram,India
2
Assoc.Professor,Department of C.S.E.,Sri Sai Aditya Institute of Science and Technology,Surampalem,India.
Abstract: Conventional routing protocols are not applicable for VANETs due their specific network
characteristics i.e. frequent network topology and frequent disconnections. Data Fusion techniques are
combined with localization techniques to provide robust localization information. In Location-aware VANET
applications the location of the vehicle information is displayed on the map by installing GPS receivers on the
OBU to provide driver assistance in critical positions. Geographic forwarding forwards packets based on their
geographic location. While exploiting data, the time to reach destination requires estimation. In this paper, re-
routing is optimized using Ant-Colony algorithm and is estimated analytically using moments to carry out
intermediate step analysis. The estimation of intermediate points improves the accuracy of re-routing.
Keywords: Ant-Colony algorithm, GPS, Location Information, Moments, VANET and WSN.
I. Introduction
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is a self organizing network in which mobile devices are
connected with wireless links. Each device in MANET is free to move in any direction and thereby frequent
change of links occurs with other devices. Intelligent Transportation System uses wireless V2I communications.
Advanced ITS includes safety related, real-time, local and situation based services such as speed limit
information, intersection safety, traffic jam accident warning etc.[1]. ITS communication environment is
classified into wired or wireless, out of which wireless mainly take IEEE 802.11p as the standard[2]. ITS
communication according to data content is divided into two types: 1. Common messages- Many vehicles
transmit the same message as traffic report or multimedia. In the centralized content provider data source is
fixed and the connection is continuing. Whereas in localized content provider data source is not fixed but
follows vehicle location to change, traffic control messages and traffic management messages[3]. 2. Private
Messages: These messages are kept confidential. ETSI TC ITS is developing a set of protocols for European
ITS applications particularly car-to-car communications[4]. Vehicles are equipped with devices called
Communications and Control Units(CCUs), which uses ETSI protocol stack. The ETSI GeoNetworking(GN)
protocol operates as a sub layer of IPv6 configuration with in VANET nodes. The sub layer is referred as
GN6ASL(GeoNetworking to IPv6 Adaption SubLayer). ETSI GN layer is used to create Geographical Virtual
Links(GVLs) mapped to geographical areas. Vehicles communicate with RSUs installed along roads. RSUs
forms IP based network.
Vehicular Ad hoc Network(VANET): VANET is a type of MANET based on short range
communications among vehicle moving on roads and between moving vehicles and RSUs. IEEE 802.11p is
referred to as Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) standard for wireless access in vehicular
environment(WAVE). The unique attractive features of VANET over MANET are high transmission power and
storage, higher computational capability and predictable capability[5]. In, DSRC 75MHz is divided into one
Central Control Channel (CCH) and six service channels (SCHs). CCHs are used to transmit beacon messages.
SCHs are used to exchange application data[6]. In VANET: 1. Each vehicle is equipped with a wireless omni-
directional antenna, GPS device, and a digital map. 2. RSUs connect to Internet through wired or wireless
technologies, in which two neighbouring RSUs can communicate quickly and efficiently. 3. Any two vehicles
equipped with DSRC protocol as IEEE 802.11p have the same transmission range for inter –vehicle
communication. 4. Vehicles have event-based [7] to sense traffic and road status and share digital map (Google
Map). 5. When vehicle broadcasts a message it first sends to RSU and then to connect to Internet, then transmit
it to other nodes participating in the communication[8]. VANET is designed mainly for messaging,
broadcasting, and multicasting services those can be accomplished with existing telecommunication
technologies namely GSM and UMTS[9]. Location Information is typical for high speed vehicular networks
eg.VANET. The distance between two nodes is computed using GPS. A GPS system is formed from a network
of satellites that transmit continuous coded information, which makes it possible to identify locations on Earth
by measuring distances from the satellites. Each node is provided with a GPS receiver.
2. Gauging the Performance of Re-routing in VANET Using Moments
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17522833 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
II. Related Work
Omar Chakroun proposed new dissemination and congestion avoidance scheme for over IEEE 802.11p
protocol. The proposed scheme MORS(Multi-metric Overhead-Free Routing Scheme based on two metrics
PRR(Packet Reception Rate) and Distance[10]. The analysis is done based on one hop packet reception rate, one
hop analysis, end to end delay analysis, multi hop packet reception rate and delay trade off metric are analyzed.
Yaser E.Hawas proposed IVC-based vehicle route guidance using SPA(Shortest Path Algorithm). The IVC and
SPA[11] are embedded in i-sim-s which is a microscopic simulation component of integrated system for
incident management. Using this the lane changing ability of the car (right, through, left) is modeled. A network
of 49 nodes, 14 origins, 28 destinations and 84-bidirectional links is coded for testing. This algorithm allows
V2V communications at specific Geographic locations in the network. This research is funded by Roadway,
Transportation and Traffic Safety Research Centre(RTTSRC)-Research Affairs of United Arab Emirates
University. K. Golestan addressed some of the attributes and challenging issues in the context of VANET. The
proposed VANET architecture consists of Cognitive Data and Information Fusion Component(CDIFC) which
lies in between Data sources(Sensors and Soft data) and Context Aware Information Processing
Component(CAIPC)[14]. The cognitive information gathering and data fusion play significant role in VANET.
The challenging issues of multi-sensor data fusion and information elicitation in VANET are analyzed. Marco
Dorigo discussed convergence between ACO algorithm and stochastic methods[12]. The goal of Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO) algorithm is to appreciate the behavior of ants, in finding shortest path between food and
nest without the use of visual information [12]. This concept envisages in making it applied in e-Sensor
communication system in building up shortest path dynamically using Location Information of neighborhood of
the accident object.
The e-Sensor Communication[15] is an attempt to achieve the reliable broadcasting mechanism during
emergency situations and also provides information about shortest path to cross over using Ant-Colony
optimization algorithm.
Providing route map to cross over the point of incident, by computing shortest distance using Ant Colony
optimization algorithm
The establishment of dynamic path is computed using Ant-Colony optimization algorithm. The
algorithm for computing shortest path is as follows:
Algorithm: To compute Shortest path
Select arbitrary point near by accident object
Do While
Do Until
Choose all the possible paths from the current point to cross over the accident object by choosing
arbitrary points randomly
End do
Analyze the shortest path among all possible paths
Update the Location Information based on the density of the traffic
End do
The shortest path obtained by applying the above algorithm is then displayed on the Google Map by
coding. The geographic information about the location of the incident happened is tracked using Location class
and sent to the server. The rerouting is computed using Ant-Colony optimization algorithm by finding the
neighborhood latitude and longitude positions by comparing the positions to the left and the positions to the
right. Thereby minimum is decided and sent to the mobile. Finally, new reestablished path is drawn on the
Google Map using Polyline class. This map is sent to the VANET user using GCM Notifications. The route map
shown in Fig.1. is computed as follows.
Procedure to compute Geographic positions for the reroute map in the Web server:
Step 1:
Obtain Location Information of the current and arbitrary points using GPS:-
Compute Geographic distance between two points using Great Circle formula:
Distance=R*arcos([sin(lat1)*sin(lat2)]+cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*cos(lon2-lon1)]
As the built-in proximity sensors of the mobile are used, it is assumed that current position identified by the
sensor will be the accident object locations.
Step 2:
Obtain the left/right positions by adding/subtracting the accident object size.
Obtain the top/bottom positions by adding/subtracting the random numbers computed.
Current Point c(2,2) Point v1(2,5)
3. Gauging the Performance of Re-routing in VANET Using Moments
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17522833 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
Point x1(0,2) Point v2(4,5)
Point x2(4,2) Point v3(2,1)
Point x3(6,2) Point v4(4,1) Dist1=dist(x1,c)+dist(c,v1)+dist(v1,v2)+
dist(v2,x2)+dist(x2,x3)
Dist2=dist(x1,c)+dist(c,v3)+dist(v3,v4)+dist(v4,x2)+dist(x2,x3)
Optimal Path=min(Dist1,Dist2)
This is implemented using Android sensor programming by taking 5 VANET nodes A,B,C,D and E.
Fig.1 illustrates the transmission of message and reception of re-route map over Android mobiles using sensors.
Fig. 2 illustrates the location information of VANET nodes monitored by Web Server and Table 1. illustrates the
distance between nodes when an incident is happened.
Fig.1. Sending of emergency message by VANET node using sensors and displaying re-route map by Web
Server on the user mobile.
III. METHODOLOGY
Considering VANET with the 5 nodes namely,A-B-C-D-E. Their Location Information is obtained
using GPS(Geographic Positioning System) in the Android Mobile and is stored in the Web Server. The
distance between them is computed using Great Circle formula:
d=R*cos-1
([sin(lat1)*sin(lat2)]+cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*cos(lon2-lon1)] where R is radius of earth and (lat1,lon1)
and (lat2,lon2) are the Latitude and Longitude positions of the source and destination points.
The location information of VANET nodes at a particular instance:
The location information of „A‟ is 17.0197394,81.7778085(17°01'11.1"n 81°46'40.1"e)
The location information of „B‟ is 17.0197243,81.7777693(17°01'11.0"n 81°46'40.0"e)
The location information of „C‟ is 17.0197365,81.7778134(17°01'11.1"n 81°46'40.1"e)
The location information of „D‟ is 17.01977233,81.7777698(17°01'11.2"n 81°46'40.0"e)
The location information of „E‟ is 17.0197176,81.7777675(17°01'11.0"n 81°46'40.0"e)
4. Gauging the Performance of Re-routing in VANET Using Moments
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17522833 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Fig.2. Location Information of VANET nodes.
Sl.No. End Nodes
Distance(in Km)
1. A-B 0.9013
2. A-C 0.403
3. A-E 0.6896
4. B-C 0.403
5. C-D 0.04436
6. A-D 0.403
7. D-E 0.04436
Table 1. Distance between the points surrounded by accident objects.
Obtaining estimators by computing moments:
Fig.3.Two alternate routes around the accident object to reach destination from node A.
Fig. 3. shows the scenario of VANET and the accident object ahead. To cross over the point, node „A‟
need to choose either Route1 or Route 2. The probability of choosing Route 1 or Route 2 is ½. And the
estimators for the Route 1 are {3,18,108}. These three locations are probability 1 since there is no other route to
proceed. Similarly, the estimators for the Route 2 are {7,98,1372}. In our case, the probabilities of these
locations are also become 1. The moments for the estimators are computed as below.
Calculation of estimation points for Route 1:
The first moment of A is Ā=∑A/N=(1+3+2)/2=3 (N is number of points)
The second moment of A is Ā2
=∑A/N=((1+3+2)2
)/2=18
The third moment of A is Ā3
=∑A/N=((1+3+2)3
)/2=108
Similarly, calculation of estimation points for Route 2:
The first moment of A is Ā1=∑A/N=(3+5+6)/2=7
The second moment of A is Ā1
2
=∑A/N=((3+5+6)2
)/2=98
The third moment of A is Ā3
3
=∑A/N=((3+5+6)3
)/2=1372