Abstract— Occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been related to adverse outcomes. However, a short period of exposure has never been assessed in terms of evaluating DNA. This study conducted on 39 medical students exposed to FA in a university laboratory of human anatomy and aimed to analyze the relationship between FA exposure and DNA damage. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) was used to evaluate the students at four time points: before FA exposure, after four months of FA exposure, after eight months of FA exposure and after three months without FA exposure (remission period). Pyknotic cells, karyolitic cells, karyorrhetic cells, condensed chromatin, binucleated cells, basal cells differentiated cells, micronucleated cells and nuclear bridges were enumerated. This study shows that FA exposure caused genomic instability in all periods and the remission period was not sufficient to reverse all damage. Thus, prolonged occupational exposure to FA not only causes DNA damage but a shorter exposure period can have the same effect.
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Professor Cristina Nerin. Professor of Analytical Chemistry. University of Zaragoza, Spain discusses the benefits of Collisional Cross Section measurements in Ion Mobility for the confirmation of food contaminant in packaging.
Study on multi-target mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) and Semen ...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: To explore the mechanism of action of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) (RERR) and Semen Persicae (Taoren) (SP) on adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO). Methods: The main targets of the active ingredients of RERR and SP were filtered based on the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology analysis platform. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was applied to build the ingredient-target network of RERR and SP for AIO. Results: Fifteen active components were predicted from the RERR and SP herb pair, such as aloe-emodin, catechin, rhein, gibberellin (GA) 119, GA120 and GA121. These components were applied to 59 targets mainly involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, and inflammatory response involved in activating the immune effect. Conclusion: This study proposes the system pharmacology method and identifies the potent combination therapeutic mechanism of RERR and SP for AIO. This strategy will provide a new insight to the study of herb combinations.
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent and second cause of death from cancer in
men worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new method for the treatment of several cancers
that fights cancer cells by strengthening the immune system through some medications.
While immunotherapy is a useful method for cancer treatment; its’ side effects still are
not totally clarified. Numbers of prostate cancer patients which take immunotherapy are
experiencing prostate inflammation and prostatitis after treatment period.
Enterococcus faecalis is Gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that are common
in the intestines of humans and other animals and cause most enterococcal infections such as intestinal
infections, prostatitis, gastroenteritis and endocarditic. Present study aimed to evaluate the mRNA level of virulence genes which are involved in Enterococcus faecalis pathogenesis in prostate cancer patients that treated by immunotherapy. Expression level of gelatinase E (gelE) and Enterococcal surface protein (
esp genes were examined by Real time PCR in three groups of 68 male subjects. Group A normal subjects, group B prostate cancer patients before start treatment and group C prostate cancer patients after six months immunotherapy period.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Association of Hypertension and Pulmonary Functions-Association between cardiac dysfunction and abnormal pulmonary function has remained controversial since long. The objective of this study is to find out the association of hypertension and its severity on pulmonary functions. Study was conducted on 30 hypertensive (study group) and 30 non hypertensive (control group) subjects identified from Medical OPD of SMS Hospital, Jaipur. Pulmonary functions were assessed of both hypertensive (study group) and non hypertensive (control group) subjects by Medspiror). Among pulmonary function tests, difference in means of FVC, FEV1 PEFR, FEF25-75%, MVV and FVC/ FEV1 were found less with significant difference in cases group with predominantly restrictive type of effects are observed. Female’s shows lower values than male hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25-75%, MVV, FVC/ FEV1 were not found to be associated with severity of illness. An inverse relation is found between hypertension and pulmonary functions predominantly restrictive type of pattern. While non significant effects are observed with severity of illness.
Abstract—To strengthen the surveillance system in India, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) was launched in 2004. The frequent occurrence of epidemics even after the launching of the IDSP was an indication toward inadequacy of the system. The aim of the this study was to find out the IDSP disease pattern and load on a tertiary hospital. It was cross-sectional study carried out in hospitals attached to SMS medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India. Weekly report of IDSP in 'P' Form was collected from SMS Medical College, Hospitals. Data related to IDSP diseases were gathered from these reports. These reports were analysed in percentage and proportion. It was observed in this study that among IDSP diseases most common was fever of unknown origin accounting total 93 (23.97%) cases followed by Acute Diarrheal including Ac. Gastroenteritis, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Influenza like illness (ILI), Pneumonia, Malaria, Viral hepatitis etc. Distribution of various IDSP diseases were with significant variation in pediatric and adult population. Among pediatric population ADD was most common whereas in adult population ARIs were most common. Even after launching of more than a decade, a sizable burden of IDSP diseases is there at tertiary level hospital, who could be treated at peripheral health institutes like Sub centre and Primary health centre. So there is a strong need for IDSP disease and its toll free no awareness.
Professor Cristina Nerin. Professor of Analytical Chemistry. University of Zaragoza, Spain discusses the benefits of Collisional Cross Section measurements in Ion Mobility for the confirmation of food contaminant in packaging.
Study on multi-target mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) and Semen ...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: To explore the mechanism of action of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) (RERR) and Semen Persicae (Taoren) (SP) on adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO). Methods: The main targets of the active ingredients of RERR and SP were filtered based on the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology analysis platform. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was applied to build the ingredient-target network of RERR and SP for AIO. Results: Fifteen active components were predicted from the RERR and SP herb pair, such as aloe-emodin, catechin, rhein, gibberellin (GA) 119, GA120 and GA121. These components were applied to 59 targets mainly involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, and inflammatory response involved in activating the immune effect. Conclusion: This study proposes the system pharmacology method and identifies the potent combination therapeutic mechanism of RERR and SP for AIO. This strategy will provide a new insight to the study of herb combinations.
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent and second cause of death from cancer in
men worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new method for the treatment of several cancers
that fights cancer cells by strengthening the immune system through some medications.
While immunotherapy is a useful method for cancer treatment; its’ side effects still are
not totally clarified. Numbers of prostate cancer patients which take immunotherapy are
experiencing prostate inflammation and prostatitis after treatment period.
Enterococcus faecalis is Gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that are common
in the intestines of humans and other animals and cause most enterococcal infections such as intestinal
infections, prostatitis, gastroenteritis and endocarditic. Present study aimed to evaluate the mRNA level of virulence genes which are involved in Enterococcus faecalis pathogenesis in prostate cancer patients that treated by immunotherapy. Expression level of gelatinase E (gelE) and Enterococcal surface protein (
esp genes were examined by Real time PCR in three groups of 68 male subjects. Group A normal subjects, group B prostate cancer patients before start treatment and group C prostate cancer patients after six months immunotherapy period.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) against first-line drugs and extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB)
due to misuse of second-line anti tubercular drugs (ATDs) is a further concern. Recommended treatment involves
long term and multiple drug therapy with severe side effects. Due to this concern nanoparticle-based systems
have significant potential for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB) to overcome the need to administer
ATDs at high and frequent doses, would assist in improving patient compliance and circumvent hepatotoxic ity
and/or nephrotoxicity/ocular toxicity/ototoxicity associated with the prevalent first-line chemotherapy.
Nanostructured delivery systems constitute a wide range of systems varying from liposomes, micelles, micro- and
nanoemulsions, to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs ) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Pulmonary administration
of inhaled nanoparticles in the form of dry powder inhalers offer particular advantages for pulmonary administration
of anti tubercular drugs (ATDs). Present review comprehensively about different approaches of nanobased
drug delivery, devises and techniques for pulmonary delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated ATD.
Association of Hypertension and Pulmonary Functions-Association between cardiac dysfunction and abnormal pulmonary function has remained controversial since long. The objective of this study is to find out the association of hypertension and its severity on pulmonary functions. Study was conducted on 30 hypertensive (study group) and 30 non hypertensive (control group) subjects identified from Medical OPD of SMS Hospital, Jaipur. Pulmonary functions were assessed of both hypertensive (study group) and non hypertensive (control group) subjects by Medspiror). Among pulmonary function tests, difference in means of FVC, FEV1 PEFR, FEF25-75%, MVV and FVC/ FEV1 were found less with significant difference in cases group with predominantly restrictive type of effects are observed. Female’s shows lower values than male hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEF25-75%, MVV, FVC/ FEV1 were not found to be associated with severity of illness. An inverse relation is found between hypertension and pulmonary functions predominantly restrictive type of pattern. While non significant effects are observed with severity of illness.
Abstract—To strengthen the surveillance system in India, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) was launched in 2004. The frequent occurrence of epidemics even after the launching of the IDSP was an indication toward inadequacy of the system. The aim of the this study was to find out the IDSP disease pattern and load on a tertiary hospital. It was cross-sectional study carried out in hospitals attached to SMS medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India. Weekly report of IDSP in 'P' Form was collected from SMS Medical College, Hospitals. Data related to IDSP diseases were gathered from these reports. These reports were analysed in percentage and proportion. It was observed in this study that among IDSP diseases most common was fever of unknown origin accounting total 93 (23.97%) cases followed by Acute Diarrheal including Ac. Gastroenteritis, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Influenza like illness (ILI), Pneumonia, Malaria, Viral hepatitis etc. Distribution of various IDSP diseases were with significant variation in pediatric and adult population. Among pediatric population ADD was most common whereas in adult population ARIs were most common. Even after launching of more than a decade, a sizable burden of IDSP diseases is there at tertiary level hospital, who could be treated at peripheral health institutes like Sub centre and Primary health centre. So there is a strong need for IDSP disease and its toll free no awareness.
Abstract— The verbal behaviour of persons with special educational needs features delayed speech evolution compared to normally developed persons. In the speech therapy process for children with SEN, it is necessary to delimit strictly the objectives proposed, the responsibilities for each factor involved, and the corresponding priorities. The paper focuses on the importance and necessity of speech therapy activities, conducted for students with special educational needs. Speech therapy activities are based on a systematic process of learning or re-learning correct language structures, of gradually consolidating these structures in current speech. There is no typical model in the education of disabled children, because any proposition is first defined by a team, in an attempt to understand the child’s needs, the family’s availability, and the assistance service functioning. In conclusion, disability can always be compensated by the child’s capacities within his psychophysical potential.
Post-operative Wound Infection in Cases operated in a Tertiary Level Hospital Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Wound infection is the second commonest nosocomial infection and most troublesome disorder of wound healing. This study was carried out on 100 post-operative cases of Surgical Unit 1st of General Surgery Department of Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India in years 2014.
After interview of these, swab from post-operative wound was taken and sent for culture and sensitivity test in Microbiology. Results were inferred by Chi-square test and unpaired‘t’ test. Among all operative cases 21% were found infected. Cases, who were operated in emergency have significantly more post-operative wound infection. Mean age and mean postoperative stay of cases with post-operative infected wound was significantly higher than in cases without post-operative infected wound. But mean pre-operative stay, mean duration of operation and type of operation was not associated with post-operative wound infection. Pre-operative antibiotics lowered the occurrence of post-operative wound infection. Maximum proportion of causative agent found in post-operative infected wound was Staphylococci (90.48%) followed with Streptococci, E. Coli, Klebsella and Pseudomonas.
Association of Anxiety and Depression with Glaucoma-Glaucoma is the third largest cause of blindness worldwide after cataract and trachoma. Along with burden of blindness it also has psychological impact. So this study was designed to find out association of Insomnia, Anxiety and depression with Glaucoma. A case-series type of observational study was carried out on 100 glaucoma cases attended at ESIC Model Hospital, Jaipur (Raj). For assessment of anxiety and depression the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and for insomnia modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria was used. Data collected were analysed and inferred with chi-square test. It was found in this study that Insomnia is associated with Age, Visual acuity in both the eyes and severity of glaucoma in glaucoma cases, with severity of glaucoma it was observed highly significant. Anxiety is associated with Age, Pupilary reaction, Visual acuity in both the eyes and severity of glaucoma in glaucoma cases, with age and severity of glaucoma it was observed highly significant. Depression is not associated with any of supra-said factors in glaucoma cases
Abstract—There is a scarcity of available studies in India on parental stress and depression among parents of children with intellectual disability. Present hospital based cross sectional analytical type of observational study was carried with the specific aims to assess and compare daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms among parents of children with various degree of intellectual disability. Total 90 randomly selected subjects ({both parents of mentally retarded (MR) children and normal children} were evaluated separately for daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms using the Family Interview for Stress and Coping and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. According to Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of children, three groups were created: Group 'A' (30 parents of moderate to profound MR children), group 'B' (30 parents of mild to borderline MR children) and group 'C' (30 parents of children normal intelligence).IQ of the children was assessed by trained clinical psychologist and diagnosis was made as per ICD-10 criteria. Controls were taken from healthy volunteer and screened by two psychiatrists. A self designed, pre-tested & semi-structured detailed Performa was used for socio-demographical and clinical profile. The data were analyzed using SPSS trial version. Parents in group 'A' had significantly higher level of daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms than groups 'B' and 'C', group 'B' parents had higher level of daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms than group 'C'. Mothers experienced greater depressive symptoms and daily parenting stress compared to fathers. A positive correlation was found between daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms and negative correlation was found between IQ of the children and the daily parenting stress and depressive symptoms.
Abstract—Periodontal disease is a destructive inflammatory disease inducing profound changes in the plasma concentrations of cytokines leading to a catabolic state characterized by altered lipid metabolism and hypertriglyceridemia. This study was conducted with the aim find out association of chronic periodontitis with serum lipid parameters. Study group consist of 30 cases of chronic periodontitis (case group) and control group consist of 30 healthy individuals. Age range was kept 25-60 years to avoid extreme ages. Periodontal parameters including Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Probing Depth and Clinical Attachment Level were recorded. Lipid profile comprising of total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL- Cholesterol and LDL was assessed and co related with periodontal parameters. This study confirms significantly higher levels of mean cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in periodontitis group as compared to healthy group. Also, there is significant negative co relation of HDL with probing depth and clinical attachment loss. Association of hyperlipidemia and chronic periodontitis is evident in developed state of disease. With this study, this relation is confirmed based on Factor and Outcome.
Abstract—Spiritual health is not given its due importance since long time. But nowadays modern medicine is seen in relation to spiritual health and studies were conducted to find out its effect in various diseases. So this study was conducted on elderly aimed to assess the spiritual health and its association with psycho wellness. For study purpose, 30 cluster technique to identify houses with elderly (≥60 years) in Municipal Corporation area of Jaipur City. After collecting general information Spiritual Health Assessment Scale (SHAS) was used to assess spiritual health and Modified Mini Screen (MMS) was used to assess psycho-wellness in elderly. Data were anlysed and inferred by Chi-square test and ANOVA with Post-hoc Tukey test. Majority of elderly were having poor spiritual health and this spiritual health was strongly associated with psycho-wellness in elderly. Poorer the spiritual health of elderly leads to poorer the psycho-wellness in elderly.
Abstract—Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTW) is a rare, sporadic syndrome characterized by a triad of port-wine stain, varicose veins with or without venous malformations, and bony and soft tissue hypertrophy. It usually affects only one extremity, organ involvement is uncommon. A case of 17-year-old boy with this syndrome having solid viscous organ involvement was observed at surgery Outdoor. This case is rare so it was reported. Splenic lymphangiomatosis is also observed in this KTW syndrome case as association of AVM and lymphangioma together in spleen is rarest which was observed in this case. So it is a very rare case.
Suicidal Ideation in Geriatric Population of Jaipur City-Physical, Social and economical problem of geriatrics lead to disturbance in their psychological health and may lead to psychiatric disorders. This study is aimed to found out the suicidal tendencies in geriatric population of Jaipur city. For the study 990 geriatric individuals were identified by 30 cluster technique was adopted to cover whole city. Questions related to suicidal ideation were asked along with other socio-demographic variables. Collected data were analyzed as percentage and proportion and to find out the associated socio-demographic factors chi-square test was used. Suicidal Ideation was found in 6.77% of elderly and this Suicidal Ideation was found to be associated with age, education and present occupation of elderly. It was found significantly more in elderly who lost their spouses. Housing condition and personal hygiene were found to be directly proportional to suicidal ideation i.e. poorer the housing condition and personal hygiene more the chances to have suicidal ideation.
Abstract—Sexual health (SH) and sexual behavior of young people have become a growing public concern. But few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of this phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand college students’ sexual knowledge (SK), sexual attitudes (SA), sexual desire (SD) and sexual behavior (SB).
Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey on SK, SA, SD, and SB was conducted among 520 university students. Their demographic data, SK, SA, SD, and SB were assessed.
Results: A total of 500 students completed the questionnaire. The SKS total score had a mean of 23.05; 105 (21.0%) subjects had had premarital sex; 121 (24.2%) had a partner; 117 (23.4%) had a medical educational background. The results demonstrated an increased risk of premarital sex amongst males and subjects with the risk factors of smoking, drinking, having a partner, and having higher levels of SD and SK and more open SA.
Conclusions: This study provides support for the idea that university students lack SK (especially regarding contraception knowledge), even though the students had a medical educational background. Additionally, a considerable amount of them engaged in premarital SB. Our findings also suggest that university students need sex education, particularly in combining sexuality with their life, in relating to others maturely as a sexual individual, in employing contraception, and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at expanding university students’ SK and other related skills are required.
Abstract— Anemia in pregnancy is commonly considered as risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome and can threaten the maternal and fetal life also. So this present cases control study was carried at R. K. Joshi District Hospital Dausa (Rajasthan) India, with the aim to find out the effect of anemia in Antenatal period on pregnancy outcomes. For this study, 50 Antenatal Cases (ANCs) with anemia were selected as study group among ANCs attending for delivery in district hospital Dausa. For control group age and BMI matched 50 normal healthy ANCs without anemia were selected from the same area. ANCs with any other diseases were excluded from the study. It was found in this study that although proportion of ANCs with LSCS, PPH and Sepsis were higher in anemic ANCs but it was not found significant. Likewise IUGR, LBW babies, premature births and still births were more in anemic ANCs but it was found significant only in case of LBW babies. So it can be concluded that anemia in ANCs effect weight of newborn babies born by ANC with anemia.
Abstract— Bronchial Asthma is a public health problem in childhood. Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a very common co-morbidity with Bronchial Asthma. So this study was conducted on 250 Primary School Children to find prevalence of Bronchial asthma and Allergic Rhinitis and their association. It was observed from this study that 17.2% of children were having Bronchial asthma and 20.4% were found to have allergic Rhinitis. Co morbidity of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis was observed in 11.6 % of these cases. It was also observed that Bronchial Asthma was observed significantly more in males than females and children of walled city than outer city. So it was concluded form this study that chances of occurring Allergic Rhinitis is significantly more with Bronchial Asthma than the chances of Bronchial Asthma with Allergic Rhinitis
Abstract—Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentation in inflammatory and neoplastic cases. Pathological diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes is crucial in further management of patients. Fine Needle Aspiration cytology (FNAC) is quick and cost effective OPD procedure for establishing etiology of enlarged lymph nodes. This study was aimed to observed the pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC and its diagnostic accuracy assuming histopathology as gold standard. This study was conducted on two hundred and thirty one consecutive enlarged lymph nodes attended for FNAC in a secondary care level Government Hospital, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu in a study period of two and a half years. Lymph nodes of these cases were aspirated and subjected to cytomorphological evaluation with Papanicolaou (PAP) and Giemsa stain. After that histopathological examination was done of excised biopsies. Then pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC was observed and its diagnostic accuracy was found out assuming histopathology as gold standard. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 21-30 years age group with male to female ratio 1.2:1. Out of 231 lymphadenopathy cases 4 remain inconclusisve whereas 200 (88.11%)cases were benign and 27 (11.89%) were malignant including 14 (6.1%) cases of metastatic tumors. Among benign cases, majority had non specific reactive lymphadenitis (42.29%) followed by tubercular lymphadenitis. And among malignant tumors, metastatic tumors (6.1%). were most common. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was observed as fairly good i.e. ranging from 100% to 83.3% in various type of lymphadenopathies. So it can be depicted that FNAC is very useful first line investigation in patients presenting with enlarged lymph nodes especially in secondary level health care hospitals/centers where advanced diagnostic modalities are not available. The suspicious cases can always be referred for further evaluation.
Abstract— Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability of childhood. Children with CP frequently grow slowly and are more prone to fractures. So this study was aimed to explore relationship of bone mineral density (BMD) with cerebral palsy by case-control study. This study was conducted at Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur. Hip bone and spine bone was used to assess BMD. Bone mineral density was measured by DEXA in both groups i.e. study group and control group after ensuring the comparability of both groups. Difference in means of BMD in both the groups was inferred by unpaired student's’ test of significance. It was found in this study that bone mineral density of hip well as spine was significantly lowered in cerebral palsy cases.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Expression in Resected Gallbladder from Gall bladder Carcinoma Cases-Gallbladder carcinoma is most common malignancy of gartrointestinal tract (GIT) with poor diagnosis. Its prevalence is higher in females that too of northern India. This study aimed to identify the role of sex hormones in carcinoma gallbladder (CA GB). Resected 100 gall bladders of CA GB were examined immune-histo-chemicaly to find out ER and PR status with its association with its underlying histopathology. It was found in this study that PR status was observed in 36% of cases whereas ER status was positive in 2% of CA GB cases. It was also revealed that ER expression was specific and PR expression was more sensitive indicator in differentiating between benign and malignant carcinoma gall bladder.
Abstract—Epidemiological study of Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria was carried out to identify the morbidity pattern in the University community in order to establish the current health status and trends. This study utilized secondary morbidity data sourced from Health Services Department. Data on staff mortality were obtained from the Personnel/Establishment Division. Methods employed for data collection were health records survey and data collection sheets. Morbidity information required were date, sex, age, department, card number and diagnosis of each case. Information required for each mortality case was date, sex, age, department, salary level and the cause of death. Of all cases of morbidity, communicable diseases comprised 17.5%; non-communicable diseases 24.1%, generalized disease symptoms 55.2% and others 3.2%. The study revealed that the leading causes of morbidity in the University were fever/headache/cold (36.9%), hypertension (13.6%), generalized body pain (7.5%), abdominal pain/vomiting (6.7%) and diabetes (4.9%). Hypertension emerged the second major cause of morbidity among the staff and males had higher rate of morbidity compared to females. It was also concluded that although mortality was increasing with time but there was no sex wise significant difference in mortality trend. It was recommended among others that Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension being silent killers should be monitored regularly within the University community. Also the current practice of manual data entry should be replaced with computerized data system for better health records management.
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Cytogenetic, Hematological and Enzymes Levels Parameters in the Biomonitoring...inventionjournals
Studies have demonstrated genotoxic effects by the presence of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the buccal mucosa of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. This study has assessed the genotoxic effects of pesticides on 61 agricultural workers from the state of Piauí, Brazil. 31 individuals were exposed to pesticides and 30 are from the same area, but were not involved in pesticides application. Cytogenetic damage were evaluated through micronucleus test in cells from the buccal mucosa and some parameters such as hematological and levels of enzymes. Exposed individuals exhibited cytogenetic damage with increased number of micronuclei in cells from the buccal mucosa in comparison with subjects from the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01). We perceive that there is a statistically no significant (P > 0.05) increase in levels of plasmatic and eritrocytaireacetylcholinesterase and no statistically significant increase of phosphatase alkaline were detected in exposed workers in relation to the control group. No association was found in relation to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, protection utensils and the biomarkers analyzed or the biochemical analysis. Analysis of variance revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides of workers in Piauí and the presence of micronuclei (P < 0.05).
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...semualkaira
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...semualkaira
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...daranisaha
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Introduction to Clinical Epidemiology (401173) FINAL ASSIGNMENThildredzr1di
Introduction to Clinical Epidemiology (401173)
FINAL ASSIGNMENT
Autumn, 2019
Due date: 11.59pm , May 29 2019
This assignment is based on the learning objectives and concepts as described in the Unit Learning Guide. There are 9 questions worth a total of 64 marks and this assignment will contribute 64% towards the total assessment for this subject.
Your assignment should be typed, with adequate space left between questions. Assignments should be submitted via vUWS. Be as concise as possible in your answers, and use the number of marks allocated to each question as a guide for how much to write.
Please note this is an individual exercise.
Late assignments will not be accepted without prior approval.
You are required to answer ALL questions (1-9)
Page 1 of 7
Answer questions 1-2 based on the following scenarios:
Q1: Fred, a 65-year-old obese man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents to the GP practice for a follow-up appointment. During the consultation, he asks whether there is a better medication to glicazide and metformin, his oral hypoglycemic medications, which he has been taking to control his blood sugar. His friend has recently been put on a newer oral hypoglycemic medication (Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue), which has been shown to help with weight management in patients with diabetes and obesity. Fred has been finding it very difficult to lose weight for a few years now as he has tried various lifestyle modifications. He asks whether the new oral hypoglycemic medications could be an option for him in weight reduction.
Task [2 marks]
a. Write a focused research question for this particular problem that will help you organise a search of the literature for an answer (use the PICO elements as appropriate).
b. Identify the PICO elements in your research question
Q2: In the past 2 years, as an Infectious Disease Specialist in one of the tertiary hospitals in Australia, you have attended to 23 migrant patients who were referred by their General Practitioners with symptoms not typical of pulmonary tuberculosis. After taking a detailed history and performing appropriate physical examinations, as well as reviewing a range of relevant investigations, you clinically diagnosed and microbiologically confirmed that those patients have multi-drug resistance pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The Public Health Department was notified of disease and the patients were managed accordingly. Now, you and some colleagues from Western Sydney University want to investigate the risk factors for MDR-TB.
Task [2 marks]
a. Write a focused research question for this particular problem that will help you organise a search of the literature for an answer (use the PICO elements as appropriate).
b. Identify the PICO elements in your research question
Q3: Please select the single best answer for each of questions 3.I – VII
I. Randomised controlled trials ...
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2019 issue contains abstracts by Briana Bettencourt, Nicholas Buhta, Alexis Costa, Joseph Fabozzi, Sarah McGee, Kayla Diggs, Elizabeth Patton, Kelsey Savje, Oskar Sundberg and Kaela Teele. It also contains articles by Maria Humphries, Kathleen Leavey, Angela Zagami, Lindy Pokorny and L. Elise Whisler.
Cohort, case control & survival studies-2014Ramnath Takiar
The presentation discusses about Cohort, Case-control and Survival studies. The concept of Cohort and Case-control studies is explained with the help of diagrams as perceived by me. Some discussion is also there about survival and relative survival. Appropriate data is also provided to explain about survival and relative survival.
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Question1
A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the effect of gestational age on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of low birth weight babies who weigh less than 1500 gms. Data was collected on 60 such babies and posted on Moodle in the Excel file Assign2Q1.xls. The dataset contains the following variables.
ID: Participant ID number
sbp = Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
gestage = gestational age in weeks
a) What are the study factor and the outcome factor?
b) To explore the association, calculate the correlation coefficient and interpret it?
c) Conduct a simple linear regression using Stata and report the Stata output. What are the assumptions for a linear regression? Examine the assumptions with the support of relevant graphs and statistics.
d) Write down the regression equation and interpret the regression coefficients and their 95% confidence interval from part c.
e) What is the expected systolic blood pressure of a newborn whose gestational age is 24 weeks? Show your workings.
Page 2 of 9
PHCM9498EpidemiologyandStatistics–
Question2
A case-control study was planned to investigate whether there was an association between a mother being diagnosed with toxaemia (A condition in pregnancy, also known as pre-eclampsia characterized by abrupt hypertension, albuminuria and oedema) and the baby being born with low birth weight. The research team wished to recruit the cases and controls from antenatal clinics. Based on a pilot study, the team expected that the odds ratio of the association in question would be 2.5 using a two-sided significance test and the prevalence of toxaemia among women giving birth to a normal weight baby is 6%.
a) If equal number of cases and controls could be recruited in this study, how many in each group would be required to achieve 90% power at 5% level of significance? Include a screenshot of your Stata command and output with your response.
b) One of the researchers thought that prevalence of toxaemia among the controls would be 4%.
i. What effect will this have on the required sample size to detect an OR of 2.5 with the same power and level of significance as in part a)?
ii. If the prevalence of toxaemia in the control group is uncertain, would it be preferable to assume that 4% or 6% of the control mothers have the condition? Describe your reason.
c) A similar study on the same source population found that approximately 80% of the mothers approached for the study would agree to participate. From this information, how many mothers of newborn will need to be approached to achieve the sample size that you est.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Formaldehyde exposure in medical students: a short period of contact causes DNA damage and instability
1. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-2, Issue-9, September- 2016]
Page | 1
Formaldehyde exposure in medical students: a short period of
contact causes DNA damage and instability
Maruhen Amir Datsch Silveira1§
, Michele Kazanovski2
, Diego Luís Ribeiro3
, Carlye
Nichele Cecchinato4
, Luciana Paula Grégio d’Arce5
1,2,4,5
Department of Genetics, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
§
Email of Corresponding Author: maruhensilveira@gmail.com
3
Department of Genetics, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Email: diegolb_7@hotmail.com
Abstract— Occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been related to adverse outcomes.
However, a short period of exposure has never been assessed in terms of evaluating DNA. This study
conducted on 39 medical students exposed to FA in a university laboratory of human anatomy and
aimed to analyze the relationship between FA exposure and DNA damage. The buccal micronucleus
cytome assay (BMCyt) was used to evaluate the students at four time points: before FA exposure, after
four months of FA exposure, after eight months of FA exposure and after three months without FA
exposure (remission period). Pyknotic cells, karyolitic cells, karyorrhetic cells, condensed chromatin,
binucleated cells, basal cells differentiated cells, micronucleated cells and nuclear bridges were
enumerated. This study shows that FA exposure caused genomic instability in all periods and the
remission period was not sufficient to reverse all damage. Thus, prolonged occupational exposure to FA
not only causes DNA damage but a shorter exposure period can have the same effect.
Keywords— Buccal MNi, DNA Damage, Formaldehyde Exposure, Genome Instability, Medical
Students
I. INTRODUCTION
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous chemical used in the furniture industry, laboratories and hospitals.
As a result, a large number of people are exposed to FA in the environment and/or workplace. It has
been classified by IARC as a potent human carcinogen1
due to the increased incidence of
nasopharyngeal cancer in workers exposed to FA.2
The major route of FA absorption is through
inhalation (>90%), mainly affecting the upper airways.3
Buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay is widely used in occupational, environmental, lifestyle
and nutritional studies.4,5
This assay is useful for assessing cancer risk following exposure to a
genotoxic carcinogen6
such as formaldehyde. The BMCyt assay is a cost-effective, minimally invasive
test for evaluating genomic damage, cell death and cytostasis.7,8
Cadavers in gross anatomy laboratories emit formaldehyde vapors during dissection, and significant
exposure of staff and students has been reported.9
In this way, anatomists, pathologists, embalmers and
students are exposed to this toxin for prolonged periods of time. Many studies have shown a relationship
between formaldehyde exposure and toxicity.9,10
However, no studies have assessed the relationship
between FA and DNA damage in the buccal cells of medical students, as this type of FA exposure is
considered to be short-term.
2. International Multispecialty Journal of Health (IMJH) ISSN: [2395-6291] [Vol-2, Issue-9, September- 2016]
Page | 2
Given the current lack of studies associating exposure to FA and DNA damage with brief periods of FA
exposure, this study aimed to evaluate medical students exposed to FA in a university laboratory of
human anatomy and to find out relationship between FA exposure and DNA damage.
II. METHODOLOGY
This follow-up type of comparative study was conducted on medical students in Department of
Genetics, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, Brazil.
2.1 Study population
All subjects provided signed informed consent following study approval by the Ethics Committee
(CAAE:10734912.4.0000.0107). The exposed group consisted of 39 medical students exposed to FA on
a weekly basis, with more than 300 hours of exposure over the course of one year. Four sample
collections were performed throughout this year: prior to FA exposure (collection 1), after four months
of FA exposure (collection 2), after eight months of FA exposure (collection 3), and after three months
without FA exposure (collection 4, remission period).
2.2 Questionnaire
At the time of sample collection, the subjects filled out a questionnaire to provide data on personal
identity, family history, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, as well as the subject’s medical and
genetic history. Only individuals without a family history of cancer and without any chronic disease
were included. Smokers were defined as those who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their
lifetime, or who were smoking occasionally or every day at the time of recruitment; ex-smokers were
subjects who had stopped smoking for at least one year prior to sample collection.11
To evaluate alcohol
consumption, the study subjects were classified into three categories: non-consumer, defined as no
alcohol consumption or social alcohol consumption; moderate drinking, defined as consuming up to 1
cup (~100 ml) of alcohol per day, or more than one alcoholic beverage on weekends; high consumption,
defined as the consumption of more than 1 liter of light alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, or cider), or two
alcoholic beverages containing spirits (rum, vodka, or whiskey) per day, for at least six years.12
High
consumers of alcohol were excluded from the study.
2.3 Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt)
The collection and storage of oral mucosa materials were performed according the protocol described by
Thomas et al.8
Briefly, cells of the buccal mucosa were collected by scraping the inner cheek with a
sterile swab that was placed in a Falcon tube containing 3 mL of saline solution. The samples were
centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes and fixed using a glacial acetic acid and methanol solution (1:3,
v/v), before centrifugation at 1000 rpm for an additional 5 minutes. The same fixative was added to the
Falcon tube, which was stored in the refrigerator for 24 hours. For staining, suspended cells were
dropped onto clean, cold slides, which were allowed to dry at room temperature for more 24 hours.
Then, the slides were treated with 5N HCl for 10 minutes. Distilled water was used to wash the slides.
After drying, the slides were staining with Schiff’s reagent for 90 minutes and counterstained with 0.5%
FastGreen for 3 minutes. One thousand cells per slide from each individual at each collection time point
were analyzed using an optical microscope to count the number of pyknotic cells (PYC), karyolitic cells
(KYL), karyorrhetic cells (KHC), cells with condensed chromatin (CC), binucleated cells (BN), basal
cells and differentiated cells (DIFF). More than 2,000 differentials cells per slide were analyzed to
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enumerate micronucleated cells (MNi), nuclear bridges and nuclear buds (called nbud). In total, 2,000
cells were analyzed in the first analysis and 4,000 cells were analyzed in the second analysis, per
individual (Figure 1).
2.4 Statistical analysis
Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA for repeated measures (ANOVA RM); when a
significant difference was found between groups, the Tukey test was applied to compare different time
points with each other. Collection 1 was considered to reflect the normal condition and p<0.05 was set
cut off for significance. To analyze the confounding variables gender and smoking, one-way ANOVA
was used considering a significance level of 5%.
III. RESULTS
Study population in all four group were without statistically significant differences regarding age, sex
and tobacco use (smokers vs. nonsmokers) in the analysis.
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the studied population
N Gender Age (years) Smokers No-smokers Alcohol consumption
M F M F M F NC MC
M F M F
Collection 1 39 21 18
20±3.23
7 2 14 16 7 3 14 15
Collection 2 39 21 18
20±3.15
7 4 14 14 3 3 18 15
Collection 3 39 21 18
21±3.28
9 4 12 14 2 0 19 18
Collection 4 39 21 18
21±3.21
9 4 12 14 1 0 20 18
M: male; F: female; NC: non-consumer; MC: moderate consumer.
For comparison in this study, collection 1 (prior to FA exposure) was considered to reflect the normal
condition. BN, KHC, nuclear bridges, CC, and MNi increased as per to duration of exposure (p<0.05).
KYL changes were of short duration, increasing only at collection 2 (p<0.05), followed by a return to
normal values (p>0.05). PYC showed a long-term effect, with an increase at collection 3 (p<0.05). Only
KHC, nbud, and MNi showed recovery after the cessation of FA exposure, as the data from collection 4
(after three months of no FA exposure) were not different from those at collection 1 (p>0.05). A three-
month period without exposure was not sufficient for BN, PYC and CC to return to baseline levels, as
the values at collection 4 were statistically higher than those at collection 1. DIFF decreased (p<0.05)
according to the duration of exposure, probably caused by alterations in the other parameters. Basal cells
were reduced (p<0.05) in collection 2, normal in collection 3, and increased in collection 4 (Table 2).
This could be explained by increases and decreases in the other parameters
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Table 2
Mean and standard error of the results of the four collections per 1000 cells.
Cell types Collection 1 Collection 2 Collection 3 Collection 4
Basal 0.0219±0.0013a 0.0143±0.0009b 0.0224±0.0012a 0.0386±0.0028c
Differentiated 0.0015±0.0002a 0.0031±0.0002b 0.0045±0.0003c 0.0028±0.0002b
Binucleated 0.0096±0.0009a 0.0260±0.0014b 0.0203±0.0013c 0.0223±0.0020b,c
Condensed chromatin 0.0017±0.0002a 0.0067±0.0006b 0.0021±0.0003a 0.0039±0.0005a,c
Karyolytic 0.0004±0.0001a 0.0008±0.0001b 0.0017±0.0002c 0.0005±0.0008a
Karyorrhetic 0.4640±0.0012a 0.4490±0.0018b 0.4470±0.0019b 0.4250±0.0034c
Micronucleated 0.0001±0.0000a 0.0005±0.0000b 0.0015±0.0001c 0.0002±0.0001a
Pyknotic 0.0008±0.0001a 0.0005±0.0001a 0.0018±0.0002b 0.0074±0.0008c
Nuclear bridge 0.0002±0.0002a 0.0007±0.0000b 0.0010±0.0001c 0.0001±0.0001a
* Different letters in the same row correspond to a statistically significant difference
Figure 1: Cell types observed in analyses
a) Differentiated cell; b) Basal cell; c) Pyknotic; d) Condensed chromatin; e) Binucleated cell; f) Karyorrhetic; g)
Karyolitic; h) Nuclear bridge; i) Micronucleated cell.
IV. DISCUSSION
Peteffi et al.13
showed an increase in DNA damage in workers following exposure to low levels of FA in
a furniture manufacturing facility. Saowakon et al.14
showed a higher concentration of FA in the air
during the dissection of cadavers, and decreases in pulmonary function in technicians and students.
These are some of the many studies the have assessed FA exposure in humans and its consequences.
These findings are disturbing, since the 12th report on carcinogens produced by the National Toxicology
Program showed convincing epidemiological evidence of an association between FA exposure and
nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancer in humans.15
It is known that the presence of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in oral cavity cells may be
associated with genetic defects from exposure to genotoxic agents.7
In our study, it was observed that
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increased exposure time worsened genetic damage. Thus, we suggest that damage induced by FA may
accumulate with prolonged exposure, and that chronic exposure increases the frequency of MNi, nbud,
and BN. These cell changes are positively correlated with DNA damage. The buccal mucosa is one of
the most damaged by the inhalation of FA.16
This increase in DNA damage indicates genomic instability
and cytokinesis defects, even after a short period of exposure, as observed in the samples from
collection 2. A period without exposure to FA is important to reverse some of this damage, although
complete reversal was not observed in this study, as MNi and nbud were statistically higher in samples
from collection 4. Moreover, the BN frequency remained high, indicating bioaccumulation and a long-
lasting effect of FA. Costa et al.17
evaluated workers exposed to formaldehyde in pathology laboratories
and observed a high frequency of MNi in lymphocyte cultures and genotoxic damage demonstrated by
the comet assay. Similarly, Hauptmann et al.18
evaluated the medical records of deceased funeral
industry professionals and found a significant increase in the number of deaths from myeloid leukemia
according to the duration of exposure to formaldehyde. Ladeira et al.19
showed a positive correlation
between FA exposure and increases in genotoxic biomarkers, such as MNi. Taken together, these results
demonstrate the consequences of FA contact, mainly over a long period of exposure.
This present study also showed an increase in CC and karyorrhetic cells associated with exposure to
formaldehyde. Over a short period of time (four months of exposure), KYL was found to be increased;
over a longer period of time (eight months of exposure), PYC was found to be increased. Thomas et al.8
observed that these changes are indicative of cell death. The induction of apoptosis could be related to
significant DNA damage20
and may occur by specific endogenous and exogenous stimuli under normal
physiological conditions or following exposure to genotoxic agents. Derka et al.21
observed, in animal
models, that cellular proliferation and apoptosis rates are high in the early stages of tumorigenesis. It is
rather disturbing that even a short period of exposure to formaldehyde causes DNA damage and
cytotoxic deregulation. Ke et al.22
showed that high concentrations of FA inhibit cell growth. This
interference in the cell cycle plus DNA damage could be responsible for the high number of cells in
various stages of death. Following FA exposure, homeostasis is compromised, so cells are forced to die
in an attempt to revert to normal conditions. It is especially worrying that the frequencies of CC and
PYC were not significantly reduced after the cessation of FA exposure (collection 4).
This study showed a significant increase in the frequency of DIFF, proportional to the increase in
nuclear aberrations. Regarding the frequency of basal cells, first a decrease was observed, followed by
an increase in samples from collection 3. This suggests a high rate of mitosis as the oral tissue attempts
to regenerate.
In the literature, is common to find information on FA exposure, but few studies have evaluated DNA
damage following different periods of exposure. It is known that every human responds differently to
genotoxic agents. In our study, we evaluated the same subjects over time, which confirms that FA
exposure contributes substantially to DNA damage since genetic variability was not a confounding
factor.
Taken together, these data show that FA exposure, even over a short period of time, has negative effects
on genome instability, increases DNA damage, and alters cytokinesis. Moreover, a remission period
(three months without FA exposure) was found to be insufficient to normalize this damage. The use of
FA in laboratories should be revaluated, as the literature is full of reports associating FA exposure and
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the development of cancer in occupational workers. It has now been found that a short period of contact
can generate as much damage as a long period of exposure.
V. CONCLUSION
A short period of exposure to FA was found to induce genome instability and DNA damage. A
remission period of three months was not sufficient to normalize this damage. Thus, use of FA in
laboratories should be revaluated and more studies should be performed on short-term exposure, since
the damage is similar to that found after a long period of FA exposure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) and CNPq.
CONFLICT
None declared till date.
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