Problems such as impracticability and ineffectiveness are encountered in practice in-service training for teachers in Turkey.Although several suggestions have been proposed, the problems still remain. This study illustrates a new way for the development of in-service training, with high school teachers’ opinions, which is in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning characteristics. The participants were determined randomly and administered a 25-item Likert type survey. Results of the survey evaluated statistically by applying t-test and ANOVA. It is found that there is statistically significant difference between teachers in terms of gender, age, seniority and subject field variables. On the basis of the whole paper, teachers are enthusiastic to take part in in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning features rather than traditional ones. At the end of the paper, it is recommended that while preparing in-service training, demographic differences among teachers should be taken into account.
No nation whether developed or developing countries can rise above the level of its education without giving adequate consideration for its Human and Material resources in terms of curriculum to be used. One of the Basic qualities of a curriculum is dynamism. This implies that a good curriculum is never static rather it changes along with changes in societal needs and aspirations, political and economic factors. For example in Nigeria the educational system has witnessed some changes in Content, Context and Structure (9-3-4 educational systems). Like most of the countries in the world, the changes have come as result of the growing awareness of the need to develop technologically, socially, and economically.
Challenges facing staff development and training: A survey of secondary schoo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges facing staff development and training needs of teachers of English in secondary schools in Kenya with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to describe factors limiting teachers’ participation in staff development and training programmes. In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory and Frederic Herzerberg’s two factor theory of job motivation and satisfaction. Both theories talk of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. All heads of English departments and head teachers of the participating schools took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the 50 teachers of English while interview schedules were used to obtain data from the heads of English departments and head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures, while qualitative data from the heads of departments and head teachers’ interview schedules was coded and analyzed thematically to establish relationships, trends and patterns from which the researcher drew useful conclusions and recommendations. The study established that most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study also established that there were many factors hindering teachers’ participation in the existing staff development and training programmes. The study recommends that in-service training should be structured, regularized, institutionalized and made compulsory for all teachers of English.
Effects of students attitude towards teaching professionArul Sekar J.M.
The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction effects of gender and programs of study on attitudes of
postgraduate diploma in teaching (PGDT) students towards the teaching profession. The main aim of the study
was to find out whether there are any significant interaction effects of gender and programs of study of PGDT
students’ attitude towards the teaching profession. A descriptive survey was carried out among PGDT students
during the year 2016/2017 regular session with a population of 371 students. The survey was conducted between
science and non-science students in the department of teacher education at Mekelle University, Ethiopia. Using
a stratified random sampling method, 130 student-teachers were selected as samples for the study. A scale entitled
“attitude towards teaching profession” was developed and validated by the researchers based on established
procedures in the literature (Aliyu Musa and Ado Abdu Bichi, 2015). A scale contained 15 items to be scored on
the five-point Likert scale as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Neutral(N), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree
(SD) was used. The data analysis of descriptive statistics through quantitative analysis by computing SPSS 16.0
(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows 10 was employed. Statistical techniques which include
percentage analysis for levels, mean, standard deviation, and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also
used for data analysis and interpretation. The findings of the two-way ANOVA demonstrated that there are no
significant interaction effects of gender and programs of study on attitude towards the teaching profession of
PGDT students. Correlation analysis of gender and programs of a study indicated that the student teachers’
attitude towards the teaching profession was positively related to gender and programs of study.
No nation whether developed or developing countries can rise above the level of its education without giving adequate consideration for its Human and Material resources in terms of curriculum to be used. One of the Basic qualities of a curriculum is dynamism. This implies that a good curriculum is never static rather it changes along with changes in societal needs and aspirations, political and economic factors. For example in Nigeria the educational system has witnessed some changes in Content, Context and Structure (9-3-4 educational systems). Like most of the countries in the world, the changes have come as result of the growing awareness of the need to develop technologically, socially, and economically.
Challenges facing staff development and training: A survey of secondary schoo...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges facing staff development and training needs of teachers of English in secondary schools in Kenya with reference to Kericho County. The objective of the study was to describe factors limiting teachers’ participation in staff development and training programmes. In doing this, the study adopted the needs assessment theory and Frederic Herzerberg’s two factor theory of job motivation and satisfaction. Both theories talk of the need for continuous training of staff in order to increase their productivity. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were used in the study. The study used a survey research design. A total of 25 schools, 50 teachers of English, 25 heads of department and 25 head teachers took part in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the 25 schools out of which two teachers of English from each of the participating schools were randomly picked. All heads of English departments and head teachers of the participating schools took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the 50 teachers of English while interview schedules were used to obtain data from the heads of English departments and head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like percentages and presented using tables, charts and figures, while qualitative data from the heads of departments and head teachers’ interview schedules was coded and analyzed thematically to establish relationships, trends and patterns from which the researcher drew useful conclusions and recommendations. The study established that most of the teachers fell short of the expected competencies under investigation, an indication of the need for more in-service training for serving teachers. The study also established that there were many factors hindering teachers’ participation in the existing staff development and training programmes. The study recommends that in-service training should be structured, regularized, institutionalized and made compulsory for all teachers of English.
Effects of students attitude towards teaching professionArul Sekar J.M.
The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction effects of gender and programs of study on attitudes of
postgraduate diploma in teaching (PGDT) students towards the teaching profession. The main aim of the study
was to find out whether there are any significant interaction effects of gender and programs of study of PGDT
students’ attitude towards the teaching profession. A descriptive survey was carried out among PGDT students
during the year 2016/2017 regular session with a population of 371 students. The survey was conducted between
science and non-science students in the department of teacher education at Mekelle University, Ethiopia. Using
a stratified random sampling method, 130 student-teachers were selected as samples for the study. A scale entitled
“attitude towards teaching profession” was developed and validated by the researchers based on established
procedures in the literature (Aliyu Musa and Ado Abdu Bichi, 2015). A scale contained 15 items to be scored on
the five-point Likert scale as Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Neutral(N), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree
(SD) was used. The data analysis of descriptive statistics through quantitative analysis by computing SPSS 16.0
(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows 10 was employed. Statistical techniques which include
percentage analysis for levels, mean, standard deviation, and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also
used for data analysis and interpretation. The findings of the two-way ANOVA demonstrated that there are no
significant interaction effects of gender and programs of study on attitude towards the teaching profession of
PGDT students. Correlation analysis of gender and programs of a study indicated that the student teachers’
attitude towards the teaching profession was positively related to gender and programs of study.
The research examined the effectiveness of activities collaborative group poster strategy and on academic achievement of senior secondary school students on genetics concept in Dawakin-kudu Educational Zone Kano State, Nigeria. The study has three research objectives guided by three research questions and three hypotheses.
Professional Development of Mongolian Teachers A Case Study in Primary Schoolsijtsrd
This research work examines the fluidity of professional development activities on principal factors at the teacher level that are important for primary school teachers of Mongolia. The result of the study shows that there are 4 factors of the level of education that are important for the professional development of teachers. This supplies evidence of support to education professionals for the implementation of effective professional development programs to promote integration in education, especially in the context of the developing country. Erdenetsogt Togosmaa | Enkhbileg Tsendsuren | Tsevegdorj Battsetseg ""Professional Development of Mongolian Teachers: A Case Study in Primary Schools"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23815.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23815/professional-development-of-mongolian-teachers-a-case-study-in-primary-schools/erdenetsogt-togosmaa
Performance of students in WAEC/NECO SSCE 2000 – 2013 mathematics result continually reported as poor even with no. with credit pass less than 50%.
Ochepa (2007) saying its more of a global issue with one of the factors as the methods of presentation, this is supporting Salau (2002), Etukodu (2006), Emaikwu (2012) etc emphasizing bad methods of teaching.
Observations point at the use of Conventional Teaching Strategies as cause for the decimal performance.
Sec. curr. clearly pro-activity, but teachers ignore such making learners passive in the class.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLI...IJITE
The paper presents the findings from current research on the impact that the Curriculum and Assessment
Policy Statement (CAPS) curriculum subjects have on two South African Schools in Gauteng province in
South Africa. The aim is to present the impact of the CAPs subjects in the school. The study did a critical
evaluation of each subject to elaborate on the importance and challenges in implementing the subjects and
using a qualitative research method to collect data on a group of teachers and students on their opinion on
the impact of CAPs subjects. The findings suggest that even though the curriculum is effective, it needs to
be improved to close the gap between public and private schools. Private schools are currently benefiting
the most from the subjects and how the curriculum is structured.
Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in...SubmissionResearchpa
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of training and 'nativeness' on teacher's self-efficacy in teaching English as a second language. A questionnaire was used and administered to 281 foreign teachers in Nasseria, Iraq. The teacher’s sense of efficacy scale (TSES) was employed to measure a teacher's self-efficacy. Using MANOVA, we tested the impact of teachers’ training and 'nativeness' on a teacher’s self-efficacy. The analysis showed that trained teachers have higher self-efficacy than untrained teachers and further that professional development enhances self-efficacy. The study established that being a native speaker does not necessarily influence a teacher's self-efficacy and goes to support the hypothesis that target language proficiency should not be associated with being a language teacher. Ultimately, policymakers and educational administrators should concentrate on the professional development of language teachers and disband the native/non-native dichotomy by Lina Lafta Jassim 2020. Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in teaching English. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 81-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.540 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/540/516 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/540
Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in...SubmissionResearchpa
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of training and 'nativeness' on teacher's self-efficacy in teaching English as a second language. A questionnaire was used and administered to 281 foreign teachers in Nasseria, Iraq. The teacher’s sense of efficacy scale (TSES) was employed to measure a teacher's self-efficacy. Using MANOVA, we tested the impact of teachers’ training and 'nativeness' on a teacher’s self-efficacy. The analysis showed that trained teachers have higher self-efficacy than untrained teachers and further that professional development enhances self-efficacy. The study established that being a native speaker does not necessarily influence a teacher's self-efficacy and goes to support the hypothesis that target language proficiency should not be associated with being a language teacher. Ultimately, policymakers and educational administrators should concentrate on the professional development of language teachers and disband the native/non-native dichotomy by Lina Lafta Jassim 2020. Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in teaching English. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 53-69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.537 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/537/513 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/537
The Comparison of the Children Metaphors of Female Students in Preschool Teac...inventionjournals
This research aims at scrutinizing the metaphors of teacher candidates and students in various branches regarding the concept of child comparatively. The research has employed phenomenology design of qualitative research designs. The workgroup of the study is consisted of female students at 1st and 2nd year of the departments of Preschool Teaching (n1= 53), English Teaching (n2= 51) and Industrial Engineering (n3= 50) at Fatih University in 2013-2014 academic year. General metaphors (sapling, dough, flower and chocolate) of the teacher candidates of Education Faculty was seen to develop differently from those (hindrance, headache and unfrozen concrete) of the students of Industrial Engineering.
The research examined the effectiveness of activities collaborative group poster strategy and on academic achievement of senior secondary school students on genetics concept in Dawakin-kudu Educational Zone Kano State, Nigeria. The study has three research objectives guided by three research questions and three hypotheses.
Professional Development of Mongolian Teachers A Case Study in Primary Schoolsijtsrd
This research work examines the fluidity of professional development activities on principal factors at the teacher level that are important for primary school teachers of Mongolia. The result of the study shows that there are 4 factors of the level of education that are important for the professional development of teachers. This supplies evidence of support to education professionals for the implementation of effective professional development programs to promote integration in education, especially in the context of the developing country. Erdenetsogt Togosmaa | Enkhbileg Tsendsuren | Tsevegdorj Battsetseg ""Professional Development of Mongolian Teachers: A Case Study in Primary Schools"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23815.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23815/professional-development-of-mongolian-teachers-a-case-study-in-primary-schools/erdenetsogt-togosmaa
Performance of students in WAEC/NECO SSCE 2000 – 2013 mathematics result continually reported as poor even with no. with credit pass less than 50%.
Ochepa (2007) saying its more of a global issue with one of the factors as the methods of presentation, this is supporting Salau (2002), Etukodu (2006), Emaikwu (2012) etc emphasizing bad methods of teaching.
Observations point at the use of Conventional Teaching Strategies as cause for the decimal performance.
Sec. curr. clearly pro-activity, but teachers ignore such making learners passive in the class.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLI...IJITE
The paper presents the findings from current research on the impact that the Curriculum and Assessment
Policy Statement (CAPS) curriculum subjects have on two South African Schools in Gauteng province in
South Africa. The aim is to present the impact of the CAPs subjects in the school. The study did a critical
evaluation of each subject to elaborate on the importance and challenges in implementing the subjects and
using a qualitative research method to collect data on a group of teachers and students on their opinion on
the impact of CAPs subjects. The findings suggest that even though the curriculum is effective, it needs to
be improved to close the gap between public and private schools. Private schools are currently benefiting
the most from the subjects and how the curriculum is structured.
Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in...SubmissionResearchpa
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of training and 'nativeness' on teacher's self-efficacy in teaching English as a second language. A questionnaire was used and administered to 281 foreign teachers in Nasseria, Iraq. The teacher’s sense of efficacy scale (TSES) was employed to measure a teacher's self-efficacy. Using MANOVA, we tested the impact of teachers’ training and 'nativeness' on a teacher’s self-efficacy. The analysis showed that trained teachers have higher self-efficacy than untrained teachers and further that professional development enhances self-efficacy. The study established that being a native speaker does not necessarily influence a teacher's self-efficacy and goes to support the hypothesis that target language proficiency should not be associated with being a language teacher. Ultimately, policymakers and educational administrators should concentrate on the professional development of language teachers and disband the native/non-native dichotomy by Lina Lafta Jassim 2020. Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in teaching English. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 81-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.540 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/540/516 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/540
Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in...SubmissionResearchpa
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of training and 'nativeness' on teacher's self-efficacy in teaching English as a second language. A questionnaire was used and administered to 281 foreign teachers in Nasseria, Iraq. The teacher’s sense of efficacy scale (TSES) was employed to measure a teacher's self-efficacy. Using MANOVA, we tested the impact of teachers’ training and 'nativeness' on a teacher’s self-efficacy. The analysis showed that trained teachers have higher self-efficacy than untrained teachers and further that professional development enhances self-efficacy. The study established that being a native speaker does not necessarily influence a teacher's self-efficacy and goes to support the hypothesis that target language proficiency should not be associated with being a language teacher. Ultimately, policymakers and educational administrators should concentrate on the professional development of language teachers and disband the native/non-native dichotomy by Lina Lafta Jassim 2020. Examining the Impact of Training and Nativeness on Teacher’s self-efficacy in teaching English. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 8 (Aug. 2020), 53-69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.537 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/537/513 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/537
The Comparison of the Children Metaphors of Female Students in Preschool Teac...inventionjournals
This research aims at scrutinizing the metaphors of teacher candidates and students in various branches regarding the concept of child comparatively. The research has employed phenomenology design of qualitative research designs. The workgroup of the study is consisted of female students at 1st and 2nd year of the departments of Preschool Teaching (n1= 53), English Teaching (n2= 51) and Industrial Engineering (n3= 50) at Fatih University in 2013-2014 academic year. General metaphors (sapling, dough, flower and chocolate) of the teacher candidates of Education Faculty was seen to develop differently from those (hindrance, headache and unfrozen concrete) of the students of Industrial Engineering.
Tuition Reduction Determination Using Fuzzy Tsukamotoinventionjournals
The process of determining cuts tuition for students are usually given with the same nominal. And in this paper is the determination of the pieces tuition for students who are less able to be different, depending on how much income parents and the number of children covered. For income parents who get discounted tuition fee of IDR Rp.1,500,000 and for the number of children in these families also determine the number of pieces obtained. Tsukamoto Fuzzy system is the model used in this paper. Each input variable is divided into three membership functions. In this paper, Nine Tsukamoto Fuzzy model rules have been applied. The system also provides a consequent change of parameters if the current parameter values to be changed. The smaller the parent's income, the greater the pieces obtained. The more children insured the greater the college acquired pieces.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
Different Approaches of Software Requirement Prioritizationinventionjournals
In software system development, it can be a challenge for people to select the ‘right’ requirement among several or many options if it is not obvious which requirement is desirable. Requirements prioritization helps people to discover the most desirable requirements. It seems that most requirements prioritization techniques work well on a small number of requirements, but many of them have constraints on medium to large numbers of requirements. Requirement prioritization process is used to determine which candidate requirement of a software project should be included in a certain release, for this purpose different techniques are used. These techniques use different approaches and consider different factors for prioritization e.g. cost, value, risk, benefit etc.
Bridging the Gender Gap and Skilling for the Future through Undergraduate Edu...inventionjournals
In order to meaningfully change gender bias and discrimination in society, a paradigm shift needs to be taken from an activist, reactionary stance towards a harmonious and integrated approach which is based on a more liberal and human and which recognizes the complex play of social, cultural, economic , religious forces to fabricate the layers of identity which people take on. Education can be a force multiplier because it brings together multiple stakeholders on a common platform. Specifically intervention at the undergraduate level can have great impact because of its positional advantage in the Indian Education System. Last but not the least, jobs of the future requires a new skill set. New skills too require a preparatory course in order to have a tangible impact. The paper highlights some key strategies and interventions that can be adopted at the undergraduate level. Significance: The UN has recently articulated 50 Sustainable Development Goals out of which the fifth goal is on gender parity. Also in India, the Skill India Initiative has been launched which will impart a new skill set to millions of Indians to cope with the Jobs of the future. The paper will be important to policy makers who wish to incorporate skills and change mindsets through education. Nature: Conceptual
Hut type temple architecture, with reference to the Temple of Shri Krishna, I...inventionjournals
There are different types of architecture. Among them religious architecture is considered as one of the most important. The important example of religious architecture is temple, which is regarded as place of worship, shelter for the image and holy area of the cult. Generally, a temple was built on a raised platform with flight of steps in front. Its plan is square, sometime rectangular. Among the Hindu temples of Manipur built in the early period is hut type temple. Some of them are still worshipped. Among them the temple of Shri Krishna, Imphal East, Manipur is one of the best example of hut type temple of Manipur. The historical development of the temple and its architectural style offer an almost uninvestigated and unexplored field of study. This temple threw significant light on the development of the art and architecture and religious life of the people of Manipur.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriocin Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria ...inventionjournals
Bacteriocins are the extracellular proteins produced by the bacteria which inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are predominantly present in the fermented foods produce bacteriocins. In the present study, six strains (three strains each) were isolated from the fermented Bengal gram samples containing with husk and without husk.The organisms isolated were identified as Pediococcussp and Yeast sp.by the biochemical characterization. The bacteriocins produced by these organisms effectively inhibited the growth of E.coli, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aerugenosabut couldn’t inhibit the growth of Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus sp. Strains c2 and c3 showed greater activity at low pH. All the strains showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp,E.coli, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aerugenosabut Proteus vulgaris showed high resistance when bacteriocin was exposed to temperatures 37°C and 80°C.
Competencies and professional development needs of kindergarten teachersSubmissionResearchpa
The study identified the level of competencies and the extent of professional development needs of kindergarten teachers in the Sultan Kudarat Division, during the school year 2019 - 2020. The study employed a descriptive method. The study involved 54 kindergarten teachers in the division in accomplishing the 12-item self-assessment instrument. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that kindergarten teachers have a high level of competencies in content knowledge and pedagogy, learning environment and diversity of learners, curriculum and planning, and assessment and reporting. These indicate that they possess almost all of the competencies of efficient teachers. Results further revealed a very high extent of professional needs in content knowledge and pedagogy and the learning environment and diversity of learners, while they had a high extent of professional needs in the remaining domains. Since they reported very high priorities in content knowledge and pedagogy and the learning environment and diversity of learners, these areas would be the main considerations in the crafting of a professional development plan. by Phoebe L. Gallego and Manuel E. Caingcoy 2020. Competencies and professional development needs of kindergarten teachers. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 7 (Jul. 2020), 69-81. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i7.491. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/491/476 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/491
One of the most important elements involved in the development of countries is teachers. Therefore, developing countries should pay attention to training good teachers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to present the opinions of teachers and prospective teachers on the “teaching experience” course. The study is based on a qualitative research. The data were collected from 84 teachers in Şanlıurfa, an eastern city of Turkey and 88 prospective teachers (undergraduate seniors) studying at Mersin University, Turkey. Semi-structured interview form was utilized to collect the required data. Besides, content analysis was applied in the study. The data have been expressed in numbers. Results have displayed that there are problems arising from the stakeholders in the “teaching experience” lesson. The types of schools attending internships are not inclusive. Not all stakeholders are working cooperatively. Moreover, the following suggestions were accordingly put forward: 1) The internship duration can be extended; 2) Applications covering all types of schools should be added; and 3) Stakeholders should be encouraged to work in a collaborative way.
Strengths and Areas for Improvement towards Career Advancement of Teachers in...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This study aims to determine the challenges faced by the coastal schoolteachers of Matnog
District, Division of Sorsogon Province, school year 2021-2022. It used a survey questionnaire to identify the
demographic profile of the teachers and employed interview schedule through guide questions to collect real-life
experiences and narratives of the challenges, strengths and areas for improvement. Similarly, the primary
sources of data are the nine teaching personnel from Matnog I District and the six teaching personnel from
Matnog II District. Data from the demographic profile were tabulated, analysed and interpreted using
appropriate statistical tools such as frequency count and percentage. The study revealed that majority of the
informants are 31-35 years old, female, married, graduate of a baccalaureate degree, Teacher I for more than 5
years, have an adjectival rating of outstanding in the Individual Performance Commitment Review Form and
joined division level seminar. Moreover, the identified challenges are categorized into incomplete credentials
(master units and training/seminar), locale concern or proximity, budgetary or financial obligations, care
responsibilities, collective expectations and self-doubt. The strengths that was identified are age-group
resiliency, academic credentials, length of service, IPCRF rating and other ancillary involvements while the
areas that need to improve are gender roles/family obligations, academic credentials and professional
development accomplishments. A teacher development plan for teachers in the coastal schools in Matnog was
proposed to help the teachers be eligible for career advancement despite proximity issue.
KEYWORDS :strength, areas for improvement, career advancement, teachers, coastal schools
EXPLORING THE USE OF DIGITAL DEVICES AMONG PUPILS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIESijma
The use of digital devices helped pupils memorize, enhance understanding and fully participate in learning.
One of the findings is that, during 55% of the time of the researchers observation, the computers were not
used at all. The purpose of this study is to assessing teachers' emphasis, exploring the positive effect of
using digital devices on PLD and the use of support software of digital devicesinTnL.This study used a
qualitative approach of case studies that involve interviews, observations and analysis of documents of
pupils work. The findings showed that teachers always perform audio activities using digital device tools
such as computers. These activitieswere particularly relevant with the PLD learning style. The popular
support resources used include digital software, mobile phones and youtube.Teachers are encouraged to
use digital devices and software due to several effects on PLD such as focusing with fun in learning.
An effective teaching contributes to the students’ performance and this
depends on qualified-trained teachers, school administration, parents and
conducive environment for teaching and learning. It is proven that students
are more successful in their academic achievements, in the societies where
teachers perceive their profession as their job. This paper explores the impact
of the society’s perception on teachers’ professionalism. The method
employed in this paper is qualitative by using interview technique and used
audio-recorded to ensure a complete transcript. The result indicated that in
some developing countries including Cameroon, Kenya and Fiji has various
reasons for their job. Teaching profession was affected by how the society
considers teachers whereby they are perceived as disadvantaged population
who cannot fully take part in the social and economic activities due to the
fact that their salary is very low compared other public servants. This low
salary and loss of respect of teachers by the society lead to the job
dissatisfaction and made the teaching profession as a transitional job before
waiting to move to another different professional field.
Research is a movement, a movement from the known to unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. When research is seen as a process carried on by people, question can be asked, such as where do research topics come from Where is research come Why does research Who uses research How it is shared How it is funded Research is an academic activity in all the disciplines including teacher .education. The aim of this paper is to highlights the status, areas, research themes, Financial support for research and publication of research report. V. Manikandan | Dr. V. Ambedkar "Research in Teacher Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39983.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/39983/research-in-teacher-education/v-manikandan
This study aims to form a lecturer achievement index model based on student perceptions by looking
at the caseality relationship between latent variables, namely professional, social, personality and pedagogical
competencies of lecturers
On the Usage of Databases of Educational Materials in Macedonian EducationIJITE
Technologies have become important part of our lives. The steps for introducing ICTs in education vary from
country to country. The Republic of Macedonia has invested with a lot in installment of hardware and
software in education and in teacher training. This research was aiming to determine the situation of usage of
databases of digital educational materials and to define recommendation for future improvements. Teachers
from urban schools were interviewed with a questionnaire. The findings are several: only part of the
interviewed teachers had experience with databases of educational materials; all teachers still need capacity
building activities focusing exactly on the use and benefits from databases of educational materials;
preferably capacity building materials to be in Macedonian language; technical support and upgrading of
software and materials should be performed on a regular basis. Most of the findings can be applied at both
national and international level – with all this implemented, application of ICT in education will have much
bigger positive impact.
ON THE USAGE OF DATABASES OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS IN MACEDONIAN EDUCATIONIJITE
Technologies have become important part of our lives. The steps for introducing ICTs in education vary from country to country. The Republic of Macedonia has invested with a lot in installment of hardware and software in education and in teacher training. This research was aiming to determine the situation of usage of databases of digital educational materials and to define recommendation for future improvements. Teachers from urban schools were interviewed with a questionnaire. The findings are several: only part of the interviewed teachers had experience with databases of educational materials; all teachers still need capacity building activities focusing exactly on the use and benefits from databases of educational materials; preferably capacity building materials to be in Macedonian language; technical support and upgrading of software and materials should be performed on a regular basis. Most of the findings can be applied at both national and international level – with all this implemented, application of ICT in education will have much
bigger positive impact
Teacher Educators’ and Student Teachers’ Attitude towards Teacher Education P...IJSRP Journal
Attitudes vary at different times of one’s life and are usually determined by several factors such as work environment, job satisfaction and status of the profession. Both student-teachers’ and teacher-educators’ attitudes may affect the quality of teacher preparation program and finally quality of the teacher either positively or negatively. This paper is a focus on the attitude of teacher educators and student teachers towards teacher education programmes in universities. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study sample consisted of Bachelor of Education fourth year students drawn from three Public universities and three Private universities, Teacher Educators and Heads of Departments from the faculty of Education. Stratified random sampling was used to select the universities, student-teachers and Teacher Educators. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklists and documents analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that a large percentage of the respondents portrayed a negative attitude of teacher education programmes. This may be to the fact that most student teachers and teacher educators enrolled in these programmes, do not have teaching as their professional interest thus join by circumstance. The study recommends the need to conduct screening of individuals before admission in teacher education programmes so as to ensure that only those who are interested and committed to teaching as a profession are enrolled. Keywords: Attitude, Teacher Education Programmes, Enrollment, Teacher Educators, Student Teachers, Public University, Private University
Assessment of Feedback Given by Cooperating Teachers to Student-TeachersPremier Publishers
Effective feedback from cooperating teachers is of paramount importance in promoting student- teachers’ professional development. Taking this into consideration, the current teachers training program requires cooperating teachers to take part in practicum and provide written and oral feedback to student-teachers assigned to them. The current study, therefore, tried to investigate the nature and effectiveness of feedback given by cooperating teachers to student teachers. A questionnaire and interview were used to gather the necessary data. The findings of the study suggest that most of the subjects were satisfied by the practice teaching. The other outcome of the study is that most cooperating teachers observed their student-teachers’ classes very infrequently and gave them insufficient feedback. In addition, the feedback was given mainly orally and its focus was limited to few aspects of teaching. On the basis of these findings, the paper concludes that the feedback given by cooperating teachers is not as supportive and varied as it should be.
In-Service Training Needs for the Professional Development of the Secondary S...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study determined the importance of in-service training needs for the professional
development of secondary school teachers in Zone 2, Division of Zambales SY 2019-2020. The descriptive
research design with survey questionnaire as the main instrument was utilized to one hundred and ten (110)
teachers as population respondents who were randomly selected. The researcher concluded that the teacherrespondent is a Teacher-2, Social Studies major, and attained BS degree with masteral units of education. The
teacher-respondents assessed “Very Important” on the level of extent on the need for in-service training needs as
to systematic planning in teaching, pedagogical competence, assessment of learning outcomes, effective
management of classroom, use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Professional
development skills. There is no significant differences when grouped according to profile variables towards
systematic planning in teaching, pedagogical competence, assessment of learning outcomes, and the use of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) however, significant on field of specialization towards
effective management of classroom and significant on academic position towards Professional development
skills. There is no significant difference on the dimensions towards level of extent on in-service training needs
of teacher-respondents as to systematic planning in teaching, pedagogical competence, assessment of learning
outcomes, use of information and communication technology (ICT), effective management of classroom and
professional development skills.
Keywords –In-service training Professional Development, Secondary Teachers, Social Studies About five key
words in alphabetical order, separated by comma
An Analysis on the Attitudes of Academic Staff towards Distance Educationinventionjournals
In this study, the attitudes of the academic staff working in NamıkKemal University (NKU) towards distance education were examined according to different variables. Within this scope, the distance education attitude scale developed by Ağır et al. was used. 283 out of 955 academic staff working in NKU participated in this research in 2015. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. In the evaluation of the data; numbers, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used as the descriptive statistical methods. T-test was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, while One-Way ANOVA was used in the comparison of the quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. In order to determine the differences after the ANOVA, Scheffe’s test was used as the complementary post-hoc analysis. The obtained findings were evaluated at the confidence interval of 95% and at the significance level of 5%. It was determined in the study that the attitude level of the participants as to “the positive aspects of distance education” proved to be moderate (2,851 ± 0,716); whereas the attitude level as to “the negative aspects of distance education” proved to be weak (2,430 ± 0,757); and the attitude level as to “the advantages of distance education” proved to be high (3,618 ± 0,713).While age and gender were seen to have not affected the attitudes towards distance education, the academic title was seen to have affected these attitudes. The obtained statistical data and findings contributed to the studies regarding the foundation and constitution of Distance Education Center (DEC) as well as raising awareness for DEC
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1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 3 ||March. 2016 || PP.14-19
www.ijhssi.org 14 | P a g e
In-Service Training with Adult Learning Features
Dr. Gulden AKIN1
1
School of Foreign Languages, Ankara University, Turkey
ABSTRACT : Problems such as impracticability and ineffectiveness are encountered in practice in-service
training for teachers in Turkey.Although several suggestions have been proposed, the problems still remain.
This study illustrates a new way for the development of in-service training, with high school teachers’ opinions,
which is in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning characteristics. The participants were determined
randomly and administered a 25-item Likert type survey. Results of the survey evaluated statistically by
applying t-test and ANOVA. It is found that there is statistically significant difference between teachers in terms
of gender, age, seniority and subject field variables. On the basis of the whole paper, teachers are enthusiastic
to take part in in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning features rather than traditional ones. At the end
of the paper, it is recommended that while preparing in-service training, demographic differences among
teachers should be taken into account.
KEYWORDS : teachers, in-service training, adult learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
The formal education given, from preschool to higher education, becomes insufficient after a while no matter
how adequate and qualified it is because of the advances in science and technology. It is also a reality for
individuals who choose the teaching as a professional job.Ulus [1] states that compared to other occupational
groups, teachers should develop themselves more constantly with renewed scientific and technological resources
because teachers are not only responsible for themselves but also to students, their families and indirectly to the
society. That‟s why policy-makers, politicians and non-governmental organizations have increasingly focused
on the necessity to raise the quality and capacity of education recently. The attempts to change educational
systems arise from to narrow the gap between traditional capacities of education systems and appearing
demands of the information age [2]. James and McCormic [3] state that there are two main challenges for
teachers and schools nowadays; the first one is teaching the substance of subjects and the other is helping
students to learn the ideas and practices related with the process of learning. Therefore, teachers need to
overtake ongoing professional development.
Lately, when the educational development or professional improvement is uttered, it is generally perceived as
information and communication technology (ICT) [4]. For instance, Twining and Henry [5] argue that only in
the UK, an estimated £567.8 million was spent on ICT in schools. However, it is not only the technology but
also the human source in other words, the teachers. The Education for All Global Monitoring Report (2013/14)
emphasizes that an education system is only as good as its teachers. Similarly, in the same report it is stated that
developing teachers‟ capability to enhance the quality of learning is essential and it is proved that quality of
education develops if teachers are supported and declines when they are not [6].
Because the in-service trainings are organized for adults-in this case for teachers-, it is important to take into
consideration the adult learning features and characteristics during the whole process of in-service training
programs. Knowles [7] defines the adult learning assumptions as andragogy, and these are: readiness to learn,
self-directedness, active learner participation and being solution-centred. More or less all adult learning
processes should include a few of these elements. For Trivette et al. [8], four main effective adult learning
methods are; a) Accelerated learning: a kind of holistic adult learning process includes role playing, skits, video
etc. [9]. b) Coaching: reflection on learners‟ experiences and feedback of experienced coach [10]. c) Guided
design: a self-directed and problem solving orienteered method for adult learning. d) Just-in-time training: a
kind of on-the-job training anywhere and anytime to complete a target task [11].
In Turkey, every year thousands of teachers attend to in-service training programs. When the schedule of the
programs is designed, students‟ term holidays are taken into account. Therefore, 15-day winter break and 2.5-
month summer breaks are considered the most suitable time period for the in-service trainings for teachers.
Table 1 illustrates the number of teachers in Turkish education system:
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Table1. Teachers in Turkish School System
Number of teachers Primary
School
288.444
Junior High School
280.804
High School
278.641
Total number of teachers 847.889
Resource: National Education Statistics, Turkey [12].
According to In-service Trainings Report of Ministry of Turkish National Education [13], in academic year of
2013, 19.332 in-service training programs took place in Turkey for teachers. 359.951 teachers attended to these
trainings. In other words, %42.45 teachers participated in the in-service trainings programs organized by
Turkish government. Contents of the trainings both include subject field issues and information technologies.
Besides, language learning and some personal development topics were set out.
Three main features of a learning process are planning, application and deep understanding [8]. Besides,
evaluation can be added as another stage. Contributing the adult learning features to this learning process is
really significant to get the efficient and effective outcomes. In Turkey, even though there are studies that
recommend future improvements in in-service trainings for teachers [14, 15], Karasolak et al. [16] state that a
lot of in-service trainings in Turkey are assumed as not effective, motivational and impractical by teachers.
Moreover, there is no difference between teachers who attend to in-service trainings and who do not. In other
words, in-service trainings in Turkey do not promise any promotion, higher salaries and any other opportunities.
Government determines the programs and in a lot of cases it assigns the teachers. In a few of the programs,
teachers are volunteers and eager to attend because the locations of the programs are seaside holiday spots in
Turkey and they are generally organized in summer. Therefore, the reason of teachers‟ enthusiasm is probably
not the training program but the charm of the location.
There is no evidence to prove that in Turkey adult learning features are taken into account. Thus, it is a kind of
shortcoming for Turkey‟s education system and it could be a solution for teachers to change their minds about
in-service trainings when some adult learning characteristics enhance the program. In this present study, it is
aimed to determine the opinions and views of high school teachers about in-service trainings enhanced with
adult learning features and methods. The specific objective is to ascertain whether there is a meaningful
difference in opinions of teachers about in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning features in terms of
gender, age, seniority and subject area.
II. METHODOLOGY
Research Design and Sample
In this study, quantitative methods are used in order to illustrate the attitudes of high school teachers towards in-
service trainings enhanced with the components of adult learning characteristics. Sources of information for the
study include surveys and informal observation. The samples involved six different districts of capital city of
Turkey, Ankara. All the teachers were selected randomly from high schools for structured surveys and informal
observation. The survey, which consisted of scaled response questions, provided baseline information about
teachers‟ demographic features, and these features connections with the opinions of teachers about in-service
trainings. Also, it supplied information about the differences with respect to demographic variables (age, gender,
seniority, and subject area).A total of 280 teachers completed the structured and scaled surveys. The average age
of the samples was 37. Over 60% of the respondents were female and the rest of the teachers were male. The
average teaching experience of participants was around 13-14 years. Nearly half of the respondents had master‟s
degree or teaching certificate after their bachelor‟s degrees. The greatest number of samples was teachers of
Turkish language, followed by mathematics and English language.
Procedure
In 2013, around 200 teachers were administered surveys on in-service training enhanced with adult learning
characteristics. The subject area of teachers was the only variable that was researched. According to the results
of this first draft, it was only the arts teachers who created statistically significant difference. In other words, arts
teachers were not volunteers to participate in any in-service training enhanced with adult learning
characteristics.
3. In-Service Training with Adult...
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In the spring term of 2015, the research was decided to be expanded in terms of samples, survey items and
variables that are planned to be inquired. Therefore, for this present study, after leading a literature review on
the research topic, features of adult learning were listed. Afterwards, a structured and scaled survey for teachers
was designed according to this list. This database was evaluated and converted into a 5-point Likert-type format
[17]. Afterwards, the first draft of survey was administered 31 teachers for a validity and reliability analysis.
This procedure was conducted with SPSS 15.0 for factor analysis. Items with 0.36 and more factor loading were
picked up for the final version of the survey. Cronbach‟s Alpha reliability coefficient of the scale measured .89
and its Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was calculated as 0.84 and its Bartlett Sphericity test was computed at
2202.4. Thus, the Bartlett test results were statistically significant at 0.05 level. After all these process, the
structured and scaled survey with 25 items was conducted to the samples.
Data Analyses
Quantitative data were analyzed using basic descriptive statistics, independent samples t test and the one –way
analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) multiples comparison test was
conducted to determine the groups that created difference in ANOVA. Analysis of the qualitative data was in an
iterative process [18]. First of all, compiling, coding, annotating the date, and creating data were taken place. To
use the survey results, participants‟ responses were classified into 5-point Likert type scale, from Strongly Agree
to Strongly Disagree. Statistical calculations were organized at a 0.05 significance level.
III. RESULTS
Results are grouped into four sections based on demographic features of teachers which are gender, age,
seniority and subject area. Thus, 25 items in the survey were analyzed referring these four parameters. The
following are the findings that obtained from the research through data analysis.
Table 2 illustrates the results of high school teachers‟ view on in-service trainings with regard to gender
variable. According to independent sample t-test results, there is a statistically significant difference between the
two groups (p<0.05). Male teachers are found to be more positive and interested compared to female teachers.
Table 2. Results of t-test for the role of teachers' gender on in-service training enhanced with adult
learning features
Gender 𝑥 s.s t p
Male 3.11 1.34
5.73
0.000*
Female 2.00 1.19
*
p<0.05
In Table 3, data obtained from teachers‟ opinions about in-service training according to the variable of age is
represented:
Table 3: Results of ANOVA test for the role of teachers' age on in-service training enhanced with adult
learning features
Age p
29 and
below
30-39 40-49 50 and
above
0.000*
𝑥 3.03 3.64 2.38 2.20
s.s. 1.37 1.63 1.21 1.39
*
p<0.05
ANOVA test was conducted in order to examine view differences among teachers about in-service training
according to the age variable. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of age variable (p<0.05).
Results of Tukey HSD multiple comparison test show that teachers who are between the age of 30-39 are found
to be the group that generates the difference among the sample groups. This group has a more positive attitude
towards in-service trainings which are in the scope of adult learning features.Table 4 provides the results of
teachers‟ views about in-service training according to the variable of seniority.
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Table 4. Results of ANOVA test for the role of teachers' seniority on in-service training enhanced with
adult learning features
Seniority p
10 years and
below
11-15years 16-20
years
21years and
above
0.02*
𝑥 3.14 3.83 3.16 2.25
s.s. 1.35 1.26 1.15 0.97
*
p<0.05
The teachers who have teaching experience between 11 and 15 years are the participants create statistically
significant difference according to the results of survey. Tukey HSD multiple comparison test results illustrate
that this sample group is really more eager to the in-service training programs than the other groups.Table 5
illustrates the results of teachers‟ views with regard to subject area.
Table5. Results of ANOVA test for the role of teachers’ subject area on in-service training enhanced with
adult learning features
Subject Area p
Social
Sciences&Turkish
Literature
Arts&Musics Science&Maths Foreign
Lang.
0.03𝑥 2.94 2.00 4.00 4.17
s.s. 1.06 1.35 1.00 1.23
*
p<0.05
According to the results of ANOVA test, it is found out that there is a statistically significant difference among
teachers in terms of subject area. In order to identify which group(s) create difference, Tukey HSD multiple
comparison test was applied. Science and math teachers are really eager to be a part of in-service training
backed up with adult learning features whereas arts and music teachers are really reluctant.
IV. DISCUSSION
This study indicates that female participants are more reluctant than the male participants to incorporate in the
training programs enhanced with andragogical principles. According to the results of the survey and informal
observations, it is found out women do not want to leave their basic life routines. This result supports the
hypothesis that most of the women are really occupied with looking after household and children therefore they
are not eager for getting out of their routines [19]. Working mothers exhibit a deep sense of motherhood in that;
they perceive their children and family as the number one priority. Hoffman and Youngblade[20], Fine-Davis et
al. [21] and Guendouzi[22] also state similar findings in their studies. Researches in Turkey have more or less
the same results. For instance, in their papers Kocacik and Gokkaya[23] and Kakici et al. [24] emphasize that
working women in Turkey compared to men are really worn-out an even though they are quite willing to
participate in new and different training programs, time constraints make it nearly impossible.
Another interpretation is that the participants who are in their 30s are more confident to be a part of a training
programs enriched with adult learning features. The weakest age group is 50 and above. In their study Kiranli
and Yildirim[25] imply that employees whose retirement periods are approaching, are not much enthusiastic
about attending training programs any more. Similarly, at the age of 50 and above participant group in this study
provided negative responses to the questions concerning the in-service training enhanced with adult learning
features.
Based on the results obtained from the present study, participants who have between 11 and 15 years of teaching
experience provide difference among the teachers. This evidence is consistent with the data about age variable
since this is the same group with the age of 30s.
5. In-Service Training with Adult...
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The findings of the study indicate that science and math teachers are really eager to be a part of training
programs enriched with adult learning features whereas arts and music teachers have a quite the opposite view.
Karagoz[26] states in his study that arts teachers are not willing to participate in subject area oriented trainings
but they are enthusiastic for trainings about language teaching and ICT. While preparing an education or
training program, it is important to integrate the participants to every stage of the adult learning process [7]. In
Turkish in-service trainings, it is generally not a common practice to ask opinions, interests of teachers while
arranging the schedule and elements of it. Therefore, it is probable that arts teachers are the most affected group
among the others.
On the basis of the whole study, majority of the participants have positive attitude towards educational training
programs and evaluating both the programs and the tutorials or instructors. However, nearly all of the
participants refused to be evaluated. Moreover, participants prefer real life classroom environments rather than
online or package programs. In Turkey, at the end of the each academic year, teachers have to have in-service
training program at least 10 working days. Therefore, participants are in favour of attending to in-service
trainings within those days. Moreover, participant teachers demand for new institutions to be the part of the in-
service training programs such as universities and non-governmental organizations alongside with Ministry of
Education. In his study, Kul [27] also argues the similar findings. He states that including universities and other
nongovernmental legal personalities to the process would be advantageous not only for teachers but also for all
parties.
V. CONCLUSION
This present study focuses on the views of teachers in Turkey about the in-service trainings which are enriched
with adult learning features. Since the trainees are adults in in-service trainings, it is a shortcoming not to apply
any of the adult learning features. The participants in the research have positive attitudes towards this kind of
renovated trainings. However, there are some statistically significant differences in terms of gender, seniority,
age and subject area variables. Male participants who are in their 30s and have around 10 years of teaching
experience and finally teachers of maths and science are more willing to take part in new remodelled in-service
training programs than other groups.
Finally, the findings of the study provide that nearly none of the teachers are willing to be evaluated
arithmetically. Thus, it should be taken into consideration that while preparing an in-service training program, it
is better to evaluate only those who are eager to be assessed numerically.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
From pre-school to university, all the teachers in Turkey are managed and held through two central institutions
by government. Therefore, it is important for government to revise the in-service training programs in order to
improve them in terms of adult learning features. During the in-service programs in stages of preparation,
implementation and evaluation, it is better for authorities to work in coordination with specialized adult
educators. One of the most important features of adult education is to involve the learners to the educational
environment. In this way, they could feel themselves as a part of the whole process. Therefore, interests, needs
and demands of participants or trainees should be taken into consideration. Besides, it is significant to remember
that teachers from different subject areas, different age groups and different genders can have different needs
and demands.
In this present study; age, gender, seniority and subject area variables were applied to teacher samples in
Turkey. In the future, with similar or different variables, different job fields can be searched for the sake of
improving in-service trainings in terms of adult learning features and andragogical principles.
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