Needs Assessment
Importance of need assessment in curriculum development
purposes of need assessment in curriculum development
sources of need assessment in curriculum development
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
Needs Assessment
Importance of need assessment in curriculum development
purposes of need assessment in curriculum development
sources of need assessment in curriculum development
Teachers use curricula when trying to see what to teach to students and when, as well as what the rubrics should be, what kind of worksheets and teacher worksheets they should make, among other things.
It is actually up to the teachers themselves how these rubrics should be made, how these worksheets should be made and taught; it's all up to the teachers.
A curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.
Curriculum guide is a written curriculum.
Curriculum Planning is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created.
Curriculum Change, Planning and Transactionvalarpink
Curriculum Change
With changing time, curriculum should also change reflecting the needs and aspirations of the people. There cannot be a uniform curriculum for all the countries for all the time, because education is related to social, economic and political changes in the country. Curriculum content should be based on current information and not on the past information that has been proved to be false or outdated and unusable. There is therefore need for constantly changing and updating the curriculum content.
A curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.
Curriculum guide is a written curriculum.
Curriculum Planning is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created.
Curriculum Change, Planning and Transactionvalarpink
Curriculum Change
With changing time, curriculum should also change reflecting the needs and aspirations of the people. There cannot be a uniform curriculum for all the countries for all the time, because education is related to social, economic and political changes in the country. Curriculum content should be based on current information and not on the past information that has been proved to be false or outdated and unusable. There is therefore need for constantly changing and updating the curriculum content.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Education aims the behavior modification of
learners.
Behavior modification is achieved through a
series of activities of a curriculum, concerned with
guiding the teachers and students in the educative
process.
Therefore curriculum for the preparation of a
teacher and student who can carryout these
professional functions humanely and competently
must be developed.
3. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF
CURRICULUM
The term curriculum is derived from the
Latin word “currere” which means,
“run”.
Thus, curriculum is a runway of attaining
the goal of education.
Curriculum may be considered as a
blueprint of an educational program.
4. Definitions
According to Cunningham, “Curriculum is
the tool in the hands of an artist to mould
his material, according to his ideals in his
studio”.
In this definition, artist is the teacher,
material is the student ideals are objectives
and studio is the educational institute.
5. Definitions...
• The multiple definitions of curriculum, from
Oliva (1997) for Curriculum is:
A set of subjects.
A program of studies.
A set of materials
A sequence of courses.
A set of performance objectives
A course of study
6. Definitions...
• “Curriculum is the totality of experiences
that pupils receive through the manifold
activities that go in the school, in the
classroom, library, laboratory, workshop,
play ground and in the numerous informal
contacts between the teachers and pupils.” -
The Secondary Education Commission
(1952-1953)
7. Definitions...
• Tyler and Hilda Taba (1962) defined
curriculum as “A plan for action, or a
written document, which includes strategies
for achieving desired goals or ends.”
8. Purposes of curriculum
• Curriculum is an essential tool in the hands of
educators to guide a course of study that has the
following purposes:
• It communicates to the students in advance what
they are expected to learn in the specified time
duration to accomplish their educational goals.
• It introduces the criteria of examination or
evaluation to the students so that they can prepare
for exams accordingly.
9. Purposes of curriculum…
• It describes to the teachers the course, unit and
lesson objectives as well as required teaching
learning methods, which assists the teachers to
plan their lesson accordingly.
• It communicates to the policy makers about the
competencies and expertise of a particular group
of students the positions and roles they can
perform.
10. Characteristics
• Fulfillment of objectives
• Determined by factors - social, human
development, nature of learning and nature of
knowledge
• Cater individual differences.
• Pre- planned but can be changed .
• It is a blue print.
• It is a tool in hands of a teacher.
• More than teaching and learning.
• Describe environment in motion.
• All learning inside and outside school
11. Concepts of curriculum
• Curriculum is a set of planned activities which are
designed to implement a particular set of educational
aims.
• The concept of curriculum is as dynamic as the
changes that occur in society.
• In a narrow sense, curriculum is viewed merely as a
listing of subject to be taught in school.
• In a broader sense, it refers to the total learning
experiences of individuals not only in schools, but in
society as well.
12. Concepts of curriculum…
• According to Hamid Hasan (1988) curriculum
concept can be evaluated in four dimension:
• 1. Curriculum is an idea, especially in the field of
education and curriculum
• 2. Curriculum is plan written using that idea about
aims, methods, materials, activity and time.
• 3. Curriculum is an activity using the plan written
• 4. Curriculum is the change of behavior from all
educative participants.
13. Common concepts of a curriculum
• Scope and sequence
• Syllabus
• Content outline
• Textbooks
• Course of study
• Planned experiences.
14. STRUCTURE OR COMPONENTS OF
CURRICULUM
Curriculum invariably contains
• The statement of philosophy of the educational
program
• The statement of the objectives of educational
program
• Total duration of educational programme
• Detailed course plan for each course.
• Program of evaluation such as type of
examinations, various grades according to results,
percentage meant for internal assessment in
university examinations etc.
15. Structure/Components of the
Curriculum
• In most curricula, major structure
or components or elements are :
• 1.Need of the learner and society
• 2.Goals, aims and objectives
• 3.Subject matter or content
• 4.Learning experiences and
• 5.Evaluation approaches
16. Component 1: Need of the learner and society
• Curriculum should address the needs and
aspirations of students.
• It should also bring a revolution in the
society.
• Concern the needs of both the students and
the society.
17. Component 2: Curriculum Aims, Goals and
Objectives
Goals: School Vision and Mission
Aims: Elementary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Objectives: educational objectives
The educational system is divided in three
educational levels : primary , secondary ,
and tertiary levels. All schools shall aim to :
Inculcate patriotism and nationalism
Foster love of humanity
Promote respect for human rights
Appreciate the role of national heroes in the
historical development of the country
18. Teach the rights and duties of
citizenship
Strengthen ethical and spiritual
values
Develop moral character and
personal discipline
Encourage critical and creative
thinking
Broaden scientific and technological
knowledge and promote vocational
efficiency
19. Component 2: Curriculum Content or
Subject Matter
• Information to be learned in school,
another term for knowledge
• Consists of facts, concepts,
generalization, principles, theories.
• Chosen to fulfil the needs of the
learners and the society.
20. Component 3 – Curriculum Experience
• Instructional strategies and methods that
link the curriculum experiences.
• It is the core and heart of the curriculum.
• 1. Teaching methods are the means to
achieve the aims.
• 2. Teaching methods should stimulate the
learner’s desire to develop the cognitive,
affective, psychomotor, social and
spiritual domain of the individual.
21. Curriculum Experience…
3. In the choice of teaching methods,
learning styles of the students
should be considered
4. Flexibility should be a consideration
in the use of teaching methods
22. Component 4 – Curriculum Evaluation
To be effective, all curricula must have an
element of evaluation. Curriculum evaluation
refers to the formal determination of the quality,
effectiveness or value of the program, process
and product of the curriculum.
23. Dynamics of curriculum
• It is the changes in curriculum according to the
needs of the society.
• The curriculum is designed to realise the objectives
in terms of changing of behaviours.
• Dynamics of curriculum has the following
dimensions:
• 1. Teaching objectives, 2.Methods of teaching
3. Process of evaluation and 4. Feed back.
24. Dynamics of curriculum…
• 1. Teaching objectives
• Three types of teaching objectives viz.,
cognitive, affective and psycho-motor are
identified in view of subject content to be taught.
• These objectives are written in behavioural
terms.
• All learning experiences are organised to
achieve these objectives.
25. Dynamics of curriculum…
• 2.Methods of teaching
• These are the teaching strategies which
provide learning experiences.
• The objectives are realised in terms of
behavioural of the learners.
• The content is selected according to the
method of teaching and level of the pupil
understanding.
26. Dynamics of curriculum…
• 3. Process of evaluation
• The evaluation of change in behaviour is
done to ascertain about the realisation of the
teaching learning objectives.
• The level of the pupil performance indicates
the effectiveness of method of teaching and
learning experiences.
27. Dynamics of curriculum…
• 4. Feed back
• The interpretation of performance provides the
teacher to improve and modify the form of the
curriculum.
• The curriculum is developed and teaching
objectives are also revised.
• The methodology of teaching is changed in view
of the curriculum and objectives are to be
achieved.
28. Changing concepts of curriculum
• Curriculum is a way to achieve the aims of
education which are dynamic and go on
changing with the changing social
requirements.
• Naturally, the curriculum will reflect the
trends in education.
29. Changing concepts of curriculum…
• It includes well selected activities and
experiences needed for the development of
pupils according to social requirements
• It should provide wholesome school
programme to develop the desirable
behaviour patterns in the pupils.
30. Changing concepts of curriculum…
• The major dimensions of changing concepts
of curriculum:
• i) Curriculum as a Plan ii) Curriculum as an
experience iii) Curriculum as a subject
matter iv)Curriculum as an objective
vi) Curriculum as a system vii) Curriculum
as a field of study
31. CURRICULUM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
• A process in which participants at many
levels make decisions about the purposes of
leaning-teaching situation.
• It is the process of gathering, starting, selecting
balancing and synthesizing relevant
information from many resources in order to
design those experiences that will assist
learners in attaining the goals of curriculum.
• It is the orderly study and improvement of
schooling in light of stated objectives.
32. CHARACTERISTICS
• It is a continuous process
• It takes place at many levels
• It involves many groups, decisions about a
variety of planning and issues.
• It is ultimately concerned with the experiences
of learners
33. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM CONSTRUCTION
• Principle of activity and experience
• Principle of preparation of life
• Principle of linking with life
• Principle child centered
• Principle of individual difference
• Principle of flexibility
• Principle of leisure
• Principle of disciplinary value
• Principle of cultural value
• Principle of modernization
• Principle related to the need of society
34. CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
It is a committee consisting of members who actively
participate in the development or construction of curriculum for
their school/college.
• Curriculum administrator
• Principal
• School boards
• Communities
• Law makers
• Educational researchers
• Teacher educators
• Publishers contd….
35. • State department of education
• Parents
• Students
• Non school educators
• Project directors
• Authors
• Testers
36. STEPS IN CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT
According to Ralph Tyler, there are four
main steps or tasks in curriculum development
• Formation of educational objectives
• Selection of learning experiences
• Effective and efficient organization of leaning
experiences
• Evaluation of the curriculum
37. A). Formation of Educational Objectives
Educational objectives are the statements
of those desired changes in behavior as a
result of specific teaching learning activities
or specific teacher-learner activity.
• Philosophical statement of the institute
• Needs of the students
• Resources available in the society
• Entry criteria or level of students
• Future trends in curriculum
38. Steps in the formulation of educational
objectives
According to Ralph Tyler there are nine
essential tasks or steps in the formulation of
education objectives
Identify the needs of society
Study the suggestions of experts
Formulate the philosophy
State the objectives gathered from various
sources
39. • Formulate a theory of learning
• Screen the objectives through educational
philosophy and educational psychology helps
to determine the methods of teaching,
principles of teaching, methods of learning etc.
• Define the objectives clearly in terms of
content
• State the educational objectives in terms of
behavioral outcomes or changes.
40. 2. Selection of Learning Experiences
Learning experience
It is defined as deliberately planned
experiences in selected situations where
students’ activity participate, interact and
which results in desirable changes of behavior
in the students.
41. Characteristics of good learning experiences
Learning experiences should allow the student learning
by doing
Learning experience should create motivation and
interest among students.
Learning experiences should be challenging to the
students
Should satisfy the needs of the time
Should bring out multiple outcomes in students
Should help students to acquire needed knowledge skill
and attitude
Should be helpful in hunting or gathering information
Should be helpful to the students in attaining the
educational objectives
42. Criteria for the selection of learning
experiences
Learning experiences selected should be
Consistent with the philosophy of the institute & lead
to attainment of objectives of objectives of program
Varied and flexible enough
Given opportunity to practice the kind of behavior
implied in the objectives
Provide opportunity for the development of
independent thinking and decision making sound
judgmental, intellectual resourcefulness, self
discipline and sound integrity of purpose.
43. • Adapted to the needs of students
• Arranged in manner that provide, continuity,
correlation and integration of theory and
proactive
• Planned and evaluated co-operatively by
teacher & students
• Selected and arranged to give appropriate and
emphasis and weightage according to the
relative importance of various learning
experiences and contents.
44. 3). Organization of Learning Experiences
Continuity, sequence and integration has to be
followed while organizing the learning
experiences.
Continuity is achieved through building each
experience one after another.
Sequence refers to building of learning
experience are over another more deeply and
broadly.
Integration is relating the learning experiences
in such a way that the learner gets a unified
view of while learning
45. Elements of organizing the learning
experiences
Elements to be considered while organizing the
learning experiences are,
Grouping learning under subject headings
Preparation of master plan for curriculum
Placement of learning experiences in the total
curriculum
Preparation of correlation chart
Teaching practice systems have to be followed
46. 4). Evaluation of the Curriculum
Curriculum evaluation involves
An assessment of the philosophy of the
institution
Program goals of the institution
Content taught in each course
Course objectives
Teaching learning methods
Course evaluation methods and
47. A. Men whether curriculum has been organized and
implemented properly by the faculty members and
other personnel involved
B. Money whether money meant for curriculum
development is utilized properly
C. Materials evaluation of text books, literature and
the like used for the development and implementation
of curriculum
D. Methods whether teaching learning methods which
are planned in curriculum are appropriate
E. Minutes whether adequate time is given for theory
and practical in each course
48. TYPES OF CURRICULUM ORGANIZATION
1. Student centered curriculum
Co-operation, common interests, working together are
under lying elements brings about growth in life related
skills.
Learners are active partners in the curriculum pupil’s
interest individual’s needs are essential ingredients of
curriculum
Flexibility should be brought in the content, areas of
learning use of instructional materials.
Suitable resources have to be collected reference
books, newspapers, journals, excursions, libraries,
films, audiotapes and TV etc.
49. 2. Correlated curriculum
Two or more subjects often exists in a
school side by side with no apparent
connection. In some cases, these points are
‘natural’. For example, mathematical
formulate needed for solving problems in
physics or chemistry.
50. 3. Integrated or fused curriculum
It means ‘blended together’.
Making together of subjects and students
might provide a stronger base for learning
For example, all the subjects which basic
students learned in ten years, will be studied
with in two years
51. 4. Core curriculum
According to John Dewey’s “philosophy of
experimentalism gave concepts of core
curriculum
Focus of learning upon fundamental human
activities
Learning viewed of continuous reconstruction of
experience
Problem solving
Basic democratic values and dynamic changes
in political and social ideas, cultural factors.
Acceptance of cognitive theories of learning. It
is a dynamic, organic process