ABSTRACT: Bamboo fibres were carbonized at 600
0
C and used as particulate filler in natural rubber vulcanizates.
Carbon black was used as the reference filler, while maleic anhydride-grafted-polyisoprene was used as a compatibilizer.
The natural rubber vulcanizates were compounded on a two-roll mill, and test samples were prepared by compression
moulding. The cure characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of the natural rubber vulcanizates were studied at
filler loadings of 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 15 phr (parts per hundred parts rubber). The carbonized bamboo fibre was characterized
for filler properties and sieved to 0.08µm and 0.35µm particle sizes. Results obtained showed that compatibilized carbonized
bamboo fibre filled vulcanizates exhibited improvement in the cure properties investigated over the non-compatibilized
vulcanizates. Carbon black exhibited higher tensile strength, modulus, hardness and elongation at break in the vulcanizates
than carbonized bamboo fibre. However, at any given loading of carbonized bamboo fibre, these properties increased with a
reduction in particle size of the filler. Specific gravity of the vulcanizates increased with increases in filler loading, and was
found to be dependent on filler particle size. The smaller particle-sized carbonized bamboo fibre filled vulcanizates exhibited
higher specific gravity than those vulcanizates containing the larger particle-sized filler.
Keywords: bamboo fibre, carbonization, cure characteristics, natural rubber, physico-mechanical properties.
Mechanical properties of rice husk carbon black hybrid natural rubber compositeAlexander Decker
This document investigates the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with hybrid fillers of rice husk and carbon black. Six composite samples were prepared with varying ratios of rice husk to carbon black at a constant filler loading of 50 parts per hundred rubber. Testing showed that with increasing carbon black content, the composites exhibited increased tensile strength, modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance, but decreased elongation at break. Flex fatigue resistance improved with higher carbon black content due to reduced stiffening of the polymer chains. Therefore, the rice husk/carbon black hybrid filler can provide reinforcement for natural rubber where specific end-use mechanical properties are required.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pulverized groundnut husk powder on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites were prepared with groundnut husk powder filler contents of 2, 4, and 6% by weight and particle sizes of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0μm. The tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composites increased with increasing filler content and decreasing particle size, while strain-at-break decreased. The water sorption of the composites also increased with filler content. The results indicate that groundnut husk powder is an effective filler
2015 adhesion & bonding performance of lbl made from dendrocalamus sericeusTheerawat Thananthaisong
This summary provides the key points about laminated bamboo lumber made from Dendrocalamus sericeus bamboo:
1) The study investigated the surface properties and gluability of D. sericeus to determine its suitability for making laminated bamboo lumber (LBL).
2) LBL samples with different layer structures were produced and tested. Results showed the layered structure significantly affected properties like modulus of rupture, elasticity, and thickness swelling.
3) Analysis found D. sericeus to have a pH of 6.08, high buffering capacity, and wettability similar to common wood species, indicating its suitability for use in adhesive bonding applications like LBL.
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GREEN PARTICAL BOARD PRODUCE FROM CORNC...prawitjitiyakron
This research studied the potential of renewable material, corncob, as a composite with
starch binder to produce green particleboard. The starch was used as a binder in stead of
binder from formaldehyde. The corncob and starch binder composite was prepared using
compression molding at ratio between the composite was 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 respectively.
The increase of concentration of starch binder increased density and tensile strength of
composite. The result of water absorption of composite decreased with higher binder
content. As a natural material, it was shown that the mechanical performance of corncob and
starch binder composite could be tailored to reproduce the behavior of green particle boards
IRJET-Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse Polymer Composite for Structural Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing sugarcane bagasse polymer composites for structural applications. Sugarcane bagasse fiber was used to reinforce an epoxy resin matrix at fiber volume fractions of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Composites were tested for mechanical properties. Tensile and flexural strength both increased with fiber content up to 3.75% due to better fiber-matrix binding, but decreased above this point because fibers did not optimally mix in the matrix. The sugarcane fiber-epoxy composites showed potential for use in automobile structural components to reduce weight and costs compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical properties of rice husk carbon black hybrid natural rubber compositeAlexander Decker
This document investigates the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with hybrid fillers of rice husk and carbon black. Six composite samples were prepared with varying ratios of rice husk to carbon black at a constant filler loading of 50 parts per hundred rubber. Testing showed that with increasing carbon black content, the composites exhibited increased tensile strength, modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance, but decreased elongation at break. Flex fatigue resistance improved with higher carbon black content due to reduced stiffening of the polymer chains. Therefore, the rice husk/carbon black hybrid filler can provide reinforcement for natural rubber where specific end-use mechanical properties are required.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pulverized groundnut husk powder on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites were prepared with groundnut husk powder filler contents of 2, 4, and 6% by weight and particle sizes of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0μm. The tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composites increased with increasing filler content and decreasing particle size, while strain-at-break decreased. The water sorption of the composites also increased with filler content. The results indicate that groundnut husk powder is an effective filler
2015 adhesion & bonding performance of lbl made from dendrocalamus sericeusTheerawat Thananthaisong
This summary provides the key points about laminated bamboo lumber made from Dendrocalamus sericeus bamboo:
1) The study investigated the surface properties and gluability of D. sericeus to determine its suitability for making laminated bamboo lumber (LBL).
2) LBL samples with different layer structures were produced and tested. Results showed the layered structure significantly affected properties like modulus of rupture, elasticity, and thickness swelling.
3) Analysis found D. sericeus to have a pH of 6.08, high buffering capacity, and wettability similar to common wood species, indicating its suitability for use in adhesive bonding applications like LBL.
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GREEN PARTICAL BOARD PRODUCE FROM CORNC...prawitjitiyakron
This research studied the potential of renewable material, corncob, as a composite with
starch binder to produce green particleboard. The starch was used as a binder in stead of
binder from formaldehyde. The corncob and starch binder composite was prepared using
compression molding at ratio between the composite was 9:1, 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 respectively.
The increase of concentration of starch binder increased density and tensile strength of
composite. The result of water absorption of composite decreased with higher binder
content. As a natural material, it was shown that the mechanical performance of corncob and
starch binder composite could be tailored to reproduce the behavior of green particle boards
IRJET-Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse Polymer Composite for Structural Applic...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing sugarcane bagasse polymer composites for structural applications. Sugarcane bagasse fiber was used to reinforce an epoxy resin matrix at fiber volume fractions of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Composites were tested for mechanical properties. Tensile and flexural strength both increased with fiber content up to 3.75% due to better fiber-matrix binding, but decreased above this point because fibers did not optimally mix in the matrix. The sugarcane fiber-epoxy composites showed potential for use in automobile structural components to reduce weight and costs compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON HYBRID GLASS FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEIjorat1
1) The document discusses a study on hybrid glass fiber-epoxy composites with the addition of chemically treated natural fibers like jute and bagasse.
2) Jute and bagasse fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid solutions. Composite specimens with treated and untreated fibers were fabricated by compression molding with layers of natural and glass fibers in epoxy resin.
3) The study aims to identify the optimal chemically treated natural fiber material to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites. Mechanical properties of specimens will be compared to determine the effect of fiber treatment.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Analysing Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibres Reinforced with Tea Powder ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites reinforced with tea powder. Coconut coir fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide and used to reinforce an epoxy matrix. Tea powder was added as a filler material at 10% volume fraction. Three types of samples were tested: normal epoxy, untreated coir-epoxy composite, and treated coir-epoxy composite. Treated fiber composites showed the highest tensile strength, flexural modulus, and hardness. Experimental results demonstrated that a composite of treated coir fibers and tea powder filler exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to other combinations. The study aims to utilize natural fibers and waste materials to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly composite materials
IRJET- The Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Tensile Properties of Sisal Fi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Sisal fibers were extracted from leaves using a water retting method and then treated with 3%, 6%, and 9% NaOH solutions. Composites were made from untreated and treated fibers using epoxy resin and compression molding. Tensile tests found that composites from 3% NaOH treated fibers had the highest tensile strength, while those from 6% treated fibers had the highest Young's modulus. Chemical treatment improved the tensile properties by removing fiber surface components and increasing adhesion to the epoxy matrix.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Testing of Coconut Shell Reinforced Brake PADSIJSRED
1) The document describes research into developing coconut shell reinforced brake pads as a safer alternative to asbestos brake pads. Various samples of brake pads were created with different compositions of coconut shell powder, graphite, alumina, and epoxy resin.
2) The samples were tested on a wear testing machine at various speeds to measure the wear rate and coefficient of friction. Sample four performed the best with the lowest wear rate.
3) The research demonstrated that brake pads created with coconut shell reinforcement can be a viable non-toxic alternative to asbestos brake pads and perform well under testing.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 1: CompoundingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and analyzing kaolinite/polypropylene nanocomposites. Three types of polypropylene (PP) and kaolinite powder were compounded at various formulations from 0-30% kaolinite content using a twin-screw extruder. The compounded pellets were then extruded to produce fibers for further drawing or filaments for 3D printing. Melt flow properties and crystallization temperatures were analyzed for the different PP/kaolinite compositions. The crystallization temperature increase with kaolinite content indicates kaolinite acts as a nucleating agent for PP crystallization. Fibers, filaments, and 3D printed specimens were produced to characterize the
Studies on Physico - Mechanical Properties of Chloroprene Rubber Vulcanizate ...IJSRD
Among the vulcanized elastomers, the chloroprene rubber (Neoprene) possesses a good performance being one of the most used in the current days. Compounding was carried out in a two-roll mill and vulcanized at 150°C. However, this kind of polymer is seriously playing a vital role for the manufacture of power transmission belts in the automotive industry. A worldwide method that has been used and that is an important tool in the rubber vulcanization in hydraulic press curing at high temperature in which the chloroprene compound has virtual physical and mechanical properties. In this work, the chloroprene samples were prepared according to ASTM standards. The Rheological and the physico-mechanical properties of CR vulcanizate were studied.
Physico mechanical properties of flexible polyether foamAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various fillers on the properties of flexible polyether foam. Chicken bone, palm kernel shell, foam dust, calcium carbonate, and barium sulphate were used as fillers at 10% load. Testing showed that barium sulphate produced foam with the highest density and better properties than other fillers. All filled foams had higher density but lower elongation, porosity, and tensile strength than the unfilled foam. Barium sulphate filled foam performed closest to the unfilled foam for most properties. The study provides information on how different fillers affect the physico-mechanical properties of flexible polyether foam.
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of different types and amounts of carbon black filler on the mechanical and physical properties of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). Five types of carbon black (ISAF, HAF, FEF, GPF, SRF) were incorporated into NBR at concentrations from 0 to 100 parts per hundred rubber. The Young's modulus was found to increase with the carbon black content for all filler types. Percolation thresholds were detected in both the mechanical and physical behavior. Oxygen ion beam irradiation was also found to further increase the Young's modulus of NBR nanocomposites by 2-3 times for samples near the percolation threshold loading.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, physical properties, types of polymerization, and important polymers. It describes the different types of polymers based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and provides examples. The key types of polymerization covered are addition, condensation, copolymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization. Important polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and their properties and uses.
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including:
1. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, elastomers, fibers, etc. based on their properties and molecular structure.
2. Polymers can be formed through addition polymerization which involves chain initiation, propagation, and termination or condensation polymerization which eliminates small molecules like water.
3. Common polymers used in daily life include plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, nylon, etc. which are formed into objects through molding processes like injection, compression, and extrusion molding.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON HYBRID GLASS FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEIjorat1
1) The document discusses a study on hybrid glass fiber-epoxy composites with the addition of chemically treated natural fibers like jute and bagasse.
2) Jute and bagasse fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid solutions. Composite specimens with treated and untreated fibers were fabricated by compression molding with layers of natural and glass fibers in epoxy resin.
3) The study aims to identify the optimal chemically treated natural fiber material to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites. Mechanical properties of specimens will be compared to determine the effect of fiber treatment.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Analysing Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibres Reinforced with Tea Powder ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the mechanical properties of natural fiber composites reinforced with tea powder. Coconut coir fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide and used to reinforce an epoxy matrix. Tea powder was added as a filler material at 10% volume fraction. Three types of samples were tested: normal epoxy, untreated coir-epoxy composite, and treated coir-epoxy composite. Treated fiber composites showed the highest tensile strength, flexural modulus, and hardness. Experimental results demonstrated that a composite of treated coir fibers and tea powder filler exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to other combinations. The study aims to utilize natural fibers and waste materials to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly composite materials
IRJET- The Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Tensile Properties of Sisal Fi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Sisal fibers were extracted from leaves using a water retting method and then treated with 3%, 6%, and 9% NaOH solutions. Composites were made from untreated and treated fibers using epoxy resin and compression molding. Tensile tests found that composites from 3% NaOH treated fibers had the highest tensile strength, while those from 6% treated fibers had the highest Young's modulus. Chemical treatment improved the tensile properties by removing fiber surface components and increasing adhesion to the epoxy matrix.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of various fillers on the elevated temperature resistant properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with carbon and glass fibers. Five composite materials were fabricated with varying amounts of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fillers, while keeping other constituents like epoxy resin, glass fibers, and additives constant. The composites were tested mechanically and tribologically at room and elevated temperatures. Test results showed that tensile strength, hardness, impact energy, and wear resistance improved with increasing filler content, especially silicon carbide and aluminum oxide.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Testing of Coconut Shell Reinforced Brake PADSIJSRED
1) The document describes research into developing coconut shell reinforced brake pads as a safer alternative to asbestos brake pads. Various samples of brake pads were created with different compositions of coconut shell powder, graphite, alumina, and epoxy resin.
2) The samples were tested on a wear testing machine at various speeds to measure the wear rate and coefficient of friction. Sample four performed the best with the lowest wear rate.
3) The research demonstrated that brake pads created with coconut shell reinforcement can be a viable non-toxic alternative to asbestos brake pads and perform well under testing.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 1: CompoundingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and analyzing kaolinite/polypropylene nanocomposites. Three types of polypropylene (PP) and kaolinite powder were compounded at various formulations from 0-30% kaolinite content using a twin-screw extruder. The compounded pellets were then extruded to produce fibers for further drawing or filaments for 3D printing. Melt flow properties and crystallization temperatures were analyzed for the different PP/kaolinite compositions. The crystallization temperature increase with kaolinite content indicates kaolinite acts as a nucleating agent for PP crystallization. Fibers, filaments, and 3D printed specimens were produced to characterize the
Studies on Physico - Mechanical Properties of Chloroprene Rubber Vulcanizate ...IJSRD
Among the vulcanized elastomers, the chloroprene rubber (Neoprene) possesses a good performance being one of the most used in the current days. Compounding was carried out in a two-roll mill and vulcanized at 150°C. However, this kind of polymer is seriously playing a vital role for the manufacture of power transmission belts in the automotive industry. A worldwide method that has been used and that is an important tool in the rubber vulcanization in hydraulic press curing at high temperature in which the chloroprene compound has virtual physical and mechanical properties. In this work, the chloroprene samples were prepared according to ASTM standards. The Rheological and the physico-mechanical properties of CR vulcanizate were studied.
Physico mechanical properties of flexible polyether foamAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of various fillers on the properties of flexible polyether foam. Chicken bone, palm kernel shell, foam dust, calcium carbonate, and barium sulphate were used as fillers at 10% load. Testing showed that barium sulphate produced foam with the highest density and better properties than other fillers. All filled foams had higher density but lower elongation, porosity, and tensile strength than the unfilled foam. Barium sulphate filled foam performed closest to the unfilled foam for most properties. The study provides information on how different fillers affect the physico-mechanical properties of flexible polyether foam.
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of different types and amounts of carbon black filler on the mechanical and physical properties of butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). Five types of carbon black (ISAF, HAF, FEF, GPF, SRF) were incorporated into NBR at concentrations from 0 to 100 parts per hundred rubber. The Young's modulus was found to increase with the carbon black content for all filler types. Percolation thresholds were detected in both the mechanical and physical behavior. Oxygen ion beam irradiation was also found to further increase the Young's modulus of NBR nanocomposites by 2-3 times for samples near the percolation threshold loading.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, physical properties, types of polymerization, and important polymers. It describes the different types of polymers based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and provides examples. The key types of polymerization covered are addition, condensation, copolymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization. Important polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and their properties and uses.
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including:
1. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, elastomers, fibers, etc. based on their properties and molecular structure.
2. Polymers can be formed through addition polymerization which involves chain initiation, propagation, and termination or condensation polymerization which eliminates small molecules like water.
3. Common polymers used in daily life include plastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, nylon, etc. which are formed into objects through molding processes like injection, compression, and extrusion molding.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
This document discusses polymerization reactions and polymer classification. It begins by defining monomers and polymers, and explaining that polymerization is the chemical reaction where monomers join together via covalent bonds to form polymers. Polymers are classified as homopolymers, copolymers, or by their chain structure. The two main types of polymerization reactions are step-growth and chain-growth polymerization. Step-growth includes condensation polymerization while chain-growth includes addition polymerization. The document provides examples of common polymers formed by different reaction types and ends by discussing applications of polymeric materials.
Protocols are structured ways to guide collaborative conversations that help focus discussions and create a safe space for sharing ideas. They involve dividing into groups with a facilitator, presenter, and participant. The facilitator introduces the protocol and keeps the structure, the presenter chooses work and a key question, and the participant comes with an open mind and knows the questions. Protocols are used to collaborate, fine tune work, and reflect on teaching through determining cross-curriculum collaboration.
An Experimental Investigation of Capacity Utilization in Manufacturing Indus...IJMER
In the modern day competitive world, every organization demands an effective utilization of
capacity. Capacity Utilization means the maximum amount of output that can be produced in the short run of time. A lot of planning is necessary for the proper management of capacity. Capacity planning is one side of a coin and capacity management is the other. The capacity plans needs to be executed flawlessly, with unpleasant surprises avoided. A managerial problem is to match the capacity with the plans. Companies whether labour or machine intensive have a CI trend that remains fairly constant in
that particular sector. For example a company will have a monthly cumulative CI trend that could be compared with any other company trend within the same market. The present paper makes an attempt to study the most important parameter of the organization i.e capacity utilization of a company
Analysis of Multicast Routing Protocols: Puma and OdmrpIJMER
This document summarizes and compares two multicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: PUMA and ODMRP. It begins with an introduction to ad hoc networks and multicast routing. It then provides details on PUMA, a receiver-initiated protocol where receivers elect a core node to reduce flooding. PUMA establishes a mesh structure along shortest paths from the core to group members. ODMRP is a mesh-based protocol that maintains multiple paths between sources and receivers through periodic control messages. It is more resilient to failures but has higher overhead than PUMA. The document analyzes the algorithms, advantages, and disadvantages of each protocol.
Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Tec...IJMER
Electrical automation is an important option for obtaining optimal solution while monitoring the electrical power consumption. While using the conventional methods the errors in continuous monitoring of power consumption is more. But the system requires not only the monitoring of the energy but also requires the analysis of the monitored energy. In this paper wavelet analysis is used for the analysis of the monitored energy/power which is monitored by GPRS technology. By using the GPRS mobile technology the energy consumption is monitored continuously and the observed data is interfaced to the computer by RS 232 port. By using MATLAB the monitored data is processed to obtain in depth analysis of the monitored power. The proposed method not only monitors the data but also provides efficient means to analyze the observed data by Wavelet Transform
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
Experimental studies have been conducted to understand disc brake noise and vibration. Researchers have used brake dynamometers and on-road testing to examine different parameters and operating conditions. They have measured vibration behavior using microphones and accelerometers. Studies have found that slotted discs can eliminate squeal vibration, while friction material and pad geometry changes can reduce it. Holographic interferometry has been used to view vibration modes on self-excited brakes. Further research aims to standardize noise measurement methods and remove subjective assessments to better understand noise generation and reduction.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named 𝝀 − 𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. – ...IJMER
This document discusses λ-jections, a generalization of projection operators. It shows that if E is a λ-jection, then expressions of the form aE^2 + bE are projections under certain conditions on a and b. Three specific projections - A, B, and C - are obtained. It is shown that A and B are orthogonal, and that the range and null space of E are equal to those of C. The ranges of A and B are also characterized in terms of the operator E.
High Performance Germanium Double Gate N-MOSFETIJMER
The current MOSFET technology supports scaling down to nanometer. To achieve
enhanced transistor switching, it is difficult to keep the equivalent driver current at the same level
since it changes by the certain restrictions like effective masses, density of states, uniaxial- and
biaxial- strain; band structure, channel orientation, channel mobility, off-state leakage, switching
delay in nano-scale and parasitic latch up. Current strained-Si is the ruling technology for
intensifying the performance of MOSFET and development of strain can provide a better solution to
the scaling. The future of nano-scale MOSFETs relies on exploration of novel higher mobility channel
materials such as stained-Ge and strained III-V groups that might perform even better than very
highly strained-Si. In addition, parameters such as injection velocity, short channel length effect and
Band-to-Band Tunneling (BTBT) result in reduction of inversion charge, increase in leakage current,
resulting in decrease in the drive current. While developing accurate model of MOSFETs all these
complex effects should be captured. It is proposed to
1. Design high performance double gate n-MOSFET with channel material Ge.
2. Benchmarked & stimulate high performance double gate n-MOSFET by using the simulation
techniques.
Fatigue Analysis of Acetylene converter reactorIJMER
The structural integrity of mechanical components during several transients should be
assured in the design stage. This requires a fatigue analysis including thermal and structural analysis. As
an example, this study performs a fatigue analysis of the acetylene converter reactor during arbitrary
transients. Using heat transfer coefficients determined based on the operating environments, a transient
thermal analysis is performed and the results are applied to a finite element model along with the
pressure to calculate the stresses. The total stress intensity range and cumulative fatigue usage factor are
investigated to determine the adequacy of the design.
Natural rubber is a polymer obtained from latex extracted from rubber trees. It is a form of polyisoprene that provides elasticity and strength. The commercial source is the Para rubber tree, but other plants also contain latex. Natural rubber is compounded with additives and processed through mixing, shaping, and vulcanization with sulfur to produce durable materials for use in tires, hoses, footwear and other products. Glass fiber reinforcement improves the strength and modulus of natural rubber composites. The main applications of natural rubber are in automobile tires and other vehicles, as well as household and medical products that require elasticity and strength.
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Chemically Modified Natural FibreIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chemically modifying sisal fibers through alkaline treatment prior to reinforcing unsaturated polyester resin composites. Sisal fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions at concentrations of 2%, 6%, and 10% for time periods of 2, 3, and 5 hours. Treated and untreated fiber samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and incorporated into unsaturated polyester resin to create composites. Composites were tested for tensile, flexural, and impact properties. Results showed that NaOH treatment improved fiber-matrix adhesion and mechanical properties compared to untreated fibers. Concentrations of 10% NaOH at 2 and 5 hours as well as 6
This document discusses a study on reactive compatibilization of natural rubber (NR)/carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) blends using maleic anhydride-grafted-polyisoprene (MAPI) and epoxy resin as dual compatibilizers. The results show that addition of the compatibilizers decreases cure time and increases scorch time of the blends, improving processability. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength and elongation also increase with the compatibilizers. Additionally, solvent resistance of the blends increases with higher XNBR content and addition of the compatibilizers. The compatibilizers are believed to react at the interface of the immiscible NR
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Coc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that synthesized and analyzed the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse-coconut coir-epoxy composites. Samples were manufactured with 40% fiber content and tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than for pure epoxy, indicating improved properties from the natural fiber reinforcement. The document also reviews previous literature on using natural fibers like jute and sisal to reinforce composites, and techniques like fiber surface treatments and compatibilizers to improve mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Experimental study was conducted to investigate the use of coir fiber as reinforcement in cement composites. Coir fiber was treated with natural latex before being added to concrete in lengths of 20mm, 25mm, and 30mm at percentages of 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. Compressive strength tests at 7, 14, and 28 days showed that strength initially increased up to 0.75% fiber content and then decreased. The maximum compressive strength was achieved using 25mm fiber at 0.75% addition. The study concluded that coir fiber improves concrete properties and resistance to sulphate attack while reducing environmental pollution compared to synthetic fibers.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
The document discusses how adding pulverized groundnut husk powder as a filler to polypropylene affects some mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Some key findings:
1) Tensile strength, modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the composites increased with higher filler content and smaller filler particle size, while strain-at-break decreased.
2) The best mechanical properties were achieved with 6% filler content and 0.2 micron particle size.
3) Using groundnut husk powder as a filler improved the stiffness, strength, and impact resistance of polypropylene composites compared to unfilled polypropylene.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes research on injection molded bagasse fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Thermal analysis using TGA showed a two-stage decomposition of the composites between 260-480°C. XRD analysis found that crystallinity of the polypropylene matrix decreased from 87.36% to 61.12% with increasing bagasse fiber reinforcement from 0% to 30%. The study established that untreated bagasse fiber contains components like sucrose residue that affect composite properties. Further investigations are suggested to study the effect of fiber treatments and crystallinity on mechanical properties. The composites showed potential to replace injection molded polypropylene products.
This document summarizes research on optimizing the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites using response surface methodology. Bamboo fiber mats were mixed with varying amounts of nano-silica and epoxy resin to create composite samples. Mechanical tests evaluated properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal composite composition. A quadratic regression model found the 32H composite, with 3 layers of bamboo fiber and 2% nano-silica, performed best in tensile tests and had high energy absorption. The study concluded a composite with 2 wt.% silica and 2 layers of natural bamboo fiber provided high quality mechanical properties.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHE...IAEME Publication
The document discusses the effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced bisphenol composites. PALF of lengths 3mm, 6mm, 9mm, and 12mm were used as reinforcement. Testing found the highest tensile strength of 36.36 MPa and flexural strength of 132.62 MPa for the 9mm fiber length composite. The highest impact strength of 3.2 kJ/m^2 was obtained for the 6mm fiber length composite. In general, fiber length significantly influenced the tensile and flexural properties, with strengths increasing up to 9mm fiber length and then decreasing for 12mm length.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
Natural rubber is a polymer obtained from the latex of rubber trees, with the commercial source being the Para rubber tree. It undergoes vulcanization through the addition of sulfur to convert it into an elastic material suitable for use in automobile tires, footwear, hoses and other products. Natural rubber composites can be reinforced with various fillers like carbon black, silica, fibers and nanoparticles to improve the material's mechanical properties for different applications.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of palf reinforced bisphe...IAEME Publication
The document discusses a study on the effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced bisphenol composites. PALF fibers of lengths 3mm, 6mm, 9mm, and 12mm were used to reinforce bisphenol composites. Testing showed that the composite with 9mm length fibers had the highest tensile strength of 36.36MPa and flexural strength of 132.62MPa, while the composite with 6mm fibers had the highest impact strength of 3.2KJ/m2. In general, the results indicated that fiber length significantly influences the tensile properties of reinforced composites, with 9mm fibers producing the best results.
The document discusses studies on carbon fibre composites. It introduces composites and various natural and synthetic fibres used in composites like carbon, glass, sisal etc. It describes advantages of carbon fibre like strength and light weight. Advantages of sisal fibre include low cost and flexibility. The document outlines methods to modify fibre surfaces including physical, chemical and silane treatments. It also discusses challenges with sisal and carbon fibres and different composite manufacturing methods. Finally, it summarizes various literature on using silane treatments and alkali treatments to improve mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced composites.
Similar to Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Carbonized Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Comparing Various SDLC Models On The Basis Of Available MethodologyIJMER
There are various SDLC models widely accepted and employed for developing software.
SDLC models give a theoretical guide line regarding development of the software. Employing proper
SDLC allows the managers to regulate whole development strategy of the software. Each SDLC has its
advantages and disadvantages making it suitable for use under specific condition and constraints for
specified type of software only. We need to understand which SDLC would generate most successful
result when employed for software development. For this we need some method to compare SDLC
models. Various methods have been suggested which allows comparing SDLC models. Comparing SLDC
models is a complex task as there is no mathematical theorem or physical device available. The essence
of this paper is to analyse some methodologies that could result in successful comparison of the SDLC
models. For this we have studied various available tools, techniques and methodologies and have tried
to extract most simple, easy and highly understandable method for comparing SDLC models.
A Technique by using Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for Intrusion Detection and...IJMER
—This paper proposes a technique uses decision tree for dataset and to find the basic
parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference system for Intrusion Detection and
Forensics. Approach of generating rules using clustering methods is limited to the problems of
clustering techniques. To trait to solve this problem, several solutions have been proposed using
various Techniques. One such Technique is proposed to be applied here, for an analysis to Intrusion
Detection and Forensics. . Fuzzy Inference approach and decision algorithms are investigated in this
work. Decision tree is used to identify the parameters to create the fuzzy inference system. Fuzzy
inference system used as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for intrusion detection
and forensics. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were done with NSL-KDD
intrusion detection dataset.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
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UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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CI/CD with in UiPath
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Carbonized Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4683-4690 ISSN: 2249-6645
Cure Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Carbonized
Bamboo Fibre Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
G.N.Onyeagoro
Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Bamboo fibres were carbonized at 6000C and used as particulate filler in natural rubber vulcanizates.
Carbon black was used as the reference filler, while maleic anhydride-grafted-polyisoprene was used as a compatibilizer.
The natural rubber vulcanizates were compounded on a two-roll mill, and test samples were prepared by compression
moulding. The cure characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of the natural rubber vulcanizates were studied at
filler loadings of 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 15 phr (parts per hundred parts rubber). The carbonized bamboo fibre was characterized
for filler properties and sieved to 0.08µm and 0.35µm particle sizes. Results obtained showed that compatibilized carbonized
bamboo fibre filled vulcanizates exhibited improvement in the cure properties investigated over the non-compatibilized
vulcanizates. Carbon black exhibited higher tensile strength, modulus, hardness and elongation at break in the vulcanizates
than carbonized bamboo fibre. However, at any given loading of carbonized bamboo fibre, these properties increased with a
reduction in particle size of the filler. Specific gravity of the vulcanizates increased with increases in filler loading, and was
found to be dependent on filler particle size. The smaller particle-sized carbonized bamboo fibre filled vulcanizates exhibited
higher specific gravity than those vulcanizates containing the larger particle-sized filler.
Keywords: bamboo fibre, carbonization, cure characteristics, natural rubber, physico-mechanical properties.
I. Introduction
Natural rubber (NR) is an interesting material with commercial success due to its excellent physical properties,
especially high mechanical strength, low heat build-up, excellent flexibility, and resistance to impact and tear, and above all
its renewability [1]. However, raw dry rubber is seldom used in its original state for any engineering and domestic
application. Consequently, rubber manufacture involves the addition to rubber many ancilliary materials called additives to
allow the rubber compounds to be satisfactorily processed and vulcanized in order to improve the application properties of
the rubber compound. Additives used in rubber manufacture include vulcanizing agents, accelerators, activators and/or
retarders, fillers, anti-degradants, among others.
Fillers represent one of the most important additives used in rubber compounding. Fillers are added to rubber
formulation in order to optimize properties needed for service application [2]. Reinforcement of rubber polymers with
particulate fillers is a subject that has captured the interest of a large number of researchers [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Property
advantages obtainable from filler reinforced rubber vulcanizates include design flexibility, improved physico-mechanical
properties such as tensile properties, hardness, and processing economy. Due to strong environmental regulations worldwide
and increased interest in the proper utilization of renewable natural resources, efforts have been made to find alternative
reinforcements that are environmentally friendly while providing the same performance as their synthetic counterparts [8].
With their low cost, easy availability, ease of chemical and mechanical modification, and high specific mechanical
properties, natural fibres represent a good, renewable and biodegradable alternative to the most common synthetic
reinforcement [9].
Carbon black is always considered the most commonly consumed reinforcing filler in the rubber industry [10].
Considering its problems such as its non-renewable petroleum origin, dark color, contamination and pollution, researchers
are seeking an adequate alternative [11],[12]. Thus, the use of nano-fillers such as nano-ZnO, nano-Al2O3, and nano-CaCO3
as substitutes for carbon black in rubber compounding has been suggested [13]. The authors reported that the use of these
fillers exhibited superior physical and mechanical properties in the vulcanizates when compared to the conventional micro-
composites. Excellent reports exist in the literature on the use of different fillers to reinforce natural/synthetic rubber and
their blends. Osman et al. [14] studied the effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the properties of
recycled newspaper (RNP) filled polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) composites. The authors found that the
incorporation of MAPP reduced the water uptakes of the composites. In a study by Ansarifer et al. [15] on the properties of
natural rubber reinforced with synthetic precipitated amorphous white silica nano-filler it was reported that compression set,
tensile strength and harness were improved on addition of filler into the rubber, while elongation at break, tear strength and
cyclic fatigue were adversely affected. Yang et al. [16] in their studies on the influence of graphite particle size, and shape on
the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) found that graphite with the smallest particle size possessed the best
reinforcing ability, while the largest graphite particles exhibited the lowest function coefficient of the composites among four
fillers investigated.
The reinforcing effects of coal shale-based fillers on natural rubber on the basis of filler particle size have been
investigated [17]. The authors reported that the ultra micro coal-shale powder exhibited excellent filler properties. In other
reports, the use of renewable agro-based materials such as cocoa pod husk and rubber seed shells [18], palm kernel husk
[19], short pineapple leaf fiber [20], and snail shell powder [4] as fillers in natural rubber were examined.
The present study reports the use of carbonized bamboo fibre as filler in natural rubber. One of the most important
aspects of composite manufacture is to achieve adequate adhesion between filler and the rubber matrix. In this work, the cure
www.ijmer.com 4683 | Page
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4683-4690 ISSN: 2249-6645
characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of carbonized bamboo fibre filled natural rubber vulcanizates using maleic
anhydride-graft-polyisoprene (MAPI) as compatibilizer are reported. Bamboo fibre was selected as the reinforcement
because bamboo is an abundant natural resource in Nigeria and its overall mechanical properties are comparable to those of
wood [21]. The use of carbonized bamboo fibre in reinforcing natural/synthetic rubber had not been reported in the scientific
literature to my knowledge. However, the effect of filler carbonization temperature on the tensile properties of natural rubber
compounds filled with cassava (Manihot esculenta) peel carbon filler was reported by Stella et al. [22] who revealed that the
physico-mechanical properties of the composites were greatly influenced by filler loading and filler carbonization
temperature. Similarly, the influence of carbonized Dika (Irvialgia Gabonensis) nutshell powder on the vulcanizate
properties of natural rubber/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber blends was studied by Onyeagoro [23]. The author found that
synchronous use of carbon black and carbonized Dika nutshell produced significant improvements in the vulcanizate
properties of the blends at 10 phr filler loading, and suggested that carbonized Dika nutshell powder could serve as potential
substitute filler for carbon black in the rubber industry, especially in the production of low-cost/high volume rubber products
where strength is not critical.
II. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Natural rubber (Standard African Rubber, SAR 3) having the properties given in Table 1 was obtained from the
Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN), Iyanomo, Benin City. The rubber compounding ingredients such as carbon
black (N330), sulphur, accelerator (MBT), zinc oxide, stearic acid, wax and anti-oxidant (TMQ) were of commercial grade
and supplied by Dunlop Plc, Lagos, Nigeria. The bamboo used in this work belongs to the species of Bambusa Paravariabilis
and was obtained from Forest Reserve Areas in Umuokanne in Imo State, Nigeria. Maleic anhydride-graft-Polyisoprene used
as compatibilizer was purchased from Rovet Chemicals Ltd, Benin City, Nigeria.
Table 1: Properties of Standard African Rubber (SAR 3) [25]
Parameters
Volatile matter 0.40
Dirt content retained on 45µm sieve (%) 0.02
Nitrogen (%) 0.23
Ash content (%) 0.32
Initial Plasticity (P0) 36
Plasticity Retention Index (PRI) 67
Plasticity after aging for 30 min @ 1400C (P30) 24
Mooney Viscosity, ML (1+4), 1000C 70
2.2. Carbonization and Characterization of Bamboo Fibres
Bamboo chips were produced by means of a wood planar which were then air-dried to a constant weight. Portion of
the dried bamboo chips was milled to fine powder, sieved through a mesh of 150µm, and collected as unmodified bamboo
fibre in a dessicator until required. The unmodified bamboo fibre was weighed and carbonized at a temperature of 6000C for
3 hours [26] using a Muffle furnace. The carbonized bamboo fibre (CBF) portion was then milled to fine powder and sieved
through a mesh size of 0.08, and 0.35µm. It was kept in a dessicator and allowed to cool to room temperature until required.
CBF and carbon black (CB) were then characterized and used for compounding.
2.3. Characterization of Carbonized Bamboo Fibre and Carbon Black (N330)
Carbonized bamboo fibre (CBF) and Carbon black (CB) were characterized in terms of loss in ignition, PH, bulk
density and surface area. The loss on ignition was determined gravimetrically according to ASTM 1509 standard test
method. The PH and bulk density were determined by methods described by Ahmedna et al [27]. Iodine adsorption number
method was used to measure the surface area as described by Ahmedna et al [28]. Moisture content and oil absorption were
measured according to standard procedures described by ASTM D 1510, 1983 and BS 3483, Part B7, respectively. The
results obtained are as presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Characterization of Carbonized Bamboo Fibre (CBF) and Carbon black (CB)
Parameter CBF CB (N330)
Loss on ignition 79.3 91.3
PH of slurry @ 320C 8.45 6.35
Iodine adsorption number (mg/g) 56.10 82.43
Bulk density (g/ml) 0.47 -
Moisture content (%) 5.13 2.72
Oil absorption (kg) 5.83 (0.35µm) 8.76
6.25 (0.08µm)
www.ijmer.com 4684 | Page
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4683-4690 ISSN: 2249-6645
2.4. Preparation of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
Table 3 gives the recipe used in the formulation of natural rubber compound. Mixing was carried out on a
laboratory two-roll mill size (160 x 320 mm) in accordance with ASTM–D 3184-80. The nip gap, mill roll speed ratio,
sequence of addition and time of mixing of the ingredients were kept the same for all the composite samples. The sheeted
rubber compound was conditioned at room temperature, 32 0C for 24 hours in a closed container and was further processed
by curing. Curing was achieved by a method described by Igwe and Ejim [4]. The cured samples were coded accordingly for
property testing.
Table 3: Compounding recipe for Filler reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
Ingredients (Phr) Formulation
A B C D
Natural Rubber (NR) 100 100 100 100
Stearic acid 2 2 2 2
Zinc Oxide 5 5 5 5
TMQ* 1 1 1 1
MBT+ 1 1 1 1
Sulphur 2 2 2 2
Processing aid 2 2 2 2
Maleic anhydride-graft-Polyisoprene (Compatibilizer) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Filler# Variable (2, 4, 6, 10, 15)
*
TMQ = Trimethyl Quinoline
+
MBT = Mercaptobenzoylthiazole
# Filler = Bamboo fibres (CBF) and Carbon black (CB)
2.5. Cure Characteristics of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
The cure characteristics were measured using a Monsanto Moving Die Rheometer (MDR Model). The scorch time,
t2 and cure time, t90 were obtained from the rheometer at 1500C. The Mooney viscosity was also determined at 1200C using a
Monsanto automatic Mooney Viscometer (MV 2000 Model). The testing procedure was done according to the method
described in ASTM D 1646 – 94.
2.6. Testing of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
The following tests were conducted on the rubber samples using standard test methods [14, 16, 17, 22]: tensile
strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, hardness and specific gravity.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of bamboo fibre
Measurement of some characteristics of carbonized bamboo fibre (CBF) and those of carbon black (CB) which
served as the reference filler in this study was carried out, and the results are presented in Table 4.The weight loss in ignition
is a measure of the carbon content lost during combustion and measures the effectiveness of the filler. The higher the value,
the greater the reinforcement effect of the filler [18, 20]. The higher value of loss in ignition recorded for CB when compared
to CBF is an indication that CB is more resistant to heat effect. Table 4 shows that the iodine adsorption number of CB is
greater than that of CBF. The iodine adsorption number is a measure of the surface area of the filler; the higher the value, the
finer or smaller the particle sizes of the filler (larger surface area) and the greater the reinforcing ability.
Table 4 also shows the oil absorption values for the fillers. The values indicate that the aggregate structure of
carbon black is only greater than that of carbonized bamboo fibre particle size 0.08 and 0.35µm by about 2.51 and 2.93 kg,
respectively. According to ASTM classification, CB consists of modular subunits called particles [18]. The similarity in the
oil absorption values for the fillers may be an indication that CBF of particle sizes, 0.08 and 0.35µm have structures that may
be closely related to CB, and therefore may produce similar effects in the vulcanizate [4].
3.2 Cure Characteristics of natural rubber vulcanizates
The effects of filler loading and compatibilizer on the scorch time, t2 and cure time, t90 of carbonized bamboo fibre
filled natural rubber vulcanizates are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. It can be seen that both properties decrease with increase in
filler loading. This is attributed to longer residence time of the rubber vulcanizates in the mill during mixing. Similar
observation was reported by Geethamma et al. [29]. According to the authors, the incorporation time of filler into rubber
matrix increases as the filler loading increases and consequently generates more heat due to additional friction. However, at
similar filler loading, the scorch and cure times of vulcanizates with compatibilizer are shorter than for the vulcanizates
without compatibilizer, which is attributed to enhanced fibre-matrix adhesion and more energy required to incorporate the
fibres due to increased viscosity.
The effect of filler loading and compatibilizer on Mooney viscosity of carbonized bamboo fibre filled natural rubber
is shown in Fig. 3. The result shows that the Mooney viscosity increases with increase in filler loading and addition of
compatibilizer. This indicates that the addition of both filler and compatibilizer increase the stiffness of the vulcanizates.
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This observation is consistent with the report of Kumar et al. [30] for short sisal fibre filled styrene-butadiene rubber
composites.
0
5 2 4 6 10 15
4.3 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2
4.5
4
3.5
Scorch time (min)
3
2.5
Control
2
Compatibilizer
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 1. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and compati bi l i zer on carboni zed bamboo fi bre fi l l ed
natural rubber compos i tes .
0 14 2 4 6 10 15
11.7 11.3 11.1 10.7 10.6 10.55
12
10
Cure time (min)
8
6 Control
Compatibilizer
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading
Fi gure 2. Effects of fi l l er l oadi ng and compati bi l i zer on cure ti me of carboni zed bamboo
fi bre fi l l ed natural rubber.
12
0.8 2.5 3.9 5.95 6.1 6.3
10
Mooney viscosity (MU)
8
6
Control
4 Compatibilizer
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 3. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and compati bi l i zer on Mooney vi s cos i ty of carboni zed
bamboo fi bre fi l l ed natural rubber.
3.3 Mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates
The effect of filler loading and particle size on tensile strength of filled natural rubber is presented in Fig. 4. It can
be seen that tensile strength decreases with increasing filler loading. The decrease in tensile strength of rubber vulcanizates
with increase in filler loading has been reported by Arumugam et al. [31] who worked on coconut fibre reinforced rubber
composites and found that the tensile strength of rubber vulcanizates decreased with increases in coconut fibre content.
Similarly, Ismail et al. [12] reported e decrease in tensile strength of rubber vulcanizates with increase in filler loading when
working with oil palm wood flour reinforced epoxidized natural rubber. The authors attributed the decrease in tensile
strength to poor filler dispersion with filler addition. This behavior can be related to the probable tendency of the filler to
form agglomerates. However, other researchers [32, 33] reported increases in tensile strength with increase in filler loading.
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The tensile strength of rubber vulcanizates filled with CBF, particle size, 0.08µm showed higher tensile strength
than those filled with CBF, particle size, 0.35µm. This observation is expected, and it is attributed to better filler dispersion
and filler-matrix interaction. Generally, the smaller the particle sizes of filler, the greater the tensile strength of the
vulcanizates [12]. Carbon black (CB), used as reference filler in this study steadily showed significant increases in the tensile
strength of the vulcanizates, and produced higher tensile strengths than CBF filled NR. As earlier pointed out, the
effectiveness of filler may be measured by its carbon content. Fillers with higher carbon content, provide greater
reinforcement than those with lower carbon content because carbon itself is a very good reinforcing filler, Okieimen and
Imanah [18]. It can be seen from the weight loss on ignition (Table 2) that CB has more carbon content than CBF and this
partly explains the better reinforcing ability shown by CB over CBF. Tensile strength is affected by filler particle size, filler
surface area and filler geometry. The filler geometry may be responsible for the poor strength property shown by carbonized
bamboo fibre. Excellent reports by Mishra and Shimpi [32] have shown that irregularly shaped fillers could cause decreases
in the strength of composites. The authors attributed this observation to the inability of the filler to support stresses
transferred from the polymer matrix.
10
8.6 8.9 8.5 8.1 8.3 7.9
9
8
Tensile Strength (MPa)
7
6
5 0.35micro-metre CBF
4 0.O8micro-metre CBF
3 0.08micro-metre CB
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 4. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and parti cl e si ze on tensi l e strength of fi l l ed natural
rubber.
Figs. 5 and 6 show the effect of filler loading and particle size on tensile modulus and hardness of filled natural
rubber, respectively. The results show that both properties increase with increasing filler loading, indicating increases in
stiffness of the composites with the incorporation of filler into the rubber matrix. It is evident from the figure that the tensile
moduli and hardness of carbonized bamboo fibre filled natural rubber are less than that of carbon black filled natural rubber,
at all the filler loadings and particle sizes investigated. However, the carbonized bamboo fibre (CBF) with the smaller
particle sizes (0.08µm) showed higher values in both properties in the vulcanizates than the CBF with larger particle sizes
(0.35µm). This is because a reduction in particle size provides a greater surface area and reinforcement [36]. Carbon black
has a very high surface activity, which provided greater reinforcement in comparison with carbonized bamboo fibre. Thus,
the observed trends reveal that surface activity and polymer matrix-filler interaction are important factors controlling the
tensile modulus and hardness. Ahmad et al. [3] reported that natural rubber forms a strong adsorptive bond with carbon
black. In their independent studies, Kohjiya and Ikeda [34] and Poh et al. [35], reported that the modulus and hardness of
filled vulcanizates can be enhanced by improving the surface and surface reactivity of fillers, filler dispersion and filler-
polymer matrix interaction.
8
1.5 2 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.2
7
6
Tensile Modulus (MPa)
5
4 0.35micro-metre CBF
3 0.08micro-metre CBF
0.08micro-metre CB
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 5. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and parti cl e si ze on tensi l e modul us of fi l l ed natural
rubber.
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Fig. 7 shows the effect of filler loading and particle size on elongation at break (EB) of vulcanized natural rubber.
The result shows that the EB of carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizate is higher than the EB of carbonized bamboo
fibre filled natural rubber vulcanizate at the filler loadings studied. In general, the incorporation of reinforcing or non-
reinforcing (inert) fillers into natural rubber produces decreases in elongation at break of rubber vulcanizates [18]. The
decreasing trend in EB with increasing filler loading is attributed to increase in stiffness and brittleness, which decreased the
resistance to stretch on application of strain.
However, at any given carbonized bamboo fibre loading investigated, the EB of the vulcanizates increases with
decrease in the particle size of carbonized bamboo fibre. The increase in the EB with a reduction in the filler particle size can
be attributed to more uniform dispersion of the smaller sized filler in the rubber matrix, which resulted in greater absorption
and more efficient transfer of stresses to the matrix.
100
30.4 40.2 48 53.2 58.3 63.1
90
80
70
Hardness (IRHD)
60
50 0.35micro-metre CBF
40 0.08micro-metre CBF
30 0.08micro-metre CB
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Figure 6. Effect of filler loading and particle size on the hardness of filled natural rubber.
0 800 2 4 6 10 15
750 420 380 295 240 180
700
600
Elongation at break (%)
500
0.35micro-metre
400 CBF
0.08micro-metre
300 CBF
0.08micro-metre CB
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 7. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and parti cl e s i ze on the el ongati on at break of
fi l l ed natural rubber.
Fig. 8 shows the effect of filler loading and particle size on the specific gravity of natural rubber vulcanizates. The
figure shows a general increase in specific gravity with increases in filler loading, irrespective of the type of filler
considered. This observation is consistent with the reports of Igwe and Ejim [4] and Mishra and Shimpi [32] who revealed a
general increase in the specific gravity of rubber vulcanizates with increasing filler loading. However, at all particle sizes
investigated, the specific gravity of the carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates was greater than those of rubber
vulcanizates filled with carbonized bamboo fibre. This may be due to more uniform dispersion of carbon black in the matrix,
with the resultant increase in filler-matrix interaction.
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At any given loading of carbonized bamboo fibre considered, the specific gravity of the vulcanizates increases with
a reduction in the particle size of the filler. The increasing trend in the specific gravity with decrease in the filler particle size
may be due to the filler size effect, in which case the smaller sized filler became more uniformly dispersed in the rubber
matrix to keep the rubber chain intact on crosslinking.
0 1.8 2 4 6 10 15
1.02 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.18
1.6
1.4
1.2
Specific gravity
1
0.35micro-metre CBF
0.8
0.08micro-metre CBF
0.6
0.08micro-metre CB
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Filler loading (phr)
Fi gure 8. Effect of fi l l er l oadi ng and parti cl e si ze on speci fi c gravi ty of fi l l ed natural rubber.
IV. CONCLUSION
The cure characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of carbonized bamboo fibre filled natural rubber
vulcanizates were studied as a function of filler loading, filler particle size and compatibilizer. The scorch time, t 2 and cure
time, t90 of carbonized bamboo fibre filled natural rubber vulcanizates decreased with increase in filler loading and the
presence of compatibilizer.
Carbon black (CB), the reference filler, exhibited higher tensile strength, modulus and hardness in the vulcanizates
than carbonized bamboo fibre (CBF). However, at any given loading of CBF considered, these properties increased with a
reduction in particle size of the filler. An increasing trend in specific gravity with increases in filler loading was observed,
irrespective of the type of filler considered. However, rubber vulcanizates containing smaller particle- sized CBF exhibited
higher specific gravity than those containing the larger particle-sized filler.
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