Electrical automation is an important option for obtaining optimal solution while monitoring the electrical power consumption. While using the conventional methods the errors in continuous monitoring of power consumption is more. But the system requires not only the monitoring of the energy but also requires the analysis of the monitored energy. In this paper wavelet analysis is used for the analysis of the monitored energy/power which is monitored by GPRS technology. By using the GPRS mobile technology the energy consumption is monitored continuously and the observed data is interfaced to the computer by RS 232 port. By using MATLAB the monitored data is processed to obtain in depth analysis of the monitored power. The proposed method not only monitors the data but also provides efficient means to analyze the observed data by Wavelet Transform
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
Design and Implementation of Low Cost Smart Web Sensors for Electric Power Qu...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The paper presents a low cost virtual instrument for monitoring the power quality events. The problem of power quality concerns the interferences which can be present in the mains. These electromagnetic disturbances can overcome a large interval of frequencies and can be present in industrial, domestic as well as commercial system .As main negative effects we can mention the high order harmonics, voltage fluctuations, flickers and disturbances with high slew-rates It is frequently indispensable to measure power quality indexes in wide electric power plant or in industrial zones. To this aim a low cost smart web sensors has been designed and implemented to acquire, process and transmit data over 802.3 network .It is organized in multi micro controller system. The first one dedicated to the data acquisition and the other to data processing, dynamic HTML pages construction and TCP/IP stack management. Key features of realized devices are low cost, data processing and remote communication capabilities, the possibility to provide data with any internet browser.
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
Design and Implementation of Low Cost Smart Web Sensors for Electric Power Qu...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The paper presents a low cost virtual instrument for monitoring the power quality events. The problem of power quality concerns the interferences which can be present in the mains. These electromagnetic disturbances can overcome a large interval of frequencies and can be present in industrial, domestic as well as commercial system .As main negative effects we can mention the high order harmonics, voltage fluctuations, flickers and disturbances with high slew-rates It is frequently indispensable to measure power quality indexes in wide electric power plant or in industrial zones. To this aim a low cost smart web sensors has been designed and implemented to acquire, process and transmit data over 802.3 network .It is organized in multi micro controller system. The first one dedicated to the data acquisition and the other to data processing, dynamic HTML pages construction and TCP/IP stack management. Key features of realized devices are low cost, data processing and remote communication capabilities, the possibility to provide data with any internet browser.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
Application for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unit
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Electricity theft detection and localisation in unknown radial low voltage ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract The distribution of electricity involves both technical and non-technical losses. One major cause of non-technical loss is the illegal abstraction of electricity which is also known as ‘Electricity Theft’. The illegal usage of electricity has many associated problems, both for utilities and consumers of electricity, implying that there is a pressing need for theft detection and localisation. Traditional methods of identifying illegal electricity consumers are time consuming and ineffective as measurements have to be performed at a large number of suspected locations. Smart metering in future electricity networks will lead to a more efficient automated system for the detection and localisation of electricity theft. This will enable immediate action to be taken by distribution network operators against the offenders and will help to improve the quality, reliability and security of electricity supply systems. The aim of this study was to analyse the performance of an electricity theft detection and localisation technique in an unknown grid. The method assumed the availability of measured voltages, currents, and powers from installed smart meters. The detection step was a power comparison process and the localisation step was a voltage comparison process. The investigation involved analysis in the presence of single and simultaneous multiple thefts. To better represent future networks with increasing penetration of renewable energy generators, distributed generation was added to the system and the capability of the detection and localisation technique was further explored. All the simulations were performed in Matlab/Simulink. It was found that the method performed satisfactorily, with a minimum stolen power of 450 W successfully detected and localised. Keywords: Electricity Theft, Smart Meters, Double Feeding, Low Voltage Radial Network, Matlab/Simulink
Echelon Enables Powerful and Efficient Grid Analytics with New Smart Meter Software that Helps Utilities Avoid Service Outages.
- Industry First - Smart meters (Echelon/OSGP) can now be upgraded in the field to function as multi-parameter grid sensors, in addition to serving as billing devices.
- Reduces Data Deluge - Separating billing data from grid power quality data enables utilities to minimize the volume of data collected and processed, while increasing its usefulness – ultimately improving service reliability at lower cost.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
Experimental Investigation of the Residual Stress and calculate Average Fatig...IJMER
Shot peening procedures developed over the ago in substantial improvements of fatigue properties and Fatigue life. The use of shot peening on aluminium 7075-T6 plates to improve fatigue properties and improve resistance to stress on the corrosion cracking with help of glass beads and various peening methods. When these components subsequently are loaded in tension or bending to a
stress level in the range below the required for yield, the actual tensile stress at the surface is lower than
that calculated on the basis of load and cross sectional area. Fatigue are major problem which normally
start at or near the surface stressed in tension, thus processes that produce residual surface compressive
stresses in components usually enhance the resistance to fatigue. The impact of glass shots which create
resistance after the shot penning process carried out and also control the effects of failure on aluminium
alloys
A Novel Data Extraction and Alignment Method for Web DatabasesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
In the present paper , we introduce and study the concept of gr- Ti- space (for i =0,1,2) and
obtain the characterization of gr –regular space , gr- normal space by using the notion of gr-open
sets. Further, some of their properties and results are discussed.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
Application for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unit
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Electricity theft detection and localisation in unknown radial low voltage ne...eSAT Journals
Abstract The distribution of electricity involves both technical and non-technical losses. One major cause of non-technical loss is the illegal abstraction of electricity which is also known as ‘Electricity Theft’. The illegal usage of electricity has many associated problems, both for utilities and consumers of electricity, implying that there is a pressing need for theft detection and localisation. Traditional methods of identifying illegal electricity consumers are time consuming and ineffective as measurements have to be performed at a large number of suspected locations. Smart metering in future electricity networks will lead to a more efficient automated system for the detection and localisation of electricity theft. This will enable immediate action to be taken by distribution network operators against the offenders and will help to improve the quality, reliability and security of electricity supply systems. The aim of this study was to analyse the performance of an electricity theft detection and localisation technique in an unknown grid. The method assumed the availability of measured voltages, currents, and powers from installed smart meters. The detection step was a power comparison process and the localisation step was a voltage comparison process. The investigation involved analysis in the presence of single and simultaneous multiple thefts. To better represent future networks with increasing penetration of renewable energy generators, distributed generation was added to the system and the capability of the detection and localisation technique was further explored. All the simulations were performed in Matlab/Simulink. It was found that the method performed satisfactorily, with a minimum stolen power of 450 W successfully detected and localised. Keywords: Electricity Theft, Smart Meters, Double Feeding, Low Voltage Radial Network, Matlab/Simulink
Echelon Enables Powerful and Efficient Grid Analytics with New Smart Meter Software that Helps Utilities Avoid Service Outages.
- Industry First - Smart meters (Echelon/OSGP) can now be upgraded in the field to function as multi-parameter grid sensors, in addition to serving as billing devices.
- Reduces Data Deluge - Separating billing data from grid power quality data enables utilities to minimize the volume of data collected and processed, while increasing its usefulness – ultimately improving service reliability at lower cost.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
Experimental Investigation of the Residual Stress and calculate Average Fatig...IJMER
Shot peening procedures developed over the ago in substantial improvements of fatigue properties and Fatigue life. The use of shot peening on aluminium 7075-T6 plates to improve fatigue properties and improve resistance to stress on the corrosion cracking with help of glass beads and various peening methods. When these components subsequently are loaded in tension or bending to a
stress level in the range below the required for yield, the actual tensile stress at the surface is lower than
that calculated on the basis of load and cross sectional area. Fatigue are major problem which normally
start at or near the surface stressed in tension, thus processes that produce residual surface compressive
stresses in components usually enhance the resistance to fatigue. The impact of glass shots which create
resistance after the shot penning process carried out and also control the effects of failure on aluminium
alloys
A Novel Data Extraction and Alignment Method for Web DatabasesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
In the present paper , we introduce and study the concept of gr- Ti- space (for i =0,1,2) and
obtain the characterization of gr –regular space , gr- normal space by using the notion of gr-open
sets. Further, some of their properties and results are discussed.
: The main objective of this paper is the systematic description of the current research and
development of small or miniature unmanned aerial vehicles and micro aerial vehicles, with a focus on
rotary wing vehicles. In recent times, unmanned/Micro aerial vehicles have been operated across the
world; they have also been the subject of considerable research. In particular, UAVs/MAVs with rotary
wings have been expected to perform various tasks such as monitoring at fixed points and surveillance
from the sky since they can perform not only perform static flights by hovering but also achieve vertical
takeoffs and landing. Helicopters have been used for personnel transport, carrying goods, spreading
information, and performing monitoring duties for long periods. A manned helicopter has to be used for
all these duties. On the other hand, unmanned helicopters that can be operated by radio control have
been developed as a hobby. Since unmanned helicopters are often superior to manned helicopters in
terms of cost and safety, in recent years, accomplishing tasks using unmanned helicopters has become
popular. Considerable expertise is required to operate unmanned helicopters by radio control, and
hence, vast labor resources are employed to train operators. Moreover, it is impossible to operate
unmanned helicopters outside visual areas because of lack of radio control, and the working area is
hence limited remarkably. For solving the above problems, it is necessary to realize autonomous
control of unmanned helicopters. However, no general method for designing the small unmanned
helicopters has been developed yet – today, various design techniques by different study groups using
different helicopters exist. In this paper the conceptual design process is explained.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Effect of Molybdenum Disulphide on Physical Properties of Neodymium-Iron-Boro...IJMER
The present paper reports the effect of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on magnetic and
mechanical properties of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) bonded magnet. Powder metallurgy process
has been used to prepare the test samples containing 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percentage of MoS2. Compact
and hardness tests have been performed to measure the physical properties of samples. Saturation
magnetization, remanence and intrinsic coercivity have been checked using vibrating sample
measurement (VSM) test
Influence of Mineralogy and Fabric on the Engineering Properties of the Miang...IJMER
Abstract: The major problem associated with the use of rock aggregates in engineering construction, is the difficulty of
predicting their probable field performance. This is mainly due to the inadequate understanding of the decisive factors that
control their engineering behavior. The mineralogy and fabric of the Miango granite porphyry was studied to assess their
influence on engineering properties. The uniaxial compressive strength and aggregate crushing values show that the rocks are
weak while other tests such as aggregate impact strength, water absorption, and absorption under saturation, soundness and
specific gravity values are fairly good. However, thin section studies revealed three distinctive features which greatly influence
the physico-mechanical properties: (a) abundant fractures of varying sizes (b) Sericitization of the orthoclase and or plagioclase
feldspars (c) intergrowth of quartz and or orthoclase feldspars. The quartz grains shows extensive cracking which further reduces
their mechanical strength. The strength loss of the granite porphyry could be attributed to the presence of the fractures on the
quartz grains and the sericitization of the orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars. Geotechnical characterization of the rocks shows
that they can be utilized as roadstone or could be polished and used as facing stones because of their non disintegration to
sulphate attack and the large feldspar phenocrysts in the rock.
Key Words: Aggregate Impact Value Tests; Aggregate Crushing Value; Water Absorption; Crushing Load
In this paper, we define and study about a new type of generalized closed set called, 𝑔∗s-closed set.Its relationship with already defined generalized closed sets are also studied.
An Effective Tea Leaf Recognition Algorithm for Plant Classification Using Ra...IJMER
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant, as identified in botanical terms, and in particular in plant morphology. Naturally a leaf is a thin, flattened organ bear above ground and it is mainly used for photosynthesis. Recognition of plants has become an active area of research as most of the plant species are at the risk of extinction. Most of the leaves cannot be recognized easily since some are not flat (e.g. succulent leaves and conifers), some does not grow above ground (e.g. bulb scales), and some does not undergo photosynthetic function (e.g. cataphylls, spines, and cotyledons).In this paper, we mainly focused on tea leaves to identify the leaf type for improving tea leaf classification. Tea leaf images are loaded from digital cameras or scanners in the system. This proposed approach consists of three phases such as preprocessing, feature extraction and classification to process the loaded image. The tea leaf images can be identified accurately in the preprocessing phase by fuzzy denoising using Dual Tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DT-DWT) in order to remove the noisy features and boundary enhancement to obtain the shape of leaf accurately. In the feature extraction phase, Digital Morphological Features (DMFs) are derived to improve the classification accuracy. Radial Basis Function (RBF) is used for efficient classification. The RBF is trained by 60 tea leaves to classify them into 6 types. Experimental results proved that the proposed method classifies the tea leaves with more accuracy in less time. Thus, the proposed method achieves more accuracy in retrieving the leaf type.
Thermodynamic properties and modeling of sorption isotherms for longer storag...IJMER
Moisture equilibrium data of Urtica urens leaves by desorption and adsorption were
determined at 30, 40, and 50°C. The isotherms were determined by a static gravimetric method for
various temperature and humidity conditions. Five mathematical models were used to fit
the experimental data. A nonlinear least-squares regression program was used to evaluate the constants
of the five desorption and adsorption isotherm models GAB and Modified Halsey models were adequate
to describe the sorption characteristics of the samples. Isosteric heats of desorption and adsorption were
calculated by applying the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to the sorption isotherms at different
temperatures. It decreased with increasing moisture content. We recognized the linear relation exists
between the enthalpy and entropy of the sorption reaction
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
This is a complete automated solution for the existing energy distribution and monitoring system in
India,which can monitor the meter readings continuously and take necessary actions to maintain the power
grid stable. A Power Line Communication (PLC) based modem is integrated with each electronic energy
meter. Through PLC the meters communicate with the coordinator. Coordinator makes use of GPRS modem
to upload/download data to/from internet. A personal computer with an internet connection at the other end,
which contains the database acts as the billing point. Live meter reading sent back to this billing point
periodically and these details are updated in a central database. An interactive, user friendly graphical
interface is present at user end. All the energy logs, notices from the Government, billing details and average
statistics will be available here. The system splits the loads into critical loads and non critical loads. This
makes the distribution system more intelligent. More over prior information about the power cuts can be
done. We can easily implement many add-ons such as energy demand prediction, real time dynamic tariff as
a function of demand and supply and so on.
Fuzzy Logic Method in SCADA to Optimize Network Electric Power Smart GridIJRESJOURNAL
Abstract: Smart grid is one of the solutions in terms of distribution of electricity to make it more effective and reliable. One of the main functions of the smart grid is to provide an important role in maintaining the reliability of electricity supply. Some sections in the smart grid include existing equipment at the site and the central computer. In order to convey the data from the site plant to the central computer, it needs a smart grid instrument controllers like SCADA. SCADA has a role to monitor, control, and communicate in two-ways between equipment on the site plant and the central computer. In SCADA systems, we often experience difficulty in obtaining data such as uncertainty of data and non-precision data. Then a method to overcome it is needed. In this study, Fuzzy Logic is used to detect network conditions toward the aspects of loading and the interference of overcurrent. Using four input variables with three and four linguistic value and four output variable with two linguistic value has resulted in eighty one rule base. Identification of faults was conducted by how big the DC voltage and the current. Once validated by SCADA systems and the use of Fuzzy Logic, we obtained 97.53% of the perfection of the system.
One promising means of reducing the transmission and distribution losses is through the distributed generation of electricity closer to the end user such as net metering schemes. And the other approach is managing customer consumption of electricity in response to supply conditions, for example, stimulating electricity customers to reduce their consumption at critical times or in response to market prices, thereby reducing the peak demand for electricity. In order to assist consumers to make informed decisions on how to manage and control their electricity consumption, consumers should have a system to monitor their real-time electricity consumption as well as a communication network with the service provider. But traditional electricity meters only record energy consumption progressively over time, normally in monthly basis and provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Therefore the necessity of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has been emerged to address the above matters. Nowadays most of the nations are looking to rollout into Smart Meters enabling faster automated communication of information to consumers on their real time electricity consumption, and to service providers.
a smart meter electronically measures how much energy is being used and how much it costs, and then communicates it to the energy supplier and the customer. Smart meters can also enable the provision of new services to consumers as it can record consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less, and also gather data for remote reporting using two-way communication between the meter and central system.
IEC 61850-9-2 based module for state estimation in co-simulated power grids IJECEIAES
This paper presents a research context on the virtualization of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and real-time power grids simulation with state estimation. In this research, real-time simulation is introduced to use powerful features for validating state estimation solutions with PMUs. Virtual and online measurement equipment are reviewed in this manuscript to develop an innovative integration of the OpenPMU incorporated with a real-time simulation power grid and additional virtualized PMUs. The implementation of the platform has useful features within the infrastructure that allows the user to reproduce a detailed modeled power grid with simulation software. The use of real-time simulation tools brings several possibilities for improving testing and prototype assessment with higher precision in different applications. In this case, 2 tests power systems are evaluated by realistic integration of IEC61850-9-2 data utilization to observe the performance of a customized state estimation approach. The study implements a versatile methodology for commissioning OpenPMU devices, interacting simultaneously with additional virtual PMUs within the same simulation through sampled values (SV) to validate the measurement frames and assess the estimation with the generated data. Finally, the proposed work identifies the potential of virtualizing PMUs and the features of the OpenPMU applied to state estimation in conjunction with real-time simulation data
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
Energy scavenging using vibrations from bluetooth controlled DC motorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wide spectrum of research for application-based solutions has grown due to the requirement of automation of general electrical appliances. A low-cost solution is presented in this paper to control DC motor using Bluetooth module and controlled by an ARM processor. The main objective here is to build an efficient closed loop system which is wirelessly controlled by ARM processor 2103 using Bluetooth module and Bluetooth dongle. The system suggested here is expandable and can be integrated with latest technologies as well. The paper gives the details of the prototype for home automation system and gives the expected results with 0.1% tolerance. It also suggests the ways to integrate this system with the mobile phones and hence control the devices with the mobile handsets. The vibration frequency of the DC motor is used to generate electrical potential using MEMS tecnonlogy. A novel idea of self powered DC motor is thus presented by installing MEMS based energy harvester on the motor shaft.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Technology
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 66 |
Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical
Power by Mobile Technology
P. Ram Kishore Kumar Reddy
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, MGIT, Hyderabad, India
I. Introduction
On line Monitoring of the electrical energy in terms of voltage and current is very important for
taking appropriate steps basing on the observed data. Online monitoring of energy supports remote monitoring
of electrical energy if the system is interfaced with mobile technology such as GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications or GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) systems. GSM is an interface connects the
automated meter to home appliances [1] .Similarly GPRS system interfaces the electrical energy to be
monitored to remote units where the monitored energy is observed continuously to take corrective measures if
any sort of anomalies are observed. In general voltage profile, current profile, KWH profile is monitored
continuously as the load is changing continuously. Basically the monitored electrical variables will be
measured by the meter which consists of microcontroller programmed to monitor the variables and the meter
consists of a modem which communicates the observed variables to remote units by GPRS technology. At the
sight of remote unit ,appropriate decision will be taken with the help of monitored data[2].As an illustration ,if
the measuring instrument consists of the said characteristics then it is called intelligence meter where logistics
can be implemented such as the meter disconnects the supply to home appliances or industrial customers if the
consumer consumes more than the intended power. That is the control center can monitor remotely about the
level of energy consumption by a particular consumer and can take the appropriate decision.
In order to achieve the online monitoring of electrical power, microcontroller based designs can be
preferred due to its versatile features while processing the data corresponding to the parameters. During the
past years a number of researches contribute with the help of microprocessors and controllers for continual
monitoring of system parameters. During theft of the power there will be corresponding changes in the Power
levels and these changes in the magnitude needs to be monitored via online process.
While doing so wavelet analysis can be implemented by interfacing the monitored data with PC by using RS
232 port. Wavelet analysis identifies even slight changes in the monitored data and thus facilitates indepth
analysis of the monitored power.
Thus Real-time monitoring of electrical power necessitates great abilities of data-handling and data-
processing. These requirements limit the possibility of monitoring, in spite of the fact that microprocessor-
based monitoring systems have observed vital development in their storage and computational power[3].
Development of compact algorithms will benefit power quality because they will allow monitoring of more
points simultaneously for large systems, and, they will help in building powerful embeddable monitoring
architectures within small power devices.
ABSTRACT: Electrical automation is an important option for obtaining optimal solution while
monitoring the electrical power consumption. While using the conventional methods the errors in
continuous monitoring of power consumption is more. But the system requires not only the monitoring of
the energy but also requires the analysis of the monitored energy. In this paper wavelet analysis is used
for the analysis of the monitored energy/power which is monitored by GPRS technology. By using the
GPRS mobile technology the energy consumption is monitored continuously and the observed data is
interfaced to the computer by RS 232 port. By using MATLAB the monitored data is processed to obtain
in depth analysis of the monitored power. The proposed method not only monitors the data but also
provides efficient means to analyze the observed data by Wavelet Transform
Keywords: Energy monitoring, GPRS system, Hardware system, Multi Resolution Analysis, Real time
monitoring, wavelet transforms.
2. Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Technology
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 67 |
II. Online Monitoring System
The introduction of wireless communication has allowed many technical applications around the
world to carry out technical activities in a novel way. General Packet Radio Service is a new, high-speed,
packet-switching technology, for GSM networks. It makes sending and receiving large volumes of data over a
mobile telephone network possible. A simple way to understand packet switching is to relate it to a puzzle.
GPRS offers a continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer user’s. In most of
the applications data communication require continuous data transfer especially in the cases of energy
monitoring applications.GPRS provides a significant advances to mobile data usage and usefulness..Its main
innovations are that it is packet based, that it will increase data transmission speeds, and that it will extend the
Internet connection all the way to the mobile PC – the user will no longer need to dial up to a separate ISP.
GTPRS will complement rather than replace the current data services available through today’s GSM
digital cellular networks, such as Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service
Figure.1 Schematic diagram of GPRS
Figure.2 Architecture of GPRS system
To realize the online monitoring of the data, ATmega162 microcontroller which is shown in Figure.3
has been used to process the electrical data. Code is dumped on to the microcontroller (pin diagram shown in
fig 3) to control the electrical data to be monitored such as current, voltage and KWh [4]. At the sending end
and receiving end GPRS modem is established, and the monitored data is transmitted using GPRS at sending
end and the same data is received at remote location by using GPRS at receiving end [5]. The proposed
hardware model is shown in fig4. The module shown in fig4 is at sending and receiving end to transmit and
receive the monitored data by the microcontroller.
3. Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Technology
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 68 |
Figure.3 Pin diagram of ATmega162 Microcontroller
In the laboratory the module is tested for variable inductive load such that the corresponding data is
received by the modem at receiving end which has been interfaced with PC for further analysis with Wavelet
Transform in MATLAB environment.
Figure.4 Hardware model for automated monitoring
As an illustration the observed data is given in the following table.
V=210 volt, Meter can measure up to 12A, KVA=2.0, R-L load
S.No Voltage Load current
in AMPS
1 209 1
2 209 2
3 209 3
4 209 4
5 209 5
6 209 6
7 208 7
8 208 8
9 208 9
S.No Time in
Minutes
KWh Measured from
Energy meter
1 5 0.142
2 10 0.200
3 15 0.424
4 20 0.546
5 25 0.723
6 30 0.788
7 35 0.967
8 40 1.116
9 45 1.266
10 50 1.417
11 55 1.554
12 60 1.698
4. Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Technology
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 69 |
Figure.5 Load variation with corresponding kWh
III. Wavelet Multi Resolution Analysis
The main idea of wavelet multi-resolution analysis is that any function f(t) can be approximated step
by step and the approximation of each step is just to smooth f(t) by a lower-pass function φ(t) which will also
expand or contract according to the step. f (t) is approximated in different precision in different steps. Mallet
algorithm is adopted to decompose the signal. The signal to be analyzed is to decompose at different dilations
and shifted till in-depth resolution of the signal is achieved. Firstly the high-pass filters h[n] and low pass filter
g[n] the load signal s can be decomposed into two sub serials c1 [n] and d1 [n].The transform is an orthogonal
decomposition of the signal [6]. The c1 [n], named the approximation of signal s contains the low frequency
component of the signal s and d1 [n] is the detail of the signal is associated with the high frequency component
of the signal s. The further step by expanding the scale function φ (t) the approximation c1 [n] is again
decomposed into c2[n] and d2[n] . By using the Wavelet analysis in the PC, the monitored data is analyzed to
observe the discontinuities in the observed data. While applying wavelet transform ,detailed and approximate
coefficients are obtained and these values provides information regarding any sort of anomalies in the observed
data shown in fig 6.
Figure.6 Selected coefficients
This concept can be extended even to monitor the condition monitoring of the power transformer with respect
to temparature,voltage,and overload condition.
5. Wavelet Based Analysis of Online Monitoring of Electrical Power by Mobile Technology
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2014 | 70 |
IV. Conclusion
A real time energy monitoring system for simple load is proposed and developed and its automation
closer to real time is realized with microcontroller based GPRS system. The developed approach is low and
able to identify anomalies in monitored data with the help of approximate and detailed coefficients as the
receiving end GPRS system is interfaced with PC by RS232 port. The developed system is tested in laboratory
with variable resistive and inductive load.
REFERENCES
[1] Fabio Borghese, "Evaluating The Leading-Edge Italian Telegestore Project", ENEL, Business Development
Executive, Infrastructure and Networks Division.
[2] Gerwen, R.J.F., Jaarsma, S. and Koenis, F., Cost Benefit Analysis for Automated Metering, Metering International,
issue 4, 2005
[3] Information on automated metering project on Continuon website: http://www.continuon.nl, visited June 8, 2006.
[4] Information on website Oxxio: http://www.oxxio.nl visited June 8, 2006 and brochure C 06-05-02.
[5] Sungmo Jung, Jae-gu Song, Seoksoo Kim, “Design on SCADA Test-bed and Security Device,” International
Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, October, 2008
[6] S. Mallat, “A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation”, IEEE, Trans. on
Pattern Anal. and Mach. Intel., vol. 11, pp. 674-693, 1989