The document discusses the effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced bisphenol composites. PALF of lengths 3mm, 6mm, 9mm, and 12mm were used as reinforcement. Testing found the highest tensile strength of 36.36 MPa and flexural strength of 132.62 MPa for the 9mm fiber length composite. The highest impact strength of 3.2 kJ/m^2 was obtained for the 6mm fiber length composite. In general, fiber length significantly influenced the tensile and flexural properties, with strengths increasing up to 9mm fiber length and then decreasing for 12mm length.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
In present scenario natural fibers have received much attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers, banana fiber was focused for its pretreatment conditions for preparing perfect fiber. In previously many researchers have found various fibers have been pretreated and they obtain its properties and its applications. In this project banana fiber has been taken as natural fiber and it was pretreated and its properties after pretreatment were obtained. The pretreatment was alkali, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate treatment, and bleaching was carried out. Then the composite specimen boards were fabricated by various pretreatment banana fiber, polyethylene and matrix. It undergone to mechanical testing, tensile test, hardness test and also SEM analysis was carried out to check their microstructure. The perfect fiber was found by the obtained results from their properties and bonding nature.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
In present scenario natural fibers have received much attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers, banana fiber was focused for its pretreatment conditions for preparing perfect fiber. In previously many researchers have found various fibers have been pretreated and they obtain its properties and its applications. In this project banana fiber has been taken as natural fiber and it was pretreated and its properties after pretreatment were obtained. The pretreatment was alkali, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate treatment, and bleaching was carried out. Then the composite specimen boards were fabricated by various pretreatment banana fiber, polyethylene and matrix. It undergone to mechanical testing, tensile test, hardness test and also SEM analysis was carried out to check their microstructure. The perfect fiber was found by the obtained results from their properties and bonding nature.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Chemically Modified Natural FibreIOSR Journals
Abstract: The effects of surface treatment on some mechanical properties of sisal fibre reinforced unsaturated
polyester resin has been investigated. The sisal fibre was extracted by manually beating the sisal leaves with a
smooth edged stick followed by chemical modification of the fibres using alkaline treatment method with NaOH
at different concentrations and time at a constant temperature of 65 oC. The surface morphology and
characteristics of the treated and untreated sisal fibre samples was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM). Polymer matrix composite (PMC) using treated and untreated sisal fibre as reinforcement and
unsaturated polyester resin as matrix material was prepared. The composite laminates was cut into different
sizes and shapes for mechanical testing. Universal testing machine (UTM) was used to test the flexural and
tensile test, while Charpy Impact testing machine was used for the impact test. From the results of the
mechanical tests, it was observed that, concentrations of 10% NaOH at (2 & 5 hours), 6 % NaOH at 5 hours
and 2 % NaOH at 5 hours show great improvement of the mechanical performance for tensile, flexural and
impact test respectively than the other various concentrations of NaOH at different time intervals. This shows
that, the extent of surface modification depends on the concentration of NaOH solution and time of treatment.
The changed fibre surface properties observed from SEM images of the treated sisal fibres were responsible for
better adhesion. Keywords: Sisal, Alkali, SEM, Unsaturated polyester, Composite,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI TREATED AGAVE AMERICANA (RAMBAANS) FIBRE REIN...IJARIIT
Composite based on short Agave Americana (Rambaans) fibre (untreated and alkali treated) reinforced epoxy resin using three different fibre length (3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm length) are prepared by using open mould technique. The composite thus prepared were subjected to the evaluation of different mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength. The results obtained suggest that composites reinforced with Agave Americana fibre exhibited better mechanical properties than neat epoxy. All mechanical test showed that alkali treated fibre filled composites withstand more fracture strain than untreated fibre composites.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Envio de la presentacion sobre twetter, ya que es una red social bastante comun pero para mi caso no conocia del manejo y utilidad, a pesar de ser muy similar a facebook
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced With Chemically Modified Natural FibreIOSR Journals
Abstract: The effects of surface treatment on some mechanical properties of sisal fibre reinforced unsaturated
polyester resin has been investigated. The sisal fibre was extracted by manually beating the sisal leaves with a
smooth edged stick followed by chemical modification of the fibres using alkaline treatment method with NaOH
at different concentrations and time at a constant temperature of 65 oC. The surface morphology and
characteristics of the treated and untreated sisal fibre samples was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM). Polymer matrix composite (PMC) using treated and untreated sisal fibre as reinforcement and
unsaturated polyester resin as matrix material was prepared. The composite laminates was cut into different
sizes and shapes for mechanical testing. Universal testing machine (UTM) was used to test the flexural and
tensile test, while Charpy Impact testing machine was used for the impact test. From the results of the
mechanical tests, it was observed that, concentrations of 10% NaOH at (2 & 5 hours), 6 % NaOH at 5 hours
and 2 % NaOH at 5 hours show great improvement of the mechanical performance for tensile, flexural and
impact test respectively than the other various concentrations of NaOH at different time intervals. This shows
that, the extent of surface modification depends on the concentration of NaOH solution and time of treatment.
The changed fibre surface properties observed from SEM images of the treated sisal fibres were responsible for
better adhesion. Keywords: Sisal, Alkali, SEM, Unsaturated polyester, Composite,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI TREATED AGAVE AMERICANA (RAMBAANS) FIBRE REIN...IJARIIT
Composite based on short Agave Americana (Rambaans) fibre (untreated and alkali treated) reinforced epoxy resin using three different fibre length (3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm length) are prepared by using open mould technique. The composite thus prepared were subjected to the evaluation of different mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength. The results obtained suggest that composites reinforced with Agave Americana fibre exhibited better mechanical properties than neat epoxy. All mechanical test showed that alkali treated fibre filled composites withstand more fracture strain than untreated fibre composites.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Envio de la presentacion sobre twetter, ya que es una red social bastante comun pero para mi caso no conocia del manejo y utilidad, a pesar de ser muy similar a facebook
Investigation on Dynamic Behaviour of Hybrid Sisal/Bagasse Fiber Reinforced E...AM Publications
The present study deals with transverse vibration analysis of hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric reinforced epoxy
composites. The hybrid sisal-bagasse composite are prepared by hand lay-up technique using treated sisal and bagasse
as reinforced materials and commercially available epoxy resin as a matrix material. Hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric
reinforced epoxy composite having aspect ratio of 0.83 with 5 layers of cloth for hybrid sisal-bagasse composite with
fiber direction orientation at [+90°/+45°/0°/-45°/-90°] composite is prepared. In the analysis, a frequency domain
model is used along with Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurements obtained from the plate. These
measurements are made using a Fast Fourier Technique (FFT) based spectrum analyzer. Natural frequency,
damping factor and mode shapes are obtained from the composites.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Jute, an eco-friendly and affordable fiber grown profusely in India, possess unique combination of properties suited for the manufacture of non-textile products. However, its contribution for technical applications is limited at present. In this research, an effort has been made to investigate the physical and morphological properties of jute fiber when incorporated in epoxy matrix with a view to widen the share of jute fibers for engineered applications. Composite specimens containing nonwoven jute mat and alkali treated short jute fibers with different weight percentages (1, 2 wt%) were made using epoxy resin. The water absorption, thickness swelling (TS) and morphology [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] tests of the bio composites were performed. As the fiber fraction ratio was increased the values for water absorption (WA) and thickness swell (TS) were found to be increased. The samples reinforced with 2 wt. percent fiber fractions showed maximum WA and TS in both water environments.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To
overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar
properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but
they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry.
The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources
and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as
reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this
paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The
main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment
friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Based BioComposite Material wi...IJERA Editor
In composites a conglomeration produces material properties which are unavailable from individual constituent
materials. The use of petroleum based products as constituents in polymer matrix composite has raised concerns
regarding environmental issue and non-renewability of the resource. Therefore in this work an attempt has been
made to develop a biocomposite material using untreated dupion silk fiber as reinforcement material and vinyl
ester as matrix material with Potato Starch used as filler material by hand layup technique.
The biocomposites were prepared in varying percentage of filler addition (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and
different mechanical tests (tensile, flexure and hardness) were conducted on the samples prepared to the ASTM
standards.
From the results of the experiments conducted on the specimen it can be concluded that the performance of 10%
Starch filler content Biocomposite is satisfactory in all aspects compared to 0%, 20%, and 30% Starch filler
content Biocomposites.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOME OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF/POLY...IAEME Publication
Plant fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The main advantage of employing natural fibers is that these are biodegradable and renewable and exhibit low cost, low density and high toughness. The proposed work focuses on the development of cellulose composites using Kenaf fibers. The kenaf plant (hibiscus cannabinus) belongs to Malvaceae family. In this work a study on the feasibility of extracting cellulose from plant fiber will be carried out by a chemical procedure, water pre hydrolysis. The composites will be prepared by using cellulose by using hand-layup technique. The composites are characterized by means tensile test based on ASTM standard.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
In present scenario natural fibers have received much attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers, banana fiber was focused for its pretreatment conditions for preparing perfect fiber. In previously many researchers have found various fibers have been pretreated and they obtain its properties and its applications. In this project banana fiber has been taken as natural fiber and it was pretreated and its properties after pretreatment were obtained. The pretreatment was alkali, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate treatment, and bleaching was carried out. Then the composite specimen boards were fabricated by various pretreatment banana fiber, polyethylene and matrix. It undergone to mechanical testing, tensile test, hardness test and also SEM analysis was carried out to check their microstructure. The perfect fiber was found by the obtained results from their properties and bonding nature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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2. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
233
compatible with the environment. Sustainability, ‘cradle to grave’ design, industrial ecology, eco-friendly and bio-
compatibility are the guiding principles of development of new generation materials. Lignocellulosic reinforced
composites are the materials of the new paradigm. The use of biodegradable and environment friendly plant-based fibers
in the composites reduces waste disposal problems, environment pollution and ecological concerns.
India, endowed with an abundant availability of natural fibers such as jute, coir, sisal, pineapple, ramie, bamboo,
banana etc., has focused on the development of natural fiber composites primarily to explore value-added application
avenues. Due to an occurrence of a wide variety of natural fibers in the country, Indian researchers have directed efforts
for quite some time in developing innovative natural fiber composites for various applications. While the national
research agencies in India have excellent scientific achievements to their credit for development of natural fiber
composites, efforts on their commercialization have been limited so far. The natural fiber composites can be very cost-
effective material especially for building & construction industry (panels, false ceilings, partition boards etc.), packaging,
automobile & railway coach interiors and storage devices.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
PALF is one such fiber source known from a long time obtained from the leaves of pineapple plant
(Ananascomosus) from the family of Bromeliaceae. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has reported that
most of the world pineapple fruit production in 2001 amounting to about 13.7 million tons of fresh fruits are produced in
Asia. Pineapple leaves from the plantations are being wasted as they are cut after the fruits are harvested before being
either composted or burnt. Additionally, burning of these beneficial agricultural wastes causes environmental pollution.
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an organic compound which belongs to the group of diphenyl methane derivatives and Bisphenol.
The chemical formula is (CH3)2 C (C6H4OH) 2. BPA is used to make certain plastics and epoxy resins; it has been in
commercial use since 1957. Table 2.1 shows some of the properties of Bisphenol resin.
Table 2.1: Properties of Bisphenol resin
Tensile strength 30MPa
Tensile modulus 3300 MPa
Elongation at break 2%
Flexure strength 80MPa
Flexure modulus 3100 Mpa
Melting point 156 - 159 0
C
Specific gravity 1.19 - 1.20
Impact strength 2.0-2.2 kJ/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.37
2.1 Extraction of fibers
PALF were extracted from the leaf of pineapple plant by biological method. The conventional extraction
processes like retting leads to serious problems like methane and sulphide emission, water contamination and other
environmental pollutions. Owing to the above factors, biological method is preferred to mechanical and chemical routes
for extracting fibers of good quality from embedding matrix. It is in this context that National Institute of
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala devised a clean anaerobic process yields superior
quality fibers while shortening the processing time substantially. Here separation of fibers from their matrices is achieved
by enzymatic cleaving of cementing compounds with in situ microbial growth and enzyme production. The organic
residue generated by the process is converted to methane that can be recovered for fuel.
2.2 Chemical treatment
Alkali treatment or mercerization using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is the most commonly used treatment for
bleaching and cleaning the surface of natural fibers to produce high-quality fibers. Modifying natural fibers with alkali
has greatly improved the mechanical properties of the resultant composites.
The following steps were carried out during chemical treatment:
• 5% NaOH solution was prepared using sodium hydroxide pellets and distilled water.
• Pineapple leaf fibers were then dipped in the solution for 1hour.
• After 1 hour fibers were washed with 1% HCl solution to neutralize the fibers.
• Then it is washed with distilled water.
• It was then kept in hot air oven for 3hours at 65-70°C.
3. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
234
2.3 Manufacturing of composite
A polypropylene (PP) mould having dimensions of 150 X 100 X 4 mm is used for composite fabrication. The
mould was first cleaned with wax so that the laminate easily comes out of the die after hardening. Then around 15 to 20
ml of promoter and accelerator are added to Bisphenol and the color of the resin changes from pale yellow to dark yellow
with the addition of these two agents. The laminates of different fibers length of 3mm, 6mm, 9mm and 12mm are
prepared using hand layup method.
Figure 2.1: Laminates with fibers Length 3mm, 6mm, 9mm and 12mm
Figure 2.1 shows the PALF reinforced laminated composites with fiber length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The prepared specimens are cutted according to their specific ASTM standards and analysed. The tensile,
flexural and impact test was carriedout for all the laminates.
i) Tensile test: The tensile test was conducted following the standard of ASTM D638 (115*19*4mm) type IV using JJ
Lloyd universal testing machine with load cell of 1kN and using crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The test was performed
until the tensile failure occurred.
Figure 3.1: Specimen undergoing tensile test
4. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
Figure 3.1(a): Stress-strain curve of fiber length 3mm
Figure 3.1(c): Stress-strain curve of fiber length 9mm
Fiber
length
Maximum load(kN)
3 0.365888355
6 0.740519816
9 0.872640056
12 0.871208972
Figure 3.1 a, b, c and d shows the Stress
length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.1 it can be observed that a slight increase of 2.75% for 6mm fiber
length. But the value increased significantly by 17.49% for 9mm fiber length and it was the highest and then it remained
constant for 12mm fiber length. The highest value of tensile strength is 36.36Mpa is obtained for laminated composite of
fiber length of 9mm.
ii) Flexural Test: Here ASTM D790 (125*14.5*4mm) three
utilized. The flexural test was conducted using JJ Lloyd universal testing machine with load cell of 1kN and using
crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The test was perfor
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
235
strain curve of fiber length 3mm Figure 3.1(b): Stress-strain curve of fiber length 6mm
strain curve of fiber length 9mm Figure 3.1(d): Stress-strain curve of fiber length 12
Table 3.1: Tensile Test Results
Young’s Modulus(MPa) Stress at maximum load (MPa)
3266.22926 15.24534815
4267.980312 30.85499234
4536.495564 36.36000235
4399.825824 36.30037385
shows the Stress-strain curve for the PALF reinforced laminated composites with fiber
length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.1 it can be observed that a slight increase of 2.75% for 6mm fiber
ncreased significantly by 17.49% for 9mm fiber length and it was the highest and then it remained
constant for 12mm fiber length. The highest value of tensile strength is 36.36Mpa is obtained for laminated composite of
Here ASTM D790 (125*14.5*4mm) three-point loading system applied on a supported beam was
utilized. The flexural test was conducted using JJ Lloyd universal testing machine with load cell of 1kN and using
crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The test was performed until the flexural failure occurred.
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
strain curve of fiber length 6mm
fiber length 12mm
Stress at maximum load (MPa)
15.24534815
30.85499234
36.36000235
36.30037385
strain curve for the PALF reinforced laminated composites with fiber
length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.1 it can be observed that a slight increase of 2.75% for 6mm fiber
ncreased significantly by 17.49% for 9mm fiber length and it was the highest and then it remained
constant for 12mm fiber length. The highest value of tensile strength is 36.36Mpa is obtained for laminated composite of
point loading system applied on a supported beam was
utilized. The flexural test was conducted using JJ Lloyd universal testing machine with load cell of 1kN and using
5. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2 (a): Stress
Figure 3.2(b): Stress
Fiber length(mm)
3
6
9
12
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
236
Figure 3.2: Specimen undergoing flexural test
Stress- Bending strain curve of fiber length 3mm and 6mm
Stress- Bending strain curve of fiber length 9mm and 12mm.
Table 3.2: Flexural test results
Maximum load KN) Maximum bending stress (Mpa)
0.123886194 45.72571132
0.216496551 79.90768351
0.359317064 132.6219479
0.263979548 97.43339621
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Maximum bending stress (Mpa)
6. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
Figure 3.1 a and b shows the Stress
composites with fiber length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.2 it can be seen that the highest value of
maximum bending stress is 132.62 Mpa for 9mm which is 39.67% greater than the matrix material. Initially for fiber
length of 3mm, maximum bending stress drastically reduced by 42.85%. As the length of the fiber increased to 6mm,
there was a considerable increase in its value from 45.73 to
material’s value. Then its value increased by 39.67% for 9mm fiber as stated earlier. Finally, there was a decrease in its
value for 12mm fiber length but it was 17.88% greater than that of resin’s va
iii) Impact test: The impact properties of the material are directly related to the overall toughness which is defined as the
ability to absorb applied energy. Nevertheless, impact strength is a measure of toughness. Charpy impact test was carried
out on a test specimen as per (ASTM D256-
Figure 3.3
The table 3.3 shows that the highest value of Charpy impact strength is 3.2kJ/m
greater than the matrix material Bisphenol. Initially for fiber length of 3mm, impact strength increased by 9.09%. As the
length of the fiber length increased from 3mm to 6mm a tremendous increase from 2kJ/m
37.5% increase) . Then its value increased by 32.2% for 9mm fiber. Further change in impact strength was not observed
and remained constant for a fiber length of 12mm.
Fiber length (mm)
3
6
9
12
Figure 3.3(a): Variation of Charpy impact strength with fiber length
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
237
Figure 3.1 a and b shows the Stress- Maximum bending strain curve for the PALF reinforced laminated
composites with fiber length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.2 it can be seen that the highest value of
Mpa for 9mm which is 39.67% greater than the matrix material. Initially for fiber
length of 3mm, maximum bending stress drastically reduced by 42.85%. As the length of the fiber increased to 6mm,
there was a considerable increase in its value from 45.73 to 79.91 Mpa, it remained slightly lesser than the matrix
material’s value. Then its value increased by 39.67% for 9mm fiber as stated earlier. Finally, there was a decrease in its
value for 12mm fiber length but it was 17.88% greater than that of resin’s value.
The impact properties of the material are directly related to the overall toughness which is defined as the
ability to absorb applied energy. Nevertheless, impact strength is a measure of toughness. Charpy impact test was carried
-(65*14.5mm)).
Figure 3.3: Test Specimen undergoing impact test
The table 3.3 shows that the highest value of Charpy impact strength is 3.2kJ/m2
for 6mm which is 37.5%
greater than the matrix material Bisphenol. Initially for fiber length of 3mm, impact strength increased by 9.09%. As the
length of the fiber length increased from 3mm to 6mm a tremendous increase from 2kJ/m2
to 3.2kJ/m
37.5% increase) . Then its value increased by 32.2% for 9mm fiber. Further change in impact strength was not observed
and remained constant for a fiber length of 12mm.
Table 3.3: Impact test results
Fiber length (mm) Charpy impact strength (kJ/m2
)
2.21
3.2
2.95
2.95
Variation of Charpy impact strength with fiber length
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Maximum bending strain curve for the PALF reinforced laminated
composites with fiber length of 3, 6, 9 and 12mm respectively. From table 3.2 it can be seen that the highest value of
Mpa for 9mm which is 39.67% greater than the matrix material. Initially for fiber
length of 3mm, maximum bending stress drastically reduced by 42.85%. As the length of the fiber increased to 6mm,
79.91 Mpa, it remained slightly lesser than the matrix
material’s value. Then its value increased by 39.67% for 9mm fiber as stated earlier. Finally, there was a decrease in its
The impact properties of the material are directly related to the overall toughness which is defined as the
ability to absorb applied energy. Nevertheless, impact strength is a measure of toughness. Charpy impact test was carried
for 6mm which is 37.5%
greater than the matrix material Bisphenol. Initially for fiber length of 3mm, impact strength increased by 9.09%. As the
to 3.2kJ/m2
was observed (a
37.5% increase) . Then its value increased by 32.2% for 9mm fiber. Further change in impact strength was not observed
7. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
238
Figure 3.3(a) shows Charpy impact strength V/s Fiber orientation. In the previous comparison the values of the
impact strength are compared with the resin alone. Now the comparisons are made with each value in the table. Initially
for 3mm fiber length the impact strength was 2.21kJ/m2
which showed an enhancement of around 30.93% for 6mm fiber
length. Further increase in length of fiber to 9mm decreased the impact strength by7.81%. The impact strength remained
constant with further increase in fiber length to 12mm.
It is generally accepted that the toughness of a fiber composite is mainly dependent on the fiber stress-strain
behavior especially the strong fibers such as PALF with high failure strain which can actually impart high work to
fracture on the composites.
IV. CONCLUSION
The results of this present study showed that a useful composite with good properties could be successfully
developed using treated PALF as reinforcing agent for the Bisphenol matrix. It can be seen that composites reinforced
with fiber length of 9mm show better tensile strength of 36.36MPa and flexural strength of 132.62MPa than 3mm, 6mm
and 12mm length. But better impact strength of 3.2 KJ/m2
was obtained for fiber length of 6mm than 3mm, 9mm and
12mm reinforced composites. Hence fiber length greatly influence the mechanical properties of the PALF reinforced
Bisphenol composite.
V. REFERENCES
[1] Drzal, L.T., Mohanty, A.K., Burgueño, R. and Misra, M. (2003). Biobased Structural Composite Materials for
Housing and Infrastructure Applications: Opportunities and Challenges. Composite Science and Technology.
63: 129-140.
[2] Shackelford, J.F. (1992). Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers. 4th ed.United Kingdom: Prentice-
Hall, Inc. 153-159.
[3] Ramakrishna Malkapuram, Vivek Kumar, and Yuvraj Singh NegiRecent Development in Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2009 28:1169-
1189:10.1177/0731684407087759.
[4] Processing and characterization of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, a thesis submitted by
PrakashTudu, NIT Rourkela.
[5] Arib, R.M.N., Sapuan, S.M., Hamdan, M.A.M.M., Paridah, M.T. and Zaman, H.M.D.K. (2004). A Literature
Review of Pineapple Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites. Polymer and Polymer Composites. 12(4): 341-348.
[6] Munirahmokhtar, Abdul Rrazakrahmat, Azman Hassan (2007) Characterization and treatments of pineapple leaf
fiber thermoplastic composite for construction applications volume 75147.
[7] Uma Devi, L., Bhagawan, S.S. and Thomas, S. (1997). Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber-
Reinforced Polyester Composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 64: 1739-1748.
[8] American Standard of Testing and Materials-ASTM International (2003). Standard Test Method for Tensile
Properties of Plastics. United State, ASTM 638-03.
[9] American Standard of Testing and Materials-ASTM International (2003). Standard Test Methods for Flexural
Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plasticsand Electrical Insulating Materials. United State, ASTM
D790-03.
[10] Arib, R.M.N. (2003). Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Laminated
Composites. University Putra Malaysia. Master’s Thesis.